scholarly journals The effect of men who have sex with men (MSM) on the spread of sexually transmitted infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromu Ito ◽  
Taro Yamamoto ◽  
Satoru Morita
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mother To Child

AbstractSexually transmitted infections (STIs) have remained a worldwide public health threat. It is difficult to control the spread of STIs, not only because of heterogeneous sexual transmission between men and women but also because of the complicated effects of sexual transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM) and mother-to-child transmission. Many studies point to the existence of a ‘bisexual bridge’, where STIs spread from the MSM network via bisexual connections. However, it is unclear how the MSM network affects heterosexual networks as well as mother-to-child transmission. To analyse the effect of MSM on the spread of STIs, we divided the population into four subpopulations: (i) women, (ii) men who have sex with women only (MSW), (iii) men who have sex with both men and women (MSMW), (iv) men who have sex with men exclusively (MSME). We calculated the type-reproduction numbers of these four subpopulations, and our analysis determined what preventive measures may be effective. Our analysis shows the impact of bisexual bridge on the spread of STIs does not outweigh their population size. Since MSM and mother-to-child transmission rates do not have a strong synergistic effect when combined, complementary prevention measures are needed. The methodologies and findings we have provided here will contribute greatly to the future development of public health.

scholarly journals The type-reproduction number of sexually transmitted infections through heterosexual and vertical transmission

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromu Ito ◽  
Taro Yamamoto ◽  
Satoru Morita
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Type Reproduction Number

AbstractMultiple sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have threatened human health for centuries. Most STIs spread not only through sexual (horizontal) transmission but also through mother-to-child (vertical) transmission. In a previous work (Ito et al. 2019), we studied a simple model including heterosexual and mother-to-child transmission and proposed a formulation of the basic reproduction number over generations. In the present study, we improved the model to take into account some factors neglected in the previous work: adult mortality from infection, infant mortality caused by mother-to-child transmission, infertility or stillbirth caused by infection, and recovery with treatment. We showed that the addition of these factors has no essential effect on the theoretical formulation. To study the characteristics of the epidemic threshold, we derived analytical formulas for three type-reproduction numbers for adult men, adult women and juveniles. Our result indicates that if an efficient vaccine exists for a prevalent STI, vaccination of females is more effective for containment of the STI than vaccination of males, because the type-reproduction number for adult men is larger than that for adult women when they are larger than one.

scholarly journals Male Urethritis Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-73
Author(s):  
Ângela Roda ◽  
João Borges-Costa
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Molecular Assays ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact

Trichomoniasis is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. In women, Trichomonas vaginalis infection may present with vaginitis, cervicitis, or pelvic inflammatory disease, while in men it is mainly asymptomatic or causes mild and transient symptoms of urethritis, epididymitis, or prostatitis. In the past, little importance had been given to the impact of T. vaginalis infection on men’s health, since it was believed to be a self-limited condition without sequelae. However, there is growing evidence it is associated with more serious disorders in both men and women and efforts to diagnose and treat this parasitic infection have increased. Recent advances in testing for sexually transmitted diseases using multiplex molecular assays have increased diagnostic opportunities for T. vaginalis infection, especially in men, as detection of the parasite by traditional methods is much more challenging. We describe an unusual case of male urethritis caused by T. vaginalis observed in our consultation of Sexually Transmitted Infections.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Impact of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Malawi through Immunization Clinic-Based Surveillance

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e100741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele A. Sinunu ◽  
Erik J. Schouten ◽  
Nellie Wadonda-Kabondo ◽  
Enock Kajawo ◽  
Michael Eliya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mother To Child

scholarly journals Towards Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV: The Impact of a Rapid Results Initiative in Nyanza Province, Kenya

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa L. Dillabaugh ◽  
Jayne Lewis Kulzer ◽  
Kevin Owuor ◽  
Valerie Ndege ◽  
Arbogast Oyanga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Maternal Child Health ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Nyanza Province ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mother To Child

