scholarly journals Evaluation of molecular assays to detect Leishmania donovani in Phlebotomus argentipes fed on post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Anik Ashfaq Khan ◽  
Khaledul Faisal ◽  
Rajashree Chowdhury ◽  
Rupen Nath ◽  
Prakash Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Kala Azar

Abstract Background Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) caused by Leishmania donovani (LD) is a skin disorder that often appears after treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients. PKDL patients are potential reservoirs of LD parasites, which can initiate a new epidemic of anthroponotic VL. Therefore, host infectiousness to its sand fly vector is a critical factor for transmission, and its accurate estimation can facilitate control strategies. At present, conventional microscopy serves as the reference method to detect parasites in its vector. However, low sensitivity of microscopy can be a limiting factor. Methods In this study, real-time quantitative PCR (LD-qPCR) and recombinase polymerase amplification (LD-RPA) assays were evaluated against microscopy for the detection of LD DNA extracted from live sand flies five days after controlled feeding on PKDL cases. Results The sensitivity of LD-qPCR and LD-RPA assays were found to be 96.43 and 100%, respectively, against microscopy for the selected fed sand flies (n = 28), and an absolute specificity of both molecular tools for apparently unfed sand flies (n = 30). While the proportion of infectious cases among 47 PKDL patients was estimated as 46.81% as defined by microscopic detection of LD in at least one fed sand fly per case, LD-RPA assay evaluation of only the microscopy negative sand flies fed to those 47 PKDL cases estimated an even greater proportion of infectious cases (51.06%). In overall estimation of the infectious cases in retrospective manner, discordance in positivity rate was observed (p < 0.05) between LD-RPA (59.57%) assay and microscopy (46.81%), while LD-RPA had slightly better positivity rate than LD-qPCR (55.32%) as well. Conclusions Considering the sensitivity, cost, detection time, and field applicability, RPA assay can be considered as a promising single molecular detection tool for investigations pertaining to LD infections in sand flies and/or host infectiousness in PKDL, while it can also be useful in confirmation of microscopy negative sand fly samples. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF LEISHMANIASIS VECTORS IN EL-KADOBA VILLAGE, WHITE NILE STATE, SUDAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 430-441
Author(s):  
Belal Abdallah A. Adam ◽  
Moawia Mukhtar Hassan ◽  
Osman Mohammed Abd Elnour ◽  
Ahmed Hamid Awadallah
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Binocular Microscope ◽  
White Nile

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL; kala-azar) is one of the most important parasitic tropical diseases in Sudan   and the Sudan is considered to be one of the most important foci in the world. The visceral leishmaniasis has been described in Sudan since the beginning of the twentieth century. In Sudan, VL is caused by Leishmania donovani complex: MON 18, MON 30 and MON 82 zymodemes and  The proven vector is Phlebotomus (Larroussius) orientalis, in this study a survey was carried out to identify the principal vector of VL based on Leishmania infection, morphological characters and to determine some ecological aspects of the sand flies prevalent in the area . Ten species of sand flies were recorded, three Phlebotomus species and seven Sergentomyia species of these sandflies, P. rodhaini was collected only from Acacia seyal/Balanities aegyptiaca at the Island whereas S. hunti was collected from the Acacia nilotica forest only of the total collections, P. orientalis representing 3.80% (248 specimens) of the total collection and P. papatasi were 3.11% of the collection. Sand flies identification was done under a binocular microscope at 40x (magnification). The main features used for sand flies identification were the sperm theca of the female, the termination of the male and the pharyngeal and the ciboria toothed structures of both sexes. According to results of this study we recommended the following:  more studies are needed in the future to determine the transmission season, and infection rates of Leishmania parasites in human and the animal host in this area. Annually Entomological surveys must be done to determine density of Sand fly Vectors and Encourage the use of personal protection tools (ITNs), repellents, and improving of houses to avoid bite of sand fly.

scholarly journals Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in Qom Province, Iran: Report of two cases

