Electrochemical degradation and saponification of porcine adipose tissue

AbstractBody contouring achieved via subcutaneous adipose tissue reduction has notably advanced over the past century, from suction assisted lipectomy to techniques with reduced degrees of invasiveness including laser, radiofrequency, high frequency focused ultrasound, cryolipolysis, and drug-based injection approaches. These costly techniques have focused on damaging adipocyte cell membranes, hydrolyzing triglycerides (TGs), or inducing apoptosis. Here, we present a simple, low-cost technique, termed electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL). During ECLL, saline is injected into the subcutaneous adipose tissue, followed by insertion of needle electrodes and application of an electrical potential. Electrolysis of saline creates localized pH gradients that drive adipocyte death and saponification of TGs. Using pH mapping, various optical imaging techniques, and biochemical assays, we demonstrate the ability of ECLL to induce acid and base injury, cell death, and the saponification of triglycerides in ex vivo porcine adipose tissue. We define ECLL’s potential role as a minimally-invasive, ultra-low-cost technology for reducing and contouring adipose tissue, and present ECLL as a potential new application of an emerging electrochemical redox based treatment modality.

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Open-Flow Microperfusion of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue for On-Line Continuous Ex Vivo Measurement of Glucose Concentration

Diabetes Care ◽

10.2337/diacare.20.7.1114 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 1114-1121 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Z. Trajanoski ◽

G. A. Brunner ◽

L. Schaupp ◽

M. Ellmerer ◽

P. Wach ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Glucose Concentration ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Open Flow ◽

On Line ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

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RANTES release by human adipose tissue in vivo and evidence for depot-specific differences

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.90511.2008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 296 (6) ◽

pp. E1262-E1268 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Rana Madani ◽

Kalypso Karastergiou ◽

Nicola C. Ogston ◽

Nazar Miheisi ◽

Rahul Bhome ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Human Adipose Tissue ◽

Fat Pad ◽

Obese Subjects ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose ◽

Circulating Levels

Obesity is associated with elevated inflammatory signals from various adipose tissue depots. This study aimed to evaluate release of regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) by human adipose tissue in vivo and ex vivo, in reference to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release. Arteriovenous differences of RANTES, MCP-1, and IL-6 were studied in vivo across the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in healthy Caucasian subjects with a wide range of adiposity. Systemic levels and ex vivo RANTES release were studied in abdominal subcutaneous, gastric fat pad, and omental adipose tissue from morbidly obese bariatric surgery patients and in thoracic subcutaneous and epicardial adipose tissue from cardiac surgery patients without coronary artery disease. Arteriovenous studies confirmed in vivo RANTES and IL-6 release in adipose tissue of lean and obese subjects and release of MCP-1 in obesity. However, in vivo release of MCP-1 and RANTES, but not IL-6, was lower than circulating levels. Ex vivo release of RANTES was greater from the gastric fat pad compared with omental ( P = 0.01) and subcutaneous ( P = 0.001) tissue. Epicardial adipose tissue released less RANTES than thoracic subcutaneous adipose tissue in lean ( P = 0.04) but not obese subjects. Indexes of obesity correlated with epicardial RANTES but not with systemic RANTES or its release from other depots. In conclusion, RANTES is released by human subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo and in varying amounts by other depots ex vivo. While it appears unlikely that the adipose organ contributes significantly to circulating levels, local implications of this chemokine deserve further investigation.

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Metformin increases the novel adipokine adipolin/CTRP12: role of the AMPK pathway

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/joe-13-0277 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 219 (2) ◽

pp. 101-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Bee K Tan ◽

Jing Chen ◽

Raghu Adya ◽

Manjunath Ramanjaneya ◽

Vanlata Patel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Protein Production ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Tissue Explants ◽

Control Subjects ◽

Obesity And Diabetes ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Adipolin is a novel adipokine with anti-inflammatory and glucose-lowering properties. Lower levels of adipolin are found in obese and diabetic mice. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a pro-inflammatory state associated with obesity and diabetes. To date, there are no human studies on adipolin. Therefore, we measured serum (ELISA) and adipose tissue adipolin mRNA expression (RT-PCR) and protein concentrations (western blotting) in PCOS and control subjects. We also investigated the ex vivo effect of glucose and metformin on adipolin protein production in human subcutaneous adipose tissue explants. We report novel data that serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue adipolin mRNA expression and protein concentrations were significantly lower in women with PCOS compared with control subjects. Furthermore, Spearman's rank analysis showed that serum adipolin concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and glucose (P<0.05). However, when subjected to multiple regression analysis, none of these variables were predictive of serum adipolin concentrations (P>0.05). Also, subcutaneous adipose tissue adipolin mRNA expression and protein concentrations were only significantly negatively correlated with glucose (P<0.05). No significant correlations were found with omental adipose tissue adipolin mRNA expression and protein concentrations (P>0.05). Moreover, glucose profoundly reduced and metformin significantly increased adipolin protein production in human adipose tissue explants respectively. Importantly, metformin's effects appear to be via the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.