Many HIV-positive pregnant women and infants are still not receiving optimal services, preventing the goal of eliminating mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) and improving maternal child health overall. A Rapid Results Initiative (RRI) approach was utilized to address key challenges in delivery of prevention of MTCT (PMTCT) services including highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) uptake for women and infants. The RRI was conducted between April and June 2011 at 119 health facilities in five districts in Nyanza Province, Kenya. Aggregated site-level data were compared at baseline before the RRI (Oct 2010–Jan 2011), during the RRI, and post-RRI (Jul–Sep 2011) using pre-post cohort analysis. HAART uptake amongst all HIV-positive pregnant women increased by 40% (RR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.7) and continued to improve post-RRI (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.4–1.8). HAART uptake in HIV-positive infants remained stable (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.9–1.4) during the RRI and improved by 30% (RR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0–1.6) post-RRI. Significant improvement in PMTCT services can be achieved through introduction of an RRI, which appears to lead to sustained benefits for pregnant HIV-infected women and their infants.

scholarly journals Microphthalmia and Optic Nerve Hypoplasia Induced by Maternal Coronavirus Infection?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Morhart ◽  
Christian Mardin ◽  
Manfred Rauh ◽  
Jörg Jüngert ◽  
Johanna Hammersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Vaccination Recommendations ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mother To Child

Abstract Possible mother-to-child transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during pregnancy is still a matter of debate. We studied the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on 56 complete households, including 27 newborns whose mothers were pregnant when exposed to the virus. Three perinatal SARS-CoV-2 transmissions with mild symptoms in affected neonates were recorded (two cases confirmed by PCR, the third one based on clinical findings). In addition, we observed a severe eye malformation (unilateral microphthalmia, optic nerve hypoplasia, and congenital retinopathy) associated with maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in weeks 5 and 6 of embryonic development. This embryopathy could not be explained by other infectious agents, genetic factors, or drug use during pregnancy. Eight other women with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to gestational week 12, however, delivered healthy infants.Conclusion: The repeated occurrence of mother-to-child transmission in our cohort with risks that remain incompletely understood, such as long-term effects and the possibility of an embryopathy, should sensitize researchers and stimulate further studies as well as strongly support COVID19 vaccination recommendations for pregnant women.Trial registration number: NCT04741412Date of registration: November 18, 2020

scholarly journals The effects of free condom distribution on HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinier Bom ◽  
Kalja van der Linden ◽  
Amy Matser ◽  
Nicolas Poulin ◽  
Maarten Schim van der Loeff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condom Use ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Condom Distribution ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Public Sex ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
The Impact

HIV and other sexually transmitted infections remain a burden on men who have sex with men in the era of effective combination antiretroviral therapy. New prevention efforts are therefore needed. One of these approaches is the current country-wide free condom distribution at gay bars with darkrooms and gay saunas in the Netherlands. This study assessed the effects of free condom distribution on incidence and burden of disease of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.A model was constructed to calculate the impact of free condom distribution on HIV, hepatitis C, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis among men who have sex with men visiting these venues. Outcomes included new infections averted and disability-adjusted life years averted. Scenario studies were performed to predict the effects of a further increase of condom use, condom effectiveness and coverage. Lastly, cost-effectiveness and sensitivity analyses were performed.Condom use at public sex venues increased after the intervention. Our model showed decreases in annual incidence risk, ranging from 5.73% for gonorrhoea to 7.62% for HIV. The annual number of new infections averted was largest for chlamydia and gonorrhoea (261 and 394 infections, respectively), but 42 new HIV infections were averted as well. Over 98% of the decrease in burden of disease was due to HIV. In scenarios where condom use and condom effectiveness were further increased, this reduction became more extensive. The intervention was cost-effective and cost-saving (for every €1 spent on condom distribution, €5.51 was saved) and remained this in all sensitivity analyses.Free condoms at public sex venues can reduce the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Condom distribution is an affordable and easily implemented intervention that can reduce the burden of disease in men who have sex with men substantially.

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