scholarly journals The role of pulmonary mesenchymal cells in airway epithelium regeneration during injury repair

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suyun Fang ◽  
Suhong Zhang ◽  
Haiting Dai ◽  
Xiaoxiang Hu ◽  
Changgong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Airway Epithelium ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Ciliated Cells ◽  
Epithelial Stem Cells ◽  
Injury Repair ◽  
Club Cells

Abstract Background The airways of mammalian lung are lined with highly specialized cell types that are the target of airborne toxicants and injury. Several epithelial cell types and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells have been identified to serve as stem cells during injury repair. However, the contributions of endogenous mesenchymal cells to recruitment, expansion or differentiation of stem cells, and repair and reestablishment of the normal composition of airway epithelium following injury have not been addressed. Methods The role of mouse pulmonary mesenchymal cells was investigated by lineage tracing using Dermo1-Cre; ROSAmTmG mice. In experimental models of lung injury by lipopolysaccharide and naphthalene, GFP-labeled Dermo1+ mesenchymal cells were traced during injury repair. In vitro lung explant culture treated with or without lipopolysaccharide was also used to verify in vivo data. Results During injury repair, a subgroup of GFP-labeled Dermo1+ mesenchymal cells were found to contribute to normal repair of the airway epithelium and differentiated into Club cells, ciliated cells, and goblet cells. In Club cell-specific naphthalene injury model, the process of Dermo1+ stem cell regenerating epithelial cells was dissected. The Dermo1+ stem cells was migrated into the airway epithelium layer sooner after injury, and sequentially differentiated transitionally to epithelial stem cells, such as neuroendocrine cells, and finally to newly differentiated Club cells, ciliated cells, and goblet cells in injury repair. Conclusion In this study, a population of Dermo1+ mesenchymal stem cell was identified to serve as stem cells in airway epithelial cell regeneration during injury repair. The Dermo1+ mesenchymal stem cell differentiated into epithelial stem cells before reestablishing various epithelial cells. These findings have implications for understanding the regulation of lung repair and the potential for usage of mesenchymal stem cells in therapeutic strategies for lung diseases.

scholarly journals Characterization of putative stem cells in isolated human colonic crypt epithelial cells and their interactions with myofibroblasts

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (2) ◽  
pp. C296-C305 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Samuel ◽  
R. Walsh ◽  
J. Webb ◽  
A. Robins ◽  
C. Potten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Side Population ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Colonic Crypt ◽  
Epithelial Stem Cells ◽  
Colonic Crypts ◽  
Cell Niche

Colonic epithelial stem cells are believed to be located at the crypt base where they have previously been shown to express musashi-1. The colonic stem cell niche, which includes extracellular matrix and myofibroblasts (together with other cell types), is likely to be important in maintaining the function of the progenitor cells. The aims of our studies were to characterize stem cells in isolated and disaggregated human colonic crypt epithelial cells and investigate their interactions with monolayers of primary human colonic myofibroblasts. In unfractionated preparations of disaggregated colonic crypts, musashi-1 positive cells preferentially adhered to colonic myofibroblasts, despite the presence of excess blocking anti-β1-integrin antibody. These adherent epithelial cells remained viable for a number of days and developed slender processes. Cells with side population characteristics (as demonstrated by ability to expel the dye Hoechst 33342) were consistently seen in the isolated colonic crypt epithelial cells. These side population cells expressed musashi-1, β1-integrin, BerEP4, and CD133. Sorted side population crypt epithelial cells also rapidly adhered to primary colonic myofibroblasts. In conclusion, in preparation of isolated and disaggregated human colonic crypts, cells with stem cell characteristics preferentially adhere to primary human colonic myofibroblasts in a β1-integrin-independent fashion.

scholarly journals Role of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Stem Cell Research

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 167-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ceren Aksoy ◽  
Feride Severcan
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Vibrational Spectroscopy ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Monitoring Methods