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A novel conjunctive microenvironment derived from human subcutaneous adipose tissue contributes to physiology of its superficial layer

Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.1186/s13287-021-02554-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Leandra Santos Baptista ◽

Isis Côrtes ◽

Bianca Montenegro ◽

Cesar Claudio-da-Silva ◽

Marielle Bouschbacher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Receptor Gene ◽

Stromal Vascular Fraction ◽

Superficial Fascia ◽

Fatty Acid Binding ◽

Retinacula Cutis ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Abstract Background In human subcutaneous adipose tissue, the superficial fascia distinguishes superficial and deep microenvironments showing extensions called retinacula cutis. The superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue has been described as hyperplastic and the deep subcutaneous adipose tissue as inflammatory. However, few studies have described stromal-vascular fraction (SVF) content and adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) behavior derived from superficial and deep subcutaneous adipose tissue. In this study, we analyzed a third conjunctive microenvironment: the retinacula cutis superficialis derived from superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue. Methods The samples of abdominal human subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained during plastic aesthetic surgery in France (Declaration DC-2008-162) and Brazil (Protocol 145/09). Results The SVF content was characterized in situ by immunofluorescence and ex vivo by flow cytometry revealing a high content of pre-adipocytes rather in superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue microenvironment. Adipogenic assays revealed higher percentage of lipid accumulation area in ASCs from superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue compared with retinacula cutis superficialis (p < 0.0001) and deep subcutaneous adipose tissue (p < 0.0001). The high adipogenic potential of superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue was corroborated by an up-regulation of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (FABP4) compared with retinacula cutis superficialis (p < 0.0001) and deep subcutaneous adipose tissue (p < 0.0001) and of C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha) compared with retinacula cutis superficialis (p < 0.0001) and deep subcutaneous adipose tissue (p < 0.0001) microenvironments. Curiously, ASCs from retinacula cutis superficialis showed a higher level of adiponectin receptor gene compared with superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue (p = 0.0409), widely known as an anti-inflammatory hormone. Non-induced ASCs from retinacula cutis superficialis showed higher secretion of human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), compared with superficial (p = 0.0485) and deep (p = 0.0112) subcutaneous adipose tissue and with adipogenic-induced ASCs from superficial (p = 0.0175) and deep (p = 0.0328) subcutaneous adipose tissue. Furthermore, ASCs from retinacula cutis superficialis showed higher secretion of Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) compared with non-induced (p = 0.0029) and induced (p = 0.0089) superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue. Conclusions This study highlights the contribution to ASCs from retinacula cutis superficialis in their angiogenic property previously described for the whole superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue besides supporting its adipogenic potential for superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue.

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Opposing Immune-Metabolic Signature in Visceral Versus Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Patients with Adenocarcinoma of the Oesophagus and the Oesophagogastric Junction

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo11110768 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 768

Author(s):

Aisling B. Heeran ◽

Jessica McCready ◽

Margaret R. Dunne ◽

Noel E. Donlon ◽

Timothy S. Nugent ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Neoadjuvant Treatment ◽

Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma ◽

Obese Patients ◽

Visceral Fat Area ◽

Fat Depots ◽

Oesophagogastric Junction ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) is an exemplar model of obesity-associated cancer. Previous work in our group has demonstrated that overweight/obese OAC patients have better responses to neoadjuvant therapy, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Unravelling the immune–metabolic signatures of adipose tissue may provide insight for this observation. We hypothesised that different metabolic pathways predominate in visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and inflammatory secretions will differ between the fat depots. Real-time ex vivo metabolic profiles of VAT and SAT from 12 OAC patients were analysed. These samples were screened for the secretion of 54 inflammatory mediators, and data were correlated with patient body composition. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) was significantly higher in VAT when compared to SAT. OXPHOS was significantly higher in the SAT of patients receiving neoadjuvant treatment. VEGF-A, VEGF-C, P1GF, Flt-1, bFGF, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, CRP, SAA, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-2, IL-13, IFN-γ, and MIP-1β secretions were significantly higher from VAT than SAT. Higher levels of bFGF, Eotaxin-3, and TNF-α were secreted from the VAT of obese patients, while higher levels of IL-23 and TARC were secreted from the SAT of obese patients. The angiogenic factors, bFGF and VEGF-C, correlated with visceral fat area. Levels of OXPHOS are higher in VAT than SAT. Angiogenic, vascular injury and inflammatory cytokines are elevated in VAT versus SAT, indicating that VAT may promote inflammation, linked to regulating treatment response.

