Comparative phylogeography of two sister species of snowcock: impacts of species-specific altitude preference and life history

The influence of high NaCl concentrations on seed germination in both light and darkness was examined in the species Centaurium pulchellum, C. erythraea, C. littorale, C. spicatum, and C. tenuiflorum. Salt tolerance was found to depend on the life history of the seeds. To be specific, seeds of all five species failed to complete germination when exposed to continuous white light if kept all the time in the presence of 100-200 mM and greater NaCl concentrations. However, when after two weeks NaCl was rinsed from the seeds and the seeds were left in distilled water under white light for an additional two weeks, all species completed germination to a certain extent. The percent of germination not only depended on NaCl concentration in the prior medium, but was also species specific. Thus, seeds of C. pulchellum, C. erythraea, and C. littorale completed germination well almost irrespective of the salt concentration previously experienced. On the other hand, seeds of C. tenuiflorum completed germination poorly if NaCl concentrations in the prior media were greater than 200 mM. When seeds after washing were transferred to darkness for an additional 14 days, they failed to complete germination if previously imbibed on media containing NaCl concentrations greater than 400 mM. However, the seeds of all species, even if previously imbibed at 800 mM NaCl, could be induced to complete germination in darkness by 1 mM gibberellic acid. .

Download Full-text

Genome-wide markers reveal differentiation between and within the cryptic sister species, sunset and vermilion rockfish

Conservation Genetics ◽

10.1007/s10592-021-01397-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gary C. Longo ◽

John Harms ◽

John R. Hyde ◽

Matthew T. Craig ◽

Ana Ramón-Laca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Management Strategies ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Sister Species ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Relative Contribution ◽

Genetic Groups ◽

Cost Effective Method ◽

Species Population ◽

Single Complex ◽

Species Specific

AbstractThe vermilion rockfish complex, which consists of the cryptic sister species vermilion and sunset rockfish, is one of the most valuable recreational fisheries on the U.S. West Coast. These species are currently managed as a single complex, and because of uncertainty surrounding the relative contribution of each species within existing data sources, the stock status of each species is not fully known. A reliable and cost-effective method is needed to disentangle these species that will allow for the development of abundance indices, life history profiles, and catch histories that may potentially support species-specific stock assessments. Using restriction-site associated DNA sequence (RADseq) markers we generated 10,003 polymorphic loci to characterize the vermilion rockfish complex. PCA and Bayesian clustering approaches based on these loci clearly distinguished between sunset and vermilion rockfishes and identified hybrid individuals. These loci included 203 highly differentiated (FST ≥ 0.99) single nucleotide polymorphisms, which we consider candidates in the planned development of a diagnostic assay capable of distinguishing between these cryptic species. In addition to clearly delineating to species, subsets of the interspecific markers allowed for insight into intraspecific differentiation in both species. Population genetic analyses for sunset rockfish identified two weakly divergent genetic groups with similar levels of genetic diversity. Vermilion rockfish, however, were characterized by three distinct genetic groups with much stronger signals of differentiation and significantly different genetic diversities. Collectively, these data will contribute to well-informed, species-specific management strategies to protect this valuable species complex.

Download Full-text

The Domestication of Evolution

Environmental Conservation ◽

10.1017/s0376892900012984 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 283-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Raymond P. Coppinger ◽

Charles Kay Smith

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Sexual Maturity ◽

Domestic Animals ◽

Stable Environment ◽

In The Wild ◽

Species Specific

A coming ‘Age of Interdependent Forms’ seems destined to mark the success of what could be called ‘despecialized/interspecific fitness’ among neotenic strains (perpetuating juvenile traits) of species such as humans and domestic animals. Humans as well as the first domesticants underwent a neotenic evolution in the wild during the repeated interglacial periods which, acting on a number of mammalian forms, selected against adult species-specific ancestral adaptations to a stable environment. Neotenic species continue to look and behave more like ancestral youths than adults—even after sexual maturity and throughout their life-history. As they retain lifelong youthful dependency motivations, they can easily, under suitable conditions, become interdependent forms. By the time of melting of the last Pleistocene glacier, all the domestic partners had already become more dependency-prone than formerly, and were behaviourally despecialized enough to form the alliance that is now changing the order of Nature.