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1371
Author(s):  
Leyli Zanjirani Farahani ◽  
Abedin Saghafipour ◽  
Mehdi Mohebali ◽  
Behnaz Akhoundi ◽  
Hedayatollah Raufi
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Recurrent Fever ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Periodic Monitoring ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal parasitic zoonotic worldwide disease, which transmits to humans by the infected Phlebotomine sand fly bite. The common form of VL in Iran is the Mediterranean type with the causative agent of Leishmania infantum, whose main reservoirs are stray and domesticated dogs. The disease has several endemic foci in Iran, mostly seen among children under the age of 10, living in rural areas and nomadic tribes. The first cases of Kala-Azar in Qom province, central Iran, were reported in the year 2001, from the villages of Ghahan district. After conducting VL control strategies in the area, no new cases of the disease had been reported until recently. The cases described here are two 2-year-old girls, living in the urban parts of Qom province, one of whom did not have a history of traveling to known endemic areas of the disease. The patients were admitted to hospital in 2016-2017, complaining from recurrent fever with unrecognized reason, associated with decreased appetite and weight loss. Disease follow-up demonstrated anemia and splenomegaly, which led to diagnosis of VL, and both patients are now fully recovered. VL was presumed to be controlled in Qom province but the present cases indicate that possible VL existence remains in the region. Therefore, urgent studies and periodic monitoring are needed to identify potential reservoirs of VL in the area.

scholarly journals Increased Transmissibility of Leishmania donovani From the Mammalian Host to Vector Sand Flies After Multiple Exposures to Sand Fly Bites

2017 ◽  
Vol 215 (8) ◽  
pp. 1285-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna G. Valverde ◽  
Andrea Paun ◽  
Ehud Inbar ◽  
Audrey Romano ◽  
Michael Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Multiple Exposures

scholarly journals Study of Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in Children of Nepal

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Durga Datt Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Zoonotic Disease ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Kala Azar

Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar is a potentially fatal vector-borne (sand fly phlebotomies spp) zoonotic disease caused by a protozoan parasite, Leishmania donovani. In Nepal, the disease is restricted to the Eastern Terai region which lies adjacent to the Bihar state of India. Although leishmaniasis is regarded as a significant health problem in Nepal by the Ministry of Health, there is no active case detection programme in the country. Objective: Objectives of this study were to determine the up-to-date morbidity and mortality trend for VL in children of Nepal. Method: The epidemiological surveillance team from the NZFHRC visited to eight zonal hospitals in Terai region during the month from September to December of each year 2003 to 2007. The morbidity and mortality data up to the year 2007 were collected every year. The team has also collected 66 blood serum samples of which 18 samples from children were collected for the diagnosis. Results: A total 25890 cases with 599 deaths were reported during the year 1980-2006. The case fatality rate (CFR) varied from 0.23% to 13.2%. Districtwise analysis showed that, during 2003, highest incidence was in Mahottari district (184/100,000), followed by Sarlahi (100/100,000) and Sunsari (96/100,000). The highest CFR was in Dhanusha (2.9%) followed by Bara (2.4%) and Saptari (2.0%). Majority (70.9%) of persons affected by VL were aged 15 years and above, followed by 10-14 years (13.9%), 5-9 years (11.9%) and 1-4 years (3.3%). VL cases recorded from different district of Nepal for the year 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 are recorded. CFR for the year 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 were 3.2%, 3.7%, 16.67% and 11.42% respectively. Conclusions: There should be regular surveillance research work to be carried out in endemic area. Mass public health education, to make the people aware about preventive aspects of the disease is important. The possibility of the existence of animal reservoirs as zoonotic disease should also be considered. This disease is very much serious in children below 15 years of age both in male and female, therefore it is essential to have paediatrician post at least in all VL six endemic districts. Key words: Epidemiology, Leishmaniasis, Kala-azar, Sandfly   doi: 10.3126/jnps.v29i2.2041 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol 29, No. 2, pp.67-73

scholarly journals Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in Qom Province, Iran: Report of two cases

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leyli Zanjirani Farahani ◽  
Abedin Saghafipour ◽  
Mehdi Mohebali ◽  
Behnaz Akhoundi ◽  
Hedayatollah Raufi
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Recurrent Fever ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Periodic Monitoring ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal parasitic zoonotic worldwide disease, which transmits to humans by the infected Phlebotomine sand fly bite. The common form of VL in Iran is the Mediterranean type with the causative agent of Leishmania infantum, whose main reservoirs are stray and domesticated dogs. The disease has several endemic foci in Iran, mostly seen among children under the age of 10, living in rural areas and nomadic tribes. The first cases of Kala-Azar in Qom province, central Iran, were reported in the year 2001, from the villages of Ghahan district. After conducting VL control strategies in the area, no new cases of the disease had been reported until recently. The cases described here are two 2-year-old girls, living in the urban parts of Qom province, one of whom did not have a history of traveling to known endemic areas of the disease. The patients were admitted to hospital in 2016-2017, complaining from recurrent fever with unrecognized reason, associated with decreased appetite and weight loss. Disease follow-up demonstrated anemia and splenomegaly, which led to diagnosis of VL, and both patients are now fully recovered. VL was presumed to be controlled in Qom province but the present cases indicate that possible VL existence remains in the region. Therefore, urgent studies and periodic monitoring are needed to identify potential reservoirs of VL in the area.