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Evaluation of a Novel High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Device for Ablating Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue for Noninvasive Body Contouring: Safety Studies in Human Volunteers

Aesthetic Surgery Journal ◽

10.1177/1090820x11405027 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 401-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Ernesto Gadsden ◽

María Teresa Aguilar ◽

Bruce R. Smoller ◽

Mark L. Jewell

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

High Intensity ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Focused Ultrasound ◽

Body Contouring ◽

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound ◽

Ultrasound Device ◽

Human Volunteers ◽

Safety Studies ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

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Assessment of Periprostatic and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Lipolysis and Adipocyte Size from Men with Localized Prostate Cancer

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers12061385 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 1385 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dushan Miladinovic ◽

Thomas Cusick ◽

Kate L. Mahon ◽

Anne-Maree Haynes ◽

Colin H. Cortie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Metabolic Reprogramming ◽

Fatty Acid Release ◽

Total Prostatectomy ◽

Fatty Acid Species ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

The prostate is surrounded by periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), the thickness of which has been associated with more aggressive prostate cancer (PCa). There are limited data regarding the functional characteristics of PPAT, how it compares to subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and whether in a setting of localized PCa, these traits are altered by obesity or disease aggressiveness. PPAT and SAT were collected from 60 men (age: 42–78 years, BMI: 21.3–35.6 kg/m2) undergoing total prostatectomy for PCa. Compared to SAT, adipocytes in PPAT were smaller, had the same basal rates of fatty acid release (lipolysis) yet released less polyunsaturated fatty acid species, and were more sensitive to isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. Basal lipolysis of PPAT was increased in men diagnosed with less aggressive PCa (Gleason score (GS) ≤ 3 + 4) compared to men with more aggressive PCa (GS ≥ 4 + 3) but no other measured adipocyte parameters related to PCa aggressiveness. Likewise, there was no difference in PPAT lipid biology between lean and obese men. In conclusion, lipid biological features of PPAT do differ from SAT; however, we did not observe any meaningful difference in ex vivo PPAT biology that is associated with PCa aggressiveness or obesity. As such, our findings do not support a relationship between altered PCa behavior in obese men and the metabolic reprogramming of PPAT.

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Insulin regulates the novel adipokine adipolin/CTRP12: in vivo and ex vivo effects

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/joe-13-0537 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 221 (1) ◽

pp. 111-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Bee K Tan ◽

Krzysztof C Lewandowski ◽

Joseph Paul O'Hare ◽

Harpal S Randeva

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Protein Expression ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Kinase Inhibitor ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Tissue Explants ◽

Pparγ Agonist ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

There has been intense interest in the adipokines of the C1q complement/TNF-related protein (CTRP) superfamily. Adipolin (CTRP12) has been described as a novel adipokine, abundantly expressed in adipose tissue with insulin-sensitising and anti-inflammatory effects. We wanted to investigate the effects of acute and chronic hyperinsulinaemia on circulating adipolin concentrations (ELISA) via a prolonged insulin–glucose infusion in humans. We also examined the effects of insulin and the insulin sensitiser, rosiglitazone, on adipolin concentrations (western blotting) in human adipose tissue explants. We found that hyperinsulinaemic induction in healthy lean human subjects significantly increased circulating levels of adipolin (P<0.05 and P<0.01). Furthermore, in subcutaneous adipose tissue explants, insulin significantly increased adipolin protein expression and secretion (P<0.05 and P<0.01). This effect was attenuated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002 (P<0.05). Moreover, the insulin-sensitising peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, rosiglitazone, significantly increased adipolin protein expression and secretion in subcutaneous adipose tissue explants (P<0.05 and P<0.01). This effect was inhibited by the PPARγ antagonist, GW9662 (P<0.05). Our data provide novel insights into adipolin physiology in human subjects.

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