A novel conjunctive microenvironment derived from human subcutaneous adipose tissue contributes to physiology of its superficial layer

Abstract Background In human subcutaneous adipose tissue, the superficial fascia distinguishes superficial and deep microenvironments showing extensions called retinacula cutis. The superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue has been described as hyperplastic and the deep subcutaneous adipose tissue as inflammatory. However, few studies have described stromal-vascular fraction (SVF) content and adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) behavior derived from superficial and deep subcutaneous adipose tissue. In this study, we analyzed a third conjunctive microenvironment: the retinacula cutis superficialis derived from superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue. Methods The samples of abdominal human subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained during plastic aesthetic surgery in France (Declaration DC-2008-162) and Brazil (Protocol 145/09). Results The SVF content was characterized in situ by immunofluorescence and ex vivo by flow cytometry revealing a high content of pre-adipocytes rather in superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue microenvironment. Adipogenic assays revealed higher percentage of lipid accumulation area in ASCs from superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue compared with retinacula cutis superficialis (p < 0.0001) and deep subcutaneous adipose tissue (p < 0.0001). The high adipogenic potential of superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue was corroborated by an up-regulation of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (FABP4) compared with retinacula cutis superficialis (p < 0.0001) and deep subcutaneous adipose tissue (p < 0.0001) and of C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha) compared with retinacula cutis superficialis (p < 0.0001) and deep subcutaneous adipose tissue (p < 0.0001) microenvironments. Curiously, ASCs from retinacula cutis superficialis showed a higher level of adiponectin receptor gene compared with superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue (p = 0.0409), widely known as an anti-inflammatory hormone. Non-induced ASCs from retinacula cutis superficialis showed higher secretion of human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), compared with superficial (p = 0.0485) and deep (p = 0.0112) subcutaneous adipose tissue and with adipogenic-induced ASCs from superficial (p = 0.0175) and deep (p = 0.0328) subcutaneous adipose tissue. Furthermore, ASCs from retinacula cutis superficialis showed higher secretion of Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) compared with non-induced (p = 0.0029) and induced (p = 0.0089) superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue. Conclusions This study highlights the contribution to ASCs from retinacula cutis superficialis in their angiogenic property previously described for the whole superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue besides supporting its adipogenic potential for superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue.

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Open-Flow Microperfusion of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue for On-Line Continuous Ex Vivo Measurement of Glucose Concentration

Diabetes Care ◽

10.2337/diacare.20.7.1114 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 1114-1121 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Z. Trajanoski ◽

G. A. Brunner ◽

L. Schaupp ◽

M. Ellmerer ◽

P. Wach ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Glucose Concentration ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Open Flow ◽

On Line ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

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Electrochemical degradation and saponification of porcine adipose tissue

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-76678-y ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tiffany T. Pham ◽

Anna M. Stokolosa ◽

Pamela A. Borden ◽

Kyle D. Hansen ◽

Ellen M. Hong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Low Cost ◽

Electrical Potential ◽

Body Contouring ◽

Past Century ◽

Ph Gradients ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

AbstractBody contouring achieved via subcutaneous adipose tissue reduction has notably advanced over the past century, from suction assisted lipectomy to techniques with reduced degrees of invasiveness including laser, radiofrequency, high frequency focused ultrasound, cryolipolysis, and drug-based injection approaches. These costly techniques have focused on damaging adipocyte cell membranes, hydrolyzing triglycerides (TGs), or inducing apoptosis. Here, we present a simple, low-cost technique, termed electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL). During ECLL, saline is injected into the subcutaneous adipose tissue, followed by insertion of needle electrodes and application of an electrical potential. Electrolysis of saline creates localized pH gradients that drive adipocyte death and saponification of TGs. Using pH mapping, various optical imaging techniques, and biochemical assays, we demonstrate the ability of ECLL to induce acid and base injury, cell death, and the saponification of triglycerides in ex vivo porcine adipose tissue. We define ECLL’s potential role as a minimally-invasive, ultra-low-cost technology for reducing and contouring adipose tissue, and present ECLL as a potential new application of an emerging electrochemical redox based treatment modality.

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Effects of rosiglitazone on gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue in highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated lipodystrophy

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00490.2003 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 286 (6) ◽

pp. E941-E949 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Jussi Sutinen ◽

Katja Kannisto ◽

Elena Korsheninnikova ◽

Rachel M. Fisher ◽

Ewa Ehrenborg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Lipid Binding ◽

Liver Fat ◽

Highly Active ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients but is associated with severe adverse events, such as lipodystrophy and insulin resistance. Rosiglitazone did not increase subcutaneous fat in patients with HAART-associated lipodystrophy (HAL) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, although it attenuated insulin resistance and decreased liver fat content. The aim of this study was to examine effects of rosiglitazone on gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue in 30 patients with HAL. The mRNA concentrations in subcutaneous adipose tissue were measured using real-time PCR. Twenty-four-week treatment with rosiglitazone (8 mg/day) compared with placebo significantly increased the expression of adiponectin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), and PPARγ coactivator 1 and decreased IL-6 expression. Expression of other genes involved in lipogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, or glucose transport, such as acyl-CoA synthase, adipocyte lipid-binding protein, CD45, fatty acid transport protein-1 and -4, GLUT1, GLUT4, keratinocyte lipid-binding protein, lipoprotein lipase, PPARδ, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, remained unchanged. Rosiglitazone also significantly increased serum adiponectin concentration. The change in serum adiponectin concentration was inversely correlated with the change in fasting serum insulin concentration and liver fat content. In conclusion, rosiglitazone induced significant changes in gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue and ameliorated insulin resistance in patients with HAL. Increased expression of adiponectin might have mediated most of the favorable insulin-sensitizing effects of rosiglitazone in these patients.

