scholarly journals A microbial ecosystem: agricultural Jiaosu achieves effective and lasting antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea

AMB Express ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Youhui Gao ◽  
Zehui Zheng ◽  
Xingyao Meng ◽  
Yafan Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Biological Agent ◽  
Microbial Ecosystem ◽  
Long Acting

AbstractSynthetic fungicides are eco-unfriendly to agriculture and the environment. Agricultural Jiaosu (AJ), which originates from organic wastes, has the potential to be a substitute for synthetic fungicides. In this study, the characteristics of AJ and its antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea were investigated for the first time. AJ was rich in lactic acid (4.46 g/L), acetic acid (1.52 g/L), Lactobacillus (72.45%) and Acetobacter (15.23%), which was a microbial ecosystem consisting of acid-based substances (AS) and beneficial microorganisms (BM). The results of the antifungal assays suggested that B. cinerea was effectively inhibited by AJ, with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 9.24%. AJ showed the strongest and most-lasting inhibitory effect compared to cell-free supernatant and microbial solution of AJ, indicating that AS and BM and their synergistic effect contributed to the antifungal activity of AJ. Two-step inhibition’ is an antifungal mode of AJ. Firstly, AS not only inhibited the pathogen directly but also provided a dominant niche for BM of AJ. Then, BM in AJ, especially Acetobacter, proliferated and metabolized acetic acid continuously. Thus, AJ achieved high-efficiency and long-acting inhibition. AJ is a promising biological agent considering its features of an eco-friendly, low-cost and easy-to-operate biological agent in rural areas.

scholarly journals A Microbial Ecosystem: Agricultural Jiaosu Achieves Effective and Lasting Antifungal Activity against Botrytis Cinerea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Youhui Gao ◽  
Zehui Zheng ◽  
Xingyao Meng ◽  
Yafan Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Biological Agent ◽  
Microbial Ecosystem ◽  
Long Acting

Abstract Synthetic fungicides are eco-unfriendly to agriculture and the environment. Agricultural Jiaosu (AJ), which originates from organic wastes, has the potential to be a substitute for synthetic fungicides. In this study, the characteristics of AJ and its antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea were investigated for the first time. AJ was rich in lactic acid (4.46 g/L), acetic acid (1.52 g/L), Lactobacillus (72.45 %) and Acetobacter (15.23%), which was a microbial ecosystem consisting of acid-based substances (AS) and beneficial microorganisms (BM). The results of the antifungal assays suggested that B. cinerea was effectively inhibited by AJ, with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 9.24%. AJ showed the strongest and most-lasting inhibitory effect compared to cell-free supernatant and microbial solution of AJ, indicating that AS and BM and their synergistic effect contributed to the antifungal activity of AJ. Two-step inhibition’ is an antifungal mode of AJ. Firstly, AS not only inhibited the pathogen directly but also provided a dominant niche for BM of AJ. Then, BM in AJ, especially Acetobacter, proliferated and metabolized acetic acid continuously. Thus, AJ achieved high-efficiency and long-acting inhibition. AJ is a promising biological agent considering its features of an eco-friendly, low-cost and easy-to-operate biological agent in rural areas

scholarly journals Experimental Measurement of Rice Husk Effectiveness as an Alternative Adsorbent for Turbidity Reduction in Synthetic Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-334
Author(s):  
Noora Saad Faraj Al-Dulaimi ◽  
Samara Saad Faraj Al-Dulaimi
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Cheap Alternative ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Ph Level ◽  
The Cost

Providing a clean and high quality drinking water to both rural as well as urban areas is a great challenge by itself, adding to it the large volume requirements of such water at high population areas means a very high cost for such industry because mainly of the cost of expensive commercially available adsorbent used in this process. This led inhabitants of the remote and/or rural areas to use less quality water with all its risks and health challenges. In this study, a locally collected rice husk is tested to be used as an alternative adsorbent to the expensive common commercial ones. Parameters like adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of turbidity, and pH level were tested to investigate their effects on the process. Treatment of synthetic turbid water was done after changing these parameters to measure the effect of each parameter alone and the results showed a set of parameters that can be used to achieve high efficiency of turbidity removal. The study concluded that rice husk can be used as a well cheap alternative adsorbent to reduce the river water turbidity due to its availability and low cost with a decent removal efficiency approaching 95%.

