Erratum to: Mechanisms on inhibition of photosynthesis in Kandelia obovata due to extreme cold events under climate change

Salt marshes and mangroves are currently being affected by rising temperatures. Mangroves thrive below −29° N latitude in Florida, USA, and have a low tolerance for extreme cold events, whereas salt marshes dominate further north. One potential effect of climate change is a reduction in the frequency of extreme cold events, which may lead to mangrove expansion into salt marsh systems. Our research identified sediment proxy indicators of salt marsh and mangrove environments. These indicators were applied to soil cores from intertidal wetlands near the current northern limit of mangrove presence on the east coast of Florida, to determine if mangrove expansion into salt marsh environments has precedence in the deeper past. Our findings suggest that mangrove and salt marsh sediments can be distinguished using a combination of stable carbon isotope ratios of sedimentary organic matter and macroscopic plant fragments, and our results showed that a mangrove stand that we cored established only recently. This result is consistent with other work in the southeastern United States that suggests that mangroves established at the current boreal limit only recently after the end of the Little Ice Age, and that the current mangrove expansion may be fueled by anthropogenic climate change.

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The Nature and Predictability of the East Asian Extreme Cold Events of 2020/21

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences ◽

10.1007/s00376-021-1057-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Guokun Dai ◽

Chunxiang Li ◽

Zhe Han ◽

Dehai Luo ◽

Yao Yao

Keyword(s):

East Asian ◽

Cold Events ◽

Extreme Cold

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Extreme weather highlights longer-term Canada concerns

Emerald Expert Briefings ◽

10.1108/oxan-db266493 ◽

2022 ◽

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Indigenous Peoples ◽

Clean Energy ◽

Focused Attention ◽

Content Type ◽

Weather Patterns ◽

Extreme Cold ◽

The Impact ◽

Ways Of Life ◽

Impacts Of Climate Change

Significance The extreme cold comes as the province is still dealing with the damage caused by unprecedented levels of heat and wildfires last summer and then record levels of rainfall and flooding in November. Its experience has focused attention on Canada’s wider vulnerability to the impact of shifting weather patterns and climate change. Impacts The natural resource sectors that are vital to Canada’s economy face an increasingly difficult environment for extraction. Indigenous peoples across the country will see their traditional ways of life further disrupted by climate change. The increasingly evident impacts of climate change on day-to-day life will see voters demand greater action from government. Significant investment in green initiatives, clean energy and climate resiliency initiatives will boost green industries.

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Changes in extreme temperature over China when global warming stabilized at 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-50036-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Cenxiao Sun ◽

Zhihong Jiang ◽

Wei Li ◽

Qiyao Hou ◽

Laurent Li

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Return Period ◽

Extreme Temperature ◽

Cmip5 Models ◽

The Tibetan Plateau ◽

Cold Event ◽

Southeast China ◽

Transient Simulations ◽

Cold Events ◽

Extreme Cold

Abstract The 1.5 °C global warming target proposed by the Paris Agreement has raised worldwide attention and inspired numerous studies to assess corresponding climate changes for different regions of the world. But CMIP5 models based on Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) are ‘transient simulations’ and cannot reflect the response of climate warming stabilized at 1.5 °C. The current work presents an assessment of extreme temperature changes in China with simulations from ‘Half a degree Additional warming, Prognosis and Projected Impacts’ (HAPPI) project specially conceived for global warming levels stabilized at 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. When global warming stabilizes at 1.5 °C/2.0 °C, the areal-mean temperature for whole China increases by about 0.94 °C/1.59 °C (relative to present period, taken from 2006–2015). Notable increase regions are mainly found in Northwest and Northeast-North China, but warm spell duration increases mostly in Southeast China. The effect of the additional 0.5 °C warming is particularly investigated and compared between the transient and stabilized simulations. Changes of mean and extreme temperature are larger in transient simulations than in stabilized simulations. The uncertainty range is also narrower in stabilized simulations. Under stabilized global warming scenario, extreme hot event with return period of 100 years in the present climate becomes event occurring every 4.79 (1.5 °C warming level) and 1.56 years (2.0 °C warming level), extreme cold event with return period of 10 years becomes event occurring every 67 years under 1.5 °C warming and is unlikely to occur under 2.0 °C warming. For geographic distribution, the occurrence probabilities of extreme (hot and cold) events mainly change in the Tibetan Plateau, and the extreme cold events also change in Northeast and Southeast China.