Download Full-text

Prochetostoma expandens (Diptera: Tephritidae) sp. n., a fruit parasite of Ilex integra Thunberg (Aquifoliaceae) in Japan

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.2784.1.4 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2784 (1) ◽

pp. 39

Author(s):

MASAHIRO SUEYOSHI ◽

HO-YEON HAN

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Sister Species ◽

Fruit Tissue ◽

The Third

The third species of the genus Prochetostoma, developing in the fruits of Ilex integra Thunberg, has been reported six times in Japan since 1985 but has not been described. We here describe adults and immatures of this species as P. expandens sp. n. Based on the adult morphological characters, P. expandens is suggested to be the sister species of P. bhutanicum Han. Two possible morphological synapomorphies of these two species are proposed. We also investigated a large number of larvae of P. expandens collected from fruits of I. integra. Detailed information about the life history is presented: oviposition takes place under the skin of immature fruits of I. integra in spring; larvae consume fruit tissue in summer and autumn; single fully matured larva escapes from the fruit and drops down to the ground for pupation; and adults emerge in the subsequent spring.

Download Full-text

Childhood and advances in human tool use

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x11001932 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 232-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mark Nielsen

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Tool Use ◽

Human Life ◽

Cognitive Trait ◽

Species Specific

AbstractHuman life history incorporates childhood, a lengthy post-weaning period of dependency. This species-specific period provides an opportunity for extensive learning and for sophisticated cultural behaviors to develop, including crucial tool use skills. Although I agree that no individual cognitive trait singularly differentiates humans from other animals, I suggest here that without childhood, the traits that are key to human tool use would not emerge.

Download Full-text

Imitative and Direct Learning as Interacting Factors in Life History Evolution

Artificial Life ◽

10.1162/artl_a_00237 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 374-405 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

John A. Bullinaria

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Artificial Life ◽

Information Transfer ◽

Life History Evolution ◽

Previous Approach ◽

Direct Experience ◽

Imitative Learning ◽

History Evolution ◽

Species Specific ◽

Substantial Degree

The idea that lifetime learning can have a significant effect on life history evolution has recently been explored using a series of artificial life simulations. These involved populations of competing individuals evolving by natural selection to learn to perform well on simplified abstract tasks, with the learning consisting of identifying regularities in their environment. In reality, there is more to learning than that type of direct individual experience, because it often includes a substantial degree of social learning that involves various forms of imitation of what other individuals have learned before them. This article rectifies that omission by incorporating memes and imitative learning into revised versions of the previous approach. To do this reliably requires formulating and testing a general framework for meme-based simulations that will enable more complete investigations of learning as a factor in any life history evolution scenarios. It does that by simulating imitative information transfer in terms of memes being passed between individuals, and developing a process for merging that information with the (possibly inconsistent) information acquired by direct experience, leading to a consistent overall body of learning. The proposed framework is tested on a range of learning variations and a representative set of life history factors to confirm the robustness of the approach. The simulations presented illustrate the types of interactions and tradeoffs that can emerge, and indicate the kinds of species-specific models that could be developed with this approach in the future.