Recent researches have mainly displayed the significant role of stem cells in tissue renewal and homeostasis with their unique capacity to develop different cell types. These findings have clarified the importance of stem cells to improve the effectiveness of any cell therapy for regenerative medicine. Identification of purity and differentiation stages of stem cells are the greatest challenges of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. The existing methods to carefully monitor and characterize the stem cells have some unwanted effects on the properties of stem cells, and these methods also do not provide real-time information about cellular conditions. These challenges enforce the usage of nondestructive, rapid, sensitive, high quality, label-free, cheep, and innovative chemical monitoring methods. In this context, vibrational spectroscopy provides promissing alternative to get new information into the field of stem cell biology for chemical analysis, quantification, and imaging of stem cells. Raman and infrared spectroscopy and imaging can be used as a new complimentary spectroscopic approaches to gain new insight into stem cell reseaches for future therapeutic and regenerative medicines. In this paper, recent developments in applications of vibrational spectroscopy techniques for stem cell characterization and identification are presented.

Controlling the Stem Cell Compartment and Regeneration In Vivo: The Role of Pluripotency Pathways

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsty Greenow ◽  
Alan R. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Cell Compartment ◽  
Pluripotent State ◽  
Stem Cell Compartment

Since the realization that embryonic stem cells are maintained in a pluripotent state through the interplay of a number of key signal transduction pathways, it is becoming increasingly clear that stemness and pluripotency are defined by the complex molecular convergence of these pathways. Perhaps this has most clearly been demonstrated by the capacity to induce pluripotency in differentiated cell types, so termed iPS cells. We are therefore building an understanding of how cells may be maintained in a pluripotent state, and how we may manipulate cells to drive them between committed and pluripotent compartments. However, it is less clear how cells normally pass in and out of the stem cell compartment under normal and diseased physiological states in vivo, and indeed, how important these pathways are in these settings. It is also clear that there is a potential “dark side” to manipulating the stem cell compartment, as deregulation of somatic stem cells is being increasingly implicated in carcinogenesis and the generation of “cancer stem cells.” This review explores these relationships, with a particular focus on the role played by key molecular regulators of stemness in tissue repair, and the possibility that a better understanding of this control may open the door to novel repair strategies in vivo. The successful development of such strategies has the potential to replace or augment intervention-based strategies (cell replacement therapies), although it is clear they must be developed with a full understanding of how such approaches might also influence tumorigenesis.

scholarly journals The Role of Limbal Epithelial Stem Cells in Regulating Corneal (Lymph)angiogenic Privilege and the Micromilieu of the Limbal Niche following UV Exposure

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Notara ◽  
A. Lentzsch ◽  
M. Coroneo ◽  
C. Cursiefen
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Uv Exposure ◽  
Epithelial Stem Cells ◽  
Limbal Epithelium ◽  
Limbal Epithelial Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Niche

The cornea is a clear structure, void of blood, and lymphatic vessels, functioning as our window to the world. Limbal epithelial stem cells, occupying the area between avascular cornea and vascularized conjunctiva, have been implicated in tissue border maintenance, preventing conjunctivalisation and propagation of blood and lymphatic vessels into the cornea. Defects in limbal epithelial stem cells are linked to corneal neovascularisation, including lymphangiogenesis, chronic inflammation, conjunctivalisation, epithelial abnormalities including the presence of goblet cells, breaks in Bowman’s membrane, persistent epithelial defects and ulceration, ocular surface squamous neoplasia, lipid keratopathy, pain, discomfort, and compromised vision. It has been postulated that pterygium is an example of focal limbal deficiency. Previous reports showing changes occurring in limbal epithelium during pterygium pathogenesis suggest that there is a link to stem cell damage. In this light, pterygium can serve as a model disease of UV-induced stem cell damage also characterised by corneal blood and lymphangiogenesis. This review focuses on the role of corneal and limbal epithelial cells and the stem cell niche in maintaining corneal avascularity and corneal immune privilege and how this may be deregulated following UV exposure. We present an overview of the PUBMED literature in the field as well as recent work from our laboratories.

scholarly journals Human Amniotic Epithelial Stem Cells: A Promising Seed Cell for Clinical Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7730
Author(s):  
Chen Qiu ◽  
Zhen Ge ◽  
Wenyu Cui ◽  
Luyang Yu ◽  
Jinying Li
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cellular Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Epithelial Stem Cells ◽  
Application Procedure ◽  
Cell Source