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The role of the observed tropical convection in the generation of frost events in the southern cone of South America

Annales Geophysicae ◽

10.5194/angeo-26-1379-2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 1379-1390 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. V. Müller ◽

T. Ambrizzi ◽

S. E. Ferraz

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Large Scale ◽

Rossby Waves ◽

Tropical Convection ◽

The Other ◽

Linear Wave ◽

Frequency Of Occurrence ◽

The South ◽

Cold Events ◽

Extreme Cold

Abstract. Based on previous results obtained from observations and linear wave theory analysis, the hypothesis that large-scale patterns can generate extreme cold events in southeast South America through the propagation of remotely excited Rossby waves was already suggested. This work will confirm these findings and extend their analysis through a series of numerical experiments using a primitive equation model where waves are excited by a thermal forcing situated in positions chosen according to observed convection anomalies over the equatorial region. The basic state used for these experiments is a composite of austral winters with maximum and minimum frequency of occurrence of generalized frosts that can affect a large area known as the Wet Pampas located in the central and eastern part of Argentina. The results suggest that stationary Rossby waves may be one important mechanism linking anomalous tropical convection with the extreme cold events in the Wet Pampas. The combination of tropical convection and a specific basic state can generate the right environment to guide the Rossby waves trigged by the tropical forcing towards South America. Depending on the phase of the waves entering the South American continent, they can favour the advection of anomalous wind at low levels from the south carrying cold and dry air over the whole southern extreme of the continent, producing a generalized frost in the Wet Pampa region. On the other hand, when a basic state based on the composites of minimum frosts is used, an anomalous anticyclone over the southern part of the continent generates a circulation with a south-southeast wind which brings maritime air and therefore humidity over the Wet Pampas region, creating negative temperature anomalies only over the northeastern part of the region. Under these conditions even if frosts occur they would not be generalized, as observed for the other basic state with maximum frequency of occurrence of generalized frosts.

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Development of Verification Methodology for Extreme Weather Forecasts

Weather and Forecasting ◽

10.1175/waf-d-16-0123.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 479-491 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hong Guan ◽

Yuejian Zhu

Keyword(s):

Extreme Precipitation ◽

Weather Forecast ◽

Extreme Weather ◽

Ensemble Forecast ◽

Precipitation Forecast ◽

Forecast System ◽

Extreme Precipitation Events ◽

Cold Events ◽

Extreme Cold ◽

Verification Methodology

Abstract In 2006, the statistical postprocessing of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) and North American Ensemble Forecast System (NAEFS) was implemented to enhance probabilistic guidance. Anomaly forecasting (ANF) is one of the NAEFS products, generated from bias-corrected ensemble forecasts and reanalysis climatology. The extreme forecast index (EFI), based on a raw ensemble forecast and model-based climatology, is another way to build an extreme weather forecast. In this work, the ANF and EFI algorithms are applied to extreme cold temperature and extreme precipitation forecasts during the winter of 2013/14. A highly correlated relationship between the ANF and EFI allows the determination of two sets of thresholds to identify extreme cold and extreme precipitation events for the two algorithms. An EFI of −0.78 (0.687) is approximately equivalent to a −2σ (0.95) ANF for the extreme cold event (extreme precipitation) forecast. The performances of the two algorithms in forecasting extreme cold events are verified against analysis for different model versions, reference climatology, and forecasts. The verification results during the winter of 2013/14 indicate that ANF forecasts more extreme cold events with a slightly higher skill than EFI. The bias-corrected forecast performs much better than the raw forecast. The current upgrade of the GEFS has a beneficial effect on the extreme cold weather forecast. Using the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis and Reforecast (CFSRR) as a climate reference gives a slightly better score than the 40-yr reanalysis. The verification methodology is also extended to an extreme precipitation case, showing a broad potential use in the future.