New Type of Distributed Biomass Combustion Device Necessity and Feasibility in China

2011 ◽  
Vol 383-390 ◽  
pp. 4013-4016
Author(s):  
Chang Le Pang ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Ren Jie Dong
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
New Type ◽  
Energy Products ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Commercial Energy

Worldwide changes in climate and environment forced us human beings to seek for alternatives to replace commercial energy products like coal and petroleum. However, there have some difficulties to promote commercial energy products in China’s rural areas and newly urbanized areas. Biomass combustion system will become one of the ideal devices for such areas in a period of time. It is necessary to develop new types of biomass combustion system consisting of gasification or Semi-Gasification and combustion units so that it can provide high efficiency and low cost for household purposes.

Ammonia Escape Inhibited by NHD in the Process of Carbon Capture Using Ammonia Solution

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 1901-1904
Author(s):  
Shuang Chen Ma ◽  
Hui Hui Song ◽  
Yun Xue Sun
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Dimethyl Ether ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Ammonia Solution ◽  
Absorption Method ◽  
Ammonia Absorption

Using ammonia solution to absorb CO2 from flue gas is expected to achieve low cost and high efficiency; however, ammonia escape during CO2 absorption limits the application of this technique. In this work, we investigated the inhibitory effect of polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (NHD) on ammonia escape in bubbling absorption using ammonia solution. Various NHD and ammonia concentrations on ammonia escape are considered. Results show that NHD significantly inhibits on ammonia escape and enhances removal of CO2 at the same time as well. The amount of escaping ammonia was reduced by 24.9% when 5% NHD was used. The study has important implications for application of the ammonia absorption method in carbon capture.

scholarly journals Development of a LAMP Method for Detecting SDHI Fungicide Resistance in Botrytis cinerea

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (8) ◽  
pp. 1612-1618 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Fan ◽  
W. X. Yin ◽  
G. Q. Li ◽  
Y. Lin ◽  
C. X. Luo
Keyword(s):  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Lamp Assay ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Lamp Method ◽  
Development Of Resistance

Resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) in Botrytis cinerea is associated with point mutations in the target gene succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SdhB). The substitution from histidine to arginine at codon 272 (H272R) is currently the predominant mutation in SDHI-resistant populations in B. cinerea worldwide. In order to monitor the development of resistance to SDHI, a rapid, simple, and efficient method with high specificity to the H272R point mutation was developed based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). To specifically detect the H272R mutation, a set of four primers was designed based on the sequence of SdhB, and the LAMP reaction was optimized. When SYBR Green I was added after reaction, only samples with the H272R mutation showed the color change (from brown to fluorescent yellow), indicating that this set of primers could successfully discriminate the H272R genotype from other genotypes. Specificity and accuracy tests showed that this LAMP assay had high specificity and accuracy. Moreover, the LAMP method was further simplified with fungal mycelia and conidia as the amplification template which could be prepared within 5 min. Due to the low cost, simplicity, high efficiency, and specificity, the developed LAMP assay may contribute to the monitoring of resistance development to SDHI in B. cinerea, especially in field and high-throughput experiments.

scholarly journals Application and Validation of a Municipal Administrative Area Spatial Zoning Model in Village-Town System Planning

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujing Zhao ◽  
Hong Leng ◽  
Pingjun Sun ◽  
Qing Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Planning Model ◽  
System Planning ◽  
Administrative Area ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The overall planning of urban and rural areas is the focus of municipal administrative area (MAA) planning in the process of economic globalization, and village-town system planning is the key to the overall planning of urban and rural areas. Based on the theory of spatial equilibrium and economic logic, an objective municipal administrative area spatial zoning model (M-MSZ) was constructed in our previous study. The M-MSZ model can provide guidance in the planning of a village-town system. This paper takes a city in the south of Heilongjiang Province in China as an example and compares the M-MSZ model with six traditional MAA spatial zoning models (the urban growth boundary model, land use planning model, spatial governance zoning model, major MAA location, layout and planning model, development timing-order and zoning model, and scale and function zoning model) to verify the value and superiority of the M-MSZ model in the planning of a village-town system. The consistency Kappa values were 78.2%, 83.3%, 82.3%, 79.8%, 75.7%, and 83.9%, respectively, which means that the M-MSZ model was highly consistent with those comparison models. Meanwhile, the regression coefficient R2 is higher than that of the traditional spatial zoning models, which means that the objectivity of the M-MSZ model is higher than that of traditional models. The superiority of the M-MSZ model over the traditional MAA spatial zoning model lies not only in its capacity to grasp the core content of village-town system planning, but also in its capacity to unify the decentralized urban system planning models that are used for village-town system planning, while realizing the objectivity of a weight assignment. Its unified model structure, objective integrated model system, and high accuracy make the M-MSZ model capable of solving the key problems associated with village-town system planning, with many advantages, such as easy operation, high efficiency, good inheritance, low cost, and greater objectivity, detail, and accuracy. In addition, it can provide a reference for the development model of a MAA village-town system.