scholarly journals LD Body in Epitrochliar Lymphnode in a Bone Marrow and Splenic Aspiration Negative Indian Kala Azar

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-190
Author(s):  
Ratan Das Gupta ◽  
Aparna Das ◽  
Titu Miah ◽  
Mohammad Ashik Imran Khan ◽  
Muntasir Hasnain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Common Presentation ◽  
Kala Azar

Kala Azar is a parasitic disease cause by Leishmania Donovani, transmitted by sand fly phlebotomus. Lymphadenopathy is not a common presentation in Indian Kala azar. We present an adult male from endemic zone of kalaazar presented with epitrochlear lymphadenopathy and hepato-splenomegaly and diagnosed by presence LD in lymphnode biopsy. Keyword: Kala Azar, Lymphadenopathy, Leishmania Donovani (LD) body, Bangladesh DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v12i2.8429 JOM 2011; 12(2): 188-190

scholarly journals Leishmania infection and blood sources analysis in Phlebotomus chinensis (Diptera: Psychodidae) along extension region of the Loess Plateau, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanming Chen ◽  
Huiying Chen ◽  
Feng Tao ◽  
Jingpeng Gao ◽  
Kaili Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients

Abstract Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was one of the most important parasitic diseases in China, caused by Leishmania protozoans and transmitted by sand flies. Recently VL cases have reappeared in China, including the extension region of the Loess Plateau. The purpose of this study was to collect fundamental data on the host-vector VL system in the Loess Plateau to assist in the development of prevention and control measures.Methods Sand flies were collected by light traps from rural areas in Shanxian, Henan, China in 2015, as well as in Wuxiang and Yangquan, Shanxi, China in 2017. The blood sources of sand flies were analyzed by PCR detecting the host-specific mitochondrial cytochrome b (mtDNA Cyt b) gene fragments. Leishmania infection in sand flies was detected by amplifying and sequencing ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). The Leishmania specific antibodies in the sera of local dogs were detected by ELISA kit. Results Blood sources showed diversity in the extension region of the Loess Plateau, including human, chicken, dog, cattle, pig and goat. Multiple blood sources within a sand fly were observed in samples from Yangquan (17/118, 14.4%) and Wuxiang (12/108, 11.1%). Leishmania DNA was detected in sand flies collected from Yangquan with minimum infection rate of 1.00%. The ITS1 sequences were conserved with the Leishmania donovani complex. The positive rate of Leishmania specific antibodies in dogs was 5.97%. Conclusions This study detected the blood sources and Leishmania parasites infection of sand flies by molecular methods in the extension region of Loess Plateau, China. A high epidemic risk of leishmaniasis is currently indicated by the results as the infection of Leishmania in sand flies, the extensive blood sources of sand flies including humans, and positive antibody of Leishmania in local dog sera. Given the recent increase of VL cases, asymptomatic patients, dogs and other potential infected animals should be screened and treated. Furthermore, the density of sand flies needs to be controlled and personal protection should be strengthened.

scholarly journals Genomics and transcriptomics to unravel sex determination pathway and its evolution in sand flies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Petrella ◽  
Serena Aceto ◽  
Vincenza Colonna ◽  
Giuseppe Saccone ◽  
Remo Sanges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Developmental Pathway ◽  
Phlebotomine Sand Flies ◽  
Developmental Gene Expression ◽  
Molecular Bases ◽  
First Time

AbstractBackgroundPhlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Nematocera) are important vectors of several pathogens, including Leishmania parasites, causing serious diseases of humans and dogs. Despite their importance as disease vectors, most aspects of sand fly biology remain unknown including the molecular bases of their reproduction and sex determination, aspects also relevant for the development of novel vector control strategies.ResultsUsing a comparative genomics/transcriptomics approach, we identified the sex determining genes in phlebotomine sand flies and proposed the first model for the sex determination cascade of these insects. For all the genes identified, we produced manually curated gene models, developmental gene expression profile and performed evolutionary molecular analysis. We identified and characterized, for the first time in a Nematocera species, the transformer (tra) homolog which exhibits both conserved and novel features. The analysis of the tra locus in sand flies and its expression pattern suggest that this gene is able to autoregulate its own splicing, as observed in the fruit fly Ceratitis capitata and several other insect species.ConclusionsOur results permit to fill the gap about sex determination in sand flies, contribute to a better understanding of this developmental pathway in Nematocera and open the way for the identification of sex determining orthologs in other species of this important Diptera sub-order. Furthermore, the sex determination genes identified in our work also provide the opportunity of future biotech applications to control natural population of sand flies, reducing their impact on public health.