Perinatal stem cells have been regarded as an attractive and available cell source for medical research and clinical trials in recent years. Multiple stem cell types have been identified in the human placenta. Recent advances in knowledge on placental stem cells have revealed that human amniotic epithelial stem cells (hAESCs) have obvious advantages and can be used as a novel potential cell source for cellular therapy and clinical application. hAESCs are known to possess stem-cell-like plasticity, immune-privilege, and paracrine properties. In addition, non-tumorigenicity and a lack of ethical concerns are two major advantages compared with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). All of the characteristics mentioned above and other additional advantages, including easy accessibility and a non-invasive application procedure, make hAESCs a potential ideal cell type for use in both research and regenerative medicine in the near future. This review article summarizes current knowledge on the characteristics, therapeutic potential, clinical advances and future challenges of hAESCs in detail.

scholarly journals The Role of Stem Cells in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Repair

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda D. Grounds ◽  
Jason D. White ◽  
Nadia Rosenthal ◽  
Marie A. Bogoyevitch
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
Alternative Source

In postnatal muscle, skeletal muscle precursors (myoblasts) can be derived from satellite cells (reserve cells located on the surface of mature myofibers) or from cells lying beyond the myofiber, e.g., interstitial connective tissue or bone marrow. Both of these classes of cells may have stem cell properties. In addition, the heretical idea that post-mitotic myonuclei lying within mature myofibers might be able to re-form myoblasts or stem cells is examined and related to recent observations for similar post-mitotic cardiomyocytes. In adult hearts (which previously were not considered capable of repair), the role of replicating endogenous cardiomyocytes and the recruitment of other (stem) cells into cardiomyocytes for new cardiac muscle formation has recently attracted much attention. The relative contribution of these various sources of precursor cells in postnatal muscles and the factors that may enhance stem cell participation in the formation of new skeletal and cardiac muscle in vivo are the focus of this review. We concluded that, although many endogenous cell types can be converted to skeletal muscle, the contribution of non-myogenic cells to the formation of new postnatal skeletal muscle in vivo appears to be negligible. Whether the recruitment of such cells to the myogenic lineage can be significantly enhanced by specific inducers and the appropriate microenvironment is a current topic of intense interest. However, dermal fibroblasts appear promising as a realistic alternative source of exogenous myoblasts for transplantation purposes. For heart muscle, experiments showing the participation of bone marrow-derived stem cells and endothelial cells in the repair of damaged cardiac muscle are encouraging.

The role of steroids in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation: molecular and clinical perspectives

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rony H. Salloum ◽  
J. Peter Rubin ◽  
Kacey G. Marra
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Cell Based Therapy ◽  
Differentiation Pathways

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells capable of either self-regeneration or differentiation into more mature cell types, depending on the environmental stimuli. MSCs originate from the mesoderm and differentiate readily into mesodermal tissue. The tissues most studied in that respect are bone, fat and cartilage, and the key molecular elements in these three differentiation pathways are RUNX2, PPARγ and SOX9, respectively. Steroidal molecules play an important role in determining the fate of MSCs, mainly by altering the expression of key cellular molecules. Not all steroids exert the same effects on these cells. This review discusses the effects of sex steroids and glucocorticoids on the proliferative capacity and differentiation patterns of MSCs. With stem-cell-based therapy gaining worldwide attention, we explore the role of steroids in modulating MSCs for clinical and therapeutic purposes. The ease with which some MSCs, such as adipose-derived stem cells, can be harvested from the body and manipulated in the laboratory may lead to increased interest in this era of stem cells.

scholarly journals PIWI-piRNA pathway-mediated transposable element repression in Hydra somatic stem cells

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan B. Teefy ◽  
Stefan Siebert ◽  
Jack F. Cazet ◽  
Haifan Lin ◽  
Celina E. Juliano
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Somatic Tissue ◽  
Epithelial Stem Cells ◽  
Conserved Sequence ◽  
Rna Immunoprecipitation ◽  
Pirna Pathway