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RANTES release by human adipose tissue in vivo and evidence for depot-specific differences

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.90511.2008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 296 (6) ◽

pp. E1262-E1268 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Rana Madani ◽

Kalypso Karastergiou ◽

Nicola C. Ogston ◽

Nazar Miheisi ◽

Rahul Bhome ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Human Adipose Tissue ◽

Fat Pad ◽

Obese Subjects ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose ◽

Circulating Levels

Obesity is associated with elevated inflammatory signals from various adipose tissue depots. This study aimed to evaluate release of regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) by human adipose tissue in vivo and ex vivo, in reference to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release. Arteriovenous differences of RANTES, MCP-1, and IL-6 were studied in vivo across the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in healthy Caucasian subjects with a wide range of adiposity. Systemic levels and ex vivo RANTES release were studied in abdominal subcutaneous, gastric fat pad, and omental adipose tissue from morbidly obese bariatric surgery patients and in thoracic subcutaneous and epicardial adipose tissue from cardiac surgery patients without coronary artery disease. Arteriovenous studies confirmed in vivo RANTES and IL-6 release in adipose tissue of lean and obese subjects and release of MCP-1 in obesity. However, in vivo release of MCP-1 and RANTES, but not IL-6, was lower than circulating levels. Ex vivo release of RANTES was greater from the gastric fat pad compared with omental ( P = 0.01) and subcutaneous ( P = 0.001) tissue. Epicardial adipose tissue released less RANTES than thoracic subcutaneous adipose tissue in lean ( P = 0.04) but not obese subjects. Indexes of obesity correlated with epicardial RANTES but not with systemic RANTES or its release from other depots. In conclusion, RANTES is released by human subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo and in varying amounts by other depots ex vivo. While it appears unlikely that the adipose organ contributes significantly to circulating levels, local implications of this chemokine deserve further investigation.

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Proteome of Human Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells versus Mature Adipocytes Based on DIGE

Journal of Proteome Research ◽

10.1021/pr100887r ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 1519-1527 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Indu Kheterpal ◽

Ginger Ku ◽

Liana Coleman ◽

Gang Yu ◽

Andrey A. Ptitsyn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Stromal Vascular Fraction ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

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Metformin increases the novel adipokine adipolin/CTRP12: role of the AMPK pathway

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/joe-13-0277 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 219 (2) ◽

pp. 101-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Bee K Tan ◽

Jing Chen ◽

Raghu Adya ◽

Manjunath Ramanjaneya ◽

Vanlata Patel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Protein Production ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Tissue Explants ◽

Control Subjects ◽

Obesity And Diabetes ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Adipolin is a novel adipokine with anti-inflammatory and glucose-lowering properties. Lower levels of adipolin are found in obese and diabetic mice. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a pro-inflammatory state associated with obesity and diabetes. To date, there are no human studies on adipolin. Therefore, we measured serum (ELISA) and adipose tissue adipolin mRNA expression (RT-PCR) and protein concentrations (western blotting) in PCOS and control subjects. We also investigated the ex vivo effect of glucose and metformin on adipolin protein production in human subcutaneous adipose tissue explants. We report novel data that serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue adipolin mRNA expression and protein concentrations were significantly lower in women with PCOS compared with control subjects. Furthermore, Spearman's rank analysis showed that serum adipolin concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and glucose (P<0.05). However, when subjected to multiple regression analysis, none of these variables were predictive of serum adipolin concentrations (P>0.05). Also, subcutaneous adipose tissue adipolin mRNA expression and protein concentrations were only significantly negatively correlated with glucose (P<0.05). No significant correlations were found with omental adipose tissue adipolin mRNA expression and protein concentrations (P>0.05). Moreover, glucose profoundly reduced and metformin significantly increased adipolin protein production in human adipose tissue explants respectively. Importantly, metformin's effects appear to be via the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.

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Influence of birth weight on gene regulators of lipid metabolism and utilization in subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep-08-0445 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 138 (3) ◽

pp. 609-617 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

P J Williams ◽

N Marten ◽

V Wilson ◽

J C Litten-Brown ◽

A M Corson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Fatty Acid Binding ◽

Obesity And Diabetes ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Epidemiological studies suggest that low-birth weight infants show poor neonatal growth and increased susceptibility to metabolic syndrome, in particular, obesity and diabetes. Adipose tissue development is regulated by many genes, including members of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and the fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) families. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of birth weight on key adipose and skeletal muscle tissue regulating genes. Piglets from 11 litters were ranked according to birth weight and 3 from each litter assigned to small, normal, or large-birth weight groups. Tissue samples were collected on day 7 or 14. Plasma metabolite concentrations and the expression ofPPARG2,PPARA,FABP3, andFABP4genes were determined in subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Adipocyte number and area were determined histologically. Expression ofFABP3and4was significantly reduced in small and large, compared with normal, piglets in adipose tissue on day 7 and in skeletal muscle on day 14. On day 7,PPARAandPPARG2were significantly reduced in adipose tissue from small and large piglets. Adipose tissue from small piglets contained more adipocytes than normal or large piglets. Birth weight had no effect on adipose tissue and skeletal muscle lipid content. Low-birth weight is associated with tissue-specific and time-dependent effects on lipid-regulating genes as well as morphological changes in adipose tissue. It remains to be seen whether these developmental changes alter an individual's susceptibility to metabolic syndrome.

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