Download Full-text

Comparative phylogeography of two sister (congeneric) species of cardiid bivalve: Strong influence of habitat, life history and post-glacial history

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science ◽

10.1016/j.ecss.2012.05.007 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 107 ◽

pp. 150-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Katarzyna Tarnowska ◽

Manuela Krakau ◽

Sabine Jacobsen ◽

Maciej Wołowicz ◽

Jean-Pierre Féral ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Strong Influence ◽

Congeneric Species ◽

Glacial History ◽

Comparative Phylogeography

Download Full-text

Thermal flexibility and a generalist life history promote urban tolerance in butterflies

10.32942/osf.io/sdkn2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Corey Thomas Callaghan ◽

Diana Bowler ◽

Henrique Pereira

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Life History Strategies ◽

Continuous Measure ◽

Butterfly Species ◽

Night Time ◽

Species Response ◽

Species Specific

Urban expansion poses a serious threat to biodiversity. Given that the expected area of urban land cover is predicted to increase by 2-3 million km2 by 2050, urban environments are one of the most widespread human-dominated land-uses affecting biodiversity. Responses to urbanization differ greatly among species. Some species are unable to tolerate urban environments (i.e., urban avoiders), others are able to adapt and use areas with moderate levels of urbanization (i.e., urban adapters), and yet others are able to colonize and even thrive in urban environments (i.e., urban exploiters). Quantifying species-specific responses to urbanization remains an important goal, but our current understanding of urban tolerance is heavily biased towards traditionally well-studied taxa (e.g., mammals and birds). We integrated a continuous measure of urbanization — VIIRS night-time lights — with over 900,000 species’ observations from GBIF to derive a comprehensive analysis of species-specific (N=158 species) responses of butterflies to urbanization across Europe. The majority of butterfly species included in our analysis avoided urban areas, regardless of whether species’ urban tolerances were quantified as a mean score of urban tolerance across all occurrences (79%) or as a species’ response curve to the whole urbanization gradient (55%). We then used the species-specific responses to urbanization to assess which life history strategies promote urban tolerance in butterflies. These trait-based analyses found strong evidence that the average number of flight months, likely associated with thermal niche breath, and number of adult food types were positively associated with urban tolerance, while hostplant specialism was negatively associated with urban tolerance. Overall, our results demonstrate that specialist butterflies, both in terms of thermal and diet preferences, are most at risk from increasing urbanization, and should thus be considered in urban planning and prioritized for conservation.

Download Full-text

Life-history features and oceanography drive phylogeographic patterns of the chiton Acanthochitona cf. rubrolineata (Lischke, 1873) in the northwestern Pacific

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.8794 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e8794 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gang Ni ◽

Taeho Kim ◽

Youngheon Shin ◽

Jina Park ◽

Yucheol Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Mitochondrial Gene ◽

Phylogenetic Network ◽

Population Expansion ◽

Dispersal Ability ◽

Northwestern Pacific ◽

Limited Dispersal ◽

Species Specific ◽

High Level ◽

Japan And China

Chitons are a group of marine mollusks (class Polyplacophora) characterized by having eight articulating shell plates on their dorsal body surface. They represent suitable materials for studying the spatiotemporal processes that underlie population differentiation and speciation in ocean environments. Here we performed population genetic analyses on the northwestern Pacific chiton Acanthochitona cf. rubrolineata (Lischke, 1873) using two mitochondrial gene fragments (COI and 16S) from 180 individuals sampled from 11 populations among the coastal waters of Korea, Japan, and China. The phylogenetic network uncovered a reticulated relationship with several sub-haplogroups for all A. cf. rubrolineata haplotypes. SAMOVA analyses suggested the best grouping occurred at three groups (ΦCT = 0.151, P < 0.0001), which geographically corresponds to hydrographic discontinuity among the coastal regions of Korea, Japan, and China. The assumed limited dispersal ability of A. cf. rubrolineata, coupled with northeasterly flowing, trifurcate warm currents, might have contributed to the genetic differentiation among the three groups. Meanwhile, a high level of within-group genetic homogeneity was detected, indicating extensive coastal currents might facilitate gene flow among the populations within each group. Bayesian skyline plots demonstrated significant population expansion after the Last Glacial Period (110-25 thousand years ago) for all studied populations except the Japan group. Together these results suggest that the present-day phylogeographic patterns of A. cf. rubrolineata are strongly affected by the interplay of historical and/or contemporary oceanography and species-specific life-history features.

Download Full-text