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Trends of extreme cold events in the central regions of Korea and their influence on the heating energy demand

Weather and Climate Extremes ◽

10.1016/j.wace.2019.100199 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 100199 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yunsoung Kim ◽

Sanghoon Lee

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Central Regions ◽

Cold Events ◽

Extreme Cold ◽

Heating Energy Demand

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Simulated Links between Deforestation and Extreme Cold Events in South America

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-11-00259.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 25 (11) ◽

pp. 3851-3866 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

David Medvigy ◽

Robert L. Walko ◽

Roni Avissar

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Extreme Events ◽

Limited Area ◽

Natural Ecosystems ◽

Cold Event ◽

Variable Resolution ◽

Local Agriculture ◽

Average Annual Temperature ◽

Cold Events ◽

Extreme Cold

Many modeling studies have indicated that deforestation will increase the average annual temperature in the Amazon. However, few studies have investigated the potential for deforestation to change the frequency and intensity of extreme events. This problem is addressed here using a variable-resolution GCM. The characteristic length scale (CLS) of the model’s grid mesh over South America is 25 km, comparable to that used by limited-area models. For computational efficiency, the CLS increases to 200 km over the rest of the world. It is found that deforestation induces large changes in the frequency of wintertime extreme cold events. Large increases in cold event frequency and intensity occur in the western Amazon and, surprisingly, in parts of southern South America, far from the actual deforested area. One possible mechanism for these remote effects involves changes in the position of the subtropical jet, caused by temperature changes in the Amazon. Increased understanding of these potential changes in extreme events will be important for local agriculture, natural ecosystems, and the human population.

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Relationship between extensive and persistent extreme cold events in China and stratospheric circulation anomalies

Satellite Oceanography and Meteorology ◽

10.18063/som.2016.01.006 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hui Yang ◽

Xinrong Chen ◽

Gui-Ying Yang

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Circulation ◽

The Arctic ◽

Height Anomaly ◽

Composite Analysis ◽

Cold Air ◽

Atmospheric Circulations ◽

Cold Events ◽

Extreme Cold ◽

Stratospheric Circulation ◽

Circulation Anomalies

This study examines the relationship between the extensive and persistent extreme cold events (EPECEs) in China and geopotential height anomalies in the stratosphere using daily mean fields of outgoing long wave radiation (OLR) produced by the NCAR and daily atmospheric circulations produced by the NCEP/NCAR. The OLR composite analysis for the EPECE in China demonstrates that the negative OLR height anomalies (cold air) originated from Siberia influence China progressively from north to south. The largest negative OLR height anomaly (cooling event) occurs in the region to the north of the Nanling Mountains. This suggests that the OLR height anomalies can be used to represent the temporal and spatial characteristics of extreme low temperatures and cold air activities in winter in China. The composite analysis of large-scale atmospheric circulations during the EPECE reveals characteristic evolutions of stratospheric and tropospheric circulations during the extreme cold event. We demonstrate the important role of atmospheric circulation anomalies in the outbreak and dissipation of the EPECE in China. We also demonstrate that significant perturbations in the stratospheric circulation occur more than 10 days prior to the outbreak of the EPECE, with positive height anomalies in the Arctic stratosphere. These positive anomalies propagate downward from the stratosphere and affect the formation and development of the high pressure ridge in the middle troposphere over the Ural Mountains. Significant changes also occur in the atmospheric circulation in the mid-latitude stratosphere. These changes propagate downward from the stratosphere and strengthen the low pressure trough in the troposphere in the region to the east of Lake Balkhash and Lake Baikal. Therefore, the changes in the stratospheric circulation during the EPECE in China occur prior to changes in the tropospheric circulation and are very useful for predicting extreme wintertime cold temperatures in China.

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