AbstractTransposable elements (TEs) can damage genomes, thus organisms employ a variety of mechanisms to repress TE expression. However, these mechanisms often fail over time leading to de-repression of TEs in aging tissues. The PIWI-piRNA pathway is a small RNA pathway that represses TE expression in the germline of animals. Here we explore the function of the pathway in the epithelial stem cells of Hydra, a long-lived freshwater cnidarian. Hydra have three stem cell populations; endodermal and ectodermal epithelial stem cells are strictly somatic, whereas the interstitial stem cells retain germline competence. In our previous study, we found that the PIWI proteins are expressed in all three Hydra stem cell types. In this study, we focus on the ectodermal and endodermal epithelial stem cells to understand the somatic function of the pathway. We isolated piRNAs from Hydra that lack the interstitial lineage and found that these somatic piRNAs map predominantly to TE transcripts and display the conserved sequence signatures typical of germline piRNAs. Three lines of evidence suggest that the PIWI-piRNA pathway represses TEs in Hydra epithelial stem cells. First, epithelial knockdown of the Hydra PIWI protein hywi resulted in upregulation of TE expression. Second, degradome sequencing revealed evidence of PIWI-mediated cleavage of TE RNAs in epithelial cells using the ping-pong mechanism. Finally, we demonstrated a direct association between Hywi protein and TE transcripts in epithelial cells using RNA immunoprecipitation. Interestingly, we found that RNAi knockdown of hywi leads to an upregulation of genes involved in innate immunity, which may be in response to TE upregulation; this is consistent with recent studies on TE expression in mammalian cells. Altogether, this study suggests a function for the PIWI-piRNA pathway in maintaining the long-lived somatic cell lineages of Hydra and may point to a broader role for this pathway in protecting somatic tissue from TE-induced damage.

Stem Cell Cure for Kidney Injury: Therapy to Solve Most Complex Issues in Renal System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiv K R Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tissue Remodelling ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Renal Regeneration ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Renal failure is a major health problem. The mortality rate remain high despite of several therapies. The most complex of the renal issues are solved through stem cells. In this review, different mechanism for cure of chronic kidney injury along with cell engraftment incorporated into renal structures will be analysed. Paracrine activities of embryonic or induced Pluripotent stem cells are explored on the basis of stem cell-induced kidney regeneration. Several experiments have been conducted to advance stem cells to ensure the restoration of renal functions. More vigour and organised protocols for delivering stem cells is a possibility for advancement in treatment of renal disease. Also there is a need for pressing therapies to replicate the tissue remodelling and cellular repair processes suitable for renal organs. Stem cells are the undifferentiated cells that have the ability to multiply into several cell types. In vivo experiments on animal’s stem cells have shown significant improvements in the renal regeneration and functions of organs. Nevertheless more studies show several improvements in the kidney repair due to stem cell regeneration.

scholarly journals Pulmonary fibrosis distal airway epithelia are dynamically and structurally dysfunctional

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian T. Stancil ◽  
Jacob E. Michalski ◽  
Duncan Davis-Hall ◽  
Hong Wei Chu ◽  
Jin-Ah Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Airway Epithelium ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Airway Epithelial Cells ◽  
Airway Epithelial ◽  
Airway Epithelia ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Distal Airway ◽  
Signaling Axis

AbstractThe airway epithelium serves as the interface between the host and external environment. In many chronic lung diseases, the airway is the site of substantial remodeling after injury. While, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has traditionally been considered a disease of the alveolus and lung matrix, the dominant environmental (cigarette smoking) and genetic (gain of function MUC5B promoter variant) risk factor primarily affect the distal airway epithelium. Moreover, airway-specific pathogenic features of IPF include bronchiolization of the distal airspace with abnormal airway cell-types and honeycomb cystic terminal airway-like structures with concurrent loss of terminal bronchioles in regions of minimal fibrosis. However, the pathogenic role of the airway epithelium in IPF is unknown. Combining biophysical, genetic, and signaling analyses of primary airway epithelial cells, we demonstrate that healthy and IPF airway epithelia are biophysically distinct, identifying pathologic activation of the ERBB-YAP axis as a specific and modifiable driver of prolongation of the unjammed-to-jammed transition in IPF epithelia. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this biophysical state and signaling axis correlates with epithelial-driven activation of the underlying mesenchyme. Our data illustrate the active mechanisms regulating airway epithelial-driven fibrosis and identify targets to modulate disease progression.

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