Clinical and Infective Outcome of Parasitologicaly Confirmed Kala-Azar Patients Treated with Sodium Antimony Gluconate

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Quazi Tarikul Islam ◽  
Ahasan Habib ◽  
Azizul Haque Azad ◽  
HAM Nazmul Ahasan ◽  
Md Mahmudur Rahman Siddiqui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Bone Marrow Aspiration ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Sodium Antimony Gluconate

A total of fifty consecutive cases of Kala-azar admitted in the medicine units of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital during the period from February 2006 to October 2006 were included in this study. The number of the patients clearly indicates that the burden of Kala-azar in this region is significant and expanding. Male to female ratio was 1.9:1. Fever (96%) and splenomegaly (100%) were the predominant features. Hepatomegaly was found in 82% of the cases. Other clinical manifestations were Hyperpigmentation (76%), weight loss (62%), pallor (60%), jaundice (10%), oedema (10%), cough (6%) and lymphadenopathy (4%). Fever of 75% cases subsided within one week of starting treatment. Weight of 89.6% cases increased after completion of treatment. After completion of treatment spleen size regressed in 95.8% cases and no LD (Leishmania donovani) body was seen in 46 (92%) patients splenic / bone marrow aspiration after completion of treatment. 2 (4%) patients remain LD body positive after completion of treatment and 2 (4%) patients died during treatment. Still sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) is very effective in the clinical and parasitologicaly confirmed Kala-azar patients. A combination of sand fly control, early detection and treatment of the patients is the best approach for controlling Kala-azar. Keyword: Kala-azar, Sodium Stibogluconate, LD (Leishmania donovani) body, splenic or bone marrow aspiration. DOI:10.3329/jom.v11i1.4261 J Medicine 2010: 11: 12-16

scholarly journals Effects of Climate on Sandflies and Leishmaniasis in Endemic Areas of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Md Fashiur Rahman ◽  
Selina Banu ◽  
Md Jahangir Alam ◽  
Md Jalal Uddin ◽  
Md Abu Sayeed Sarker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maximum Rainfall ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Endemic Areas

Introduction: Climate includes rainfall, temperature; humidity has shown significant influences on Leishmaniasis and development of sand flies. Kala-azar- a climate-sensitive disease, a public health problem and historically endemic in Bangladesh, nurtured in temperatures ranging from 7 to 37°C, with relative humidity above 70%. Longevity and survival of vector of Kala-azar has been geographically controlled by the climate which is hard to manoeuver. Objective:To observe the relationship of climate and its effects on the development of sand flies and Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in the endemic areas in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at the endemic areas of, Bangladesh during the period of 2014-2017. Information on climate like rainfall, humidity and temperature were collected from local respective Upazilla Live Stock Office and Bangladesh Meteorological Department, Agargaon, Dhaka. Month wise data of Kala-azar cases were collected from Directorate General of Health Services. Results: Temperature, Rainfall and Humidity are important for survivability and activity of sandfly as well asleishmaniasis. Mean temp at the study areas was found at around 20℃ in the month of Jan, Feb and Nov, Dec. Round the year the Maximum and Minimum temp was maintained at neither to high nor to low (between 7 to 36.5℃). Annual average humidity of these study area was found over 70%. In the study areas maximum rainfall 300to 500 mm was from May to Sep where peak was in Jun to Sep. Annual average rainfall was recorded 1434 to 1584 mm at Pabna and 2084 to 2182 mm at Mymensingh. Study findings correlated that rainfall may or may not have effects with sand fly and leishmaniasis. This study depicted distinct peaks of Leishmaniasis seen in pre monsoon Feb, monsoon Sep and post monsoon Nov period which dictated the plethora of sand fly from Jun to Oct and also from Jan to Feb. Conclusion: Manoeuvring the climate is difficult and it does not change each year, it will play its own role. We can manoeuver the harbour and the vector of leishmaniasis.Within this climatic condition National Kala-azar Elimination Programme has been fighting since 2008 but Kala-azar has not come to Zero. Further resurgence can it be outweigh? Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.14(1) 2018: 10-14

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