The Male Role as “King of the Family”: Barriers to Vasectomy Uptake

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Cyril Msoka ◽  
Eunice S Pallangyo ◽  
Sharon Mary Brownie ◽  
Eleanor Holroyd
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Long Acting

Vasectomy is a long-acting male-centred family planning method that is accepted globally as a safe, low-cost procedure. However, the vasectomy uptake remains low in Africa and birth rates remain high, particularly in rural areas. In Tanzania, family planning education and service delivery are currently women-centred. Vasectomies to date have not been positively perceived in African societies including urban Tanzania, owing to the adherence to strong patriarchal belief systems and the social role of men. This study aimed to explore rural men’s perceptions and beliefs regarding barriers to vasectomy uptake. Significant barriers to vasectomy uptake were the lack of knowledge, expectations around men’s gendered role, religious beliefs, and social stigma. The participants were 51 purposively selected married men aged 35 to 61 years. Four focus group discussions and 20 in-depth interviews were conducted. Five main themes were extracted, namely men as the kings of their families; multiple sources of knowledge causing confusion; gender roles in family planning; cultural and religious beliefs; and stigma related to failure to produce children after vasectomy. Overall, men expressed the view that vasectomy was a challenge to their role as “king of their family”. Engaging in targeted media releases, using community billboards, and providing grassroots-based health education delivered by male “elimisha rika” (peer educators) at community level are recommended as awareness raising strategies in communities.

Influence of MBE Growth Conditions on Dislocation Densities of GaAs/Ge Epilayers Grown on Silicon Substrates

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 364-365
Author(s):  
K.M. Hones ◽  
P. Sheldon ◽  
B.G. Yacobi ◽  
A. Mason
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Nonradiative Recombination ◽  
Device Structure ◽  
Si Substrates ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Dislocation Densities ◽  
Dislocation Type

There is increasing interest in growing epitaxial GaAs on Si substrates. Such a device structure would allow low-cost substrates to be used for high-efficiency cascade- junction solar cells. However, high-defect densities may result from the large lattice mismatch (∼4%) between the GaAs epilayer and the silicon substrate. These defects can act as nonradiative recombination centers that can degrade the optical and electrical properties of the epitaxially grown GaAs. For this reason, it is important to optimize epilayer growth conditions in order to minimize resulting dislocation densities. The purpose of this paper is to provide an indication of the quality of the epitaxially grown GaAs layers by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine dislocation type and density as a function of various growth conditions. In this study an intermediate Ge layer was used to avoid nucleation difficulties observed for GaAs growth directly on Si substrates. GaAs/Ge epilayers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on Si substrates in a manner similar to that described previously.

Improvement of Ti/RuO2–IrO2 Anode Lifetime and Electrocatalytical Properties by Using an Eco-Friendly Thermal Decomposition Method Using Polyvinyl Alcohol as Solvent

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlys Bezerra ◽  
Géssica Santos ◽  
Marilia Pupo ◽  
Maria Gomes ◽  
Ronaldo Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Pechini Method ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Charge Transfer Resistance ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
Calcination Temperatures ◽  
Service Lifetime

<p>Electrochemical oxidation processes are promising solutions for wastewater treatment due to their high efficiency, easy control and versatility. Mixed metal oxides (MMO) anodes are particularly attractive due to their low cost and specific catalytic properties. Here, we propose an innovative thermal decomposition methodology using <a>polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)</a> as a solvent to prepare Ti/RuO<sub>2</sub>–IrO<sub>2</sub> anodes. Comparative anodes were prepared by conventional method employing a polymeric precursor solvent (Pechini method). The calcination temperatures studied were 300, 400 and 500 °C. The physical characterisation of all materials was performed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, while electrochemical characterisation was done by cyclic voltammetry, accelerated service lifetime and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Both RuO<sub>2</sub> and IrO<sub>2</sub> have rutile-type structures for all anodes. Rougher and more compact surfaces are formed for the anodes prepared using PVA. Amongst temperatures studied, 300 °C using PVA as solvent is the most suitable one to produce anodes with expressive increase in voltammetric charge (250%) and accelerated service lifetime (4.3 times longer) besides reducing charge-transfer resistance (8 times lower). Moreover, the electrocatalytic activity of the anodes synthesised with PVA toward the Reactive Blue 21 dye removal in chloride medium (100 % in 30 min) is higher than that prepared by Pechini method (60 min). Additionally, the removal total organic carbon point out improved mineralisation potential of PVA anodes. Finally, this study reports a novel methodology using PVA as solvent to synthesise Ti/RuO<sub>2</sub>–IrO<sub>2</sub> anodes with improved properties that can be further extended to synthesise other MMO compositions.</p>

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