Mechanical characteristics of bacterial cellulose-reinforced mycelium composite materials

Abstract Background While mycelium is considered a promising alternative for fossil-based resins in lignocellulosic materials, the mechanical properties of mycelium composite materials remain suboptimal, among other reasons due to the weak internal bonds between the hyphae and the natural fibres. A solution could be provided by the hybridisation of mycelium materials with organic additives. More specifically, bacterial cellulose seems to be a promising additive that could result in reinforcing mycelium composites; however, this strategy is underreported in scientific literature. Results In this study, we set out to investigate the mechanical properties of mycelium composites, produced with the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor, and supplemented with bacterial cellulose as an organic additive. A methodological framework is developed for the facile production of bacterial cellulose and subsequent fabrication of mycelium composite particle boards based on a hybrid substrate consisting of bacterial cellulose and hemp in combination with a heat-pressing approach. We found that, upon adding bacterial cellulose, the internal bond of the composite particle boards significantly improved. Conclusions The addition of bacterial cellulose to mycelium composite materials not only results in a strengthening of internal bonding of mycelium material, but also renders tuneable mechanical properties to the material. As such, this study contributes to the ongoing development of fully biological hybrid materials with performant mechanical characteristics.

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The Impact of Paraffin-Thermal Modification of Beech Wood on Its Biological, Physical and Mechanical Properties

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10121102 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1102 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ladislav Reinprecht ◽

Miroslav Repák

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Beech Wood ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Brown Rot ◽

European Beech ◽

White Rot ◽

White Rot Fungus ◽

Poria Placenta ◽

The Impact

The European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood was thermally modified in the presence of paraffin at the temperatures of 190 or 210 °C for 1, 2, 3 or 4 h. A significant increase in its resistance to the brown-rot fungus Poria placenta (by 71.4%–98.4%) and the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor (by 50.1%–99.5%) was observed as a result of all modification modes. However, an increase in the resistance of beech wood surfaces to the mold Aspergillus niger was achieved only under more severe modification regimes taking 4 h at 190 or 210 °C. Water resistance of paraffin-thermally modified beech wood improved—soaking reduced by 30.2%–35.8% and volume swelling by 26.8%–62.9% after 336 h of exposure in water. On the contrary, its mechanical properties worsened—impact bending strength decreased by 17.8%–48.3% and Brinell hardness by 2.4%–63.9%.

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Influence of incubation time on the vibration and mechanic properties of mycowood

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2015-0128 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 70 (6) ◽

pp. 557-565 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marjan Sedighi Gilani ◽

Jürg Neuenschwander ◽

Markus Heeb ◽

Roman Furrer ◽

Sergio J. Sanabria ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Sound Velocity ◽

Treatment Time ◽

Characteristic Impedance ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Longitudinal Direction ◽

White Rot ◽

White Rot Fungus ◽

Fungal Treatment

Abstract The goal of the current study was to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of mycowood as a high quality tone-wood, obtained from Norway spruce by treatment of the white rot fungus Physisporinus vitreus as a function of the treatment time. In focus was the stiffness to weight ratio, which is often considered a main criterion for tone-wood selection. The vibro-mechanical properties were tested by non-destructive methods. The change of color and density were also measured after 4–12 months of fungal incubation. Density decreased up to 5% after 12 months of fungal treatment. Sound velocity was measured in small size specimens by means of the free-free vibration approach, while in large specimens the air-coupled ultrasound method was applied. The two techniques gave similar results and indicated that the sound velocity decreased in mycowood. Internal damping was increased in mycowood to a higher extent than the reduction in the specific modulus of elasticity (E/ρ) and thus the sound velocity in the material. The sound velocity was decreasing with increasing incubation times and scattering of data with this regard was larger in the transversal than in the longitudinal direction. The sound radiation coefficient and the characteristic impedance were enhanced in mycowood and its color was more brownish and richer in tone.

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Analysis Of Mechanical Properties And Free Vibration Response Of Composite Laminates

International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering ◽

10.47893/ijmie.2011.1019 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 84-88

Author(s):

M. Prabhakaran ◽

C. Sivakandhan

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Wear Resistance ◽

Composite Material ◽

Composite Materials ◽

Free Vibration ◽

Composite Laminates ◽

Mechanical Characteristics ◽

Energy Planning ◽

The Individual ◽

Free Vibration Response

The Word composite consisting of two or more distinct materials, having two or more distinct phases with different physical properties are noticeable different from the constituent properties. Of all composite materials the fabric type has evoked the most interest among embedded in matrix materials to form laminated composites. These have been used for centuries and today industrial innovation improved energy planning. Uncertain availability and ever increasing cost have created a greater interest in composites. The engineering importance of a composite material is that two or more distinctly different materials with dissimilar characteristics combine together to form a composite that is either superior or important in some other manner to the properties of the individual materials. Most of the composites have been created to improve combinational of mechanical characteristics such stiffness, wear resistance and mechanical properties.

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Biomechanical Pulping of Agave sisalana

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2001.007 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 42-46

Author(s):

G. Idárraga ◽

J. Ramos ◽

R.A. Young ◽

F. Denes ◽

V. Zuñiga

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Treatment Time ◽

White Rot Fungi ◽

White Rot ◽

White Rot Fungus ◽

Biological Pretreatment ◽

Ceriporiopsis Subvermispora ◽

Agave Sisalana ◽

Strength Improvement

Summary The effect of biological pretreatment of sisal with several white rot fungi on the energy consumption in refining and on the mechanical properties of the pulps was evaluated in this investigation. Improvements were realized in all the mechanical properties (22–66 %) and a reduction in the energy consumption of > 39% was realized for the treated pulps with the different fungi. The best strength improvement and energy reduction results overall were obtained with the white-rot fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. The incubation time was optimized for this fungus with the optimum mechanical properties obtained with a two week treatment time.

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The effect of dispersed filler on mechanical and physicochemical properties of polymer composites

Polymers and Polymer Composites ◽

10.1177/0967391120929040 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 096739112092904

Author(s):

Anton Mostovoy ◽

Amirbek Bekeshev ◽

Lyazzat Tastanova ◽

Marzhan Akhmetova ◽

Pavel Bredihin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Composite Materials ◽

Polymer Composites ◽

Mechanical Characteristics ◽

Elasticity Modulus ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Low Density ◽

Burning Time ◽

Dispersed Filler ◽

Loss Of Mass

The influence of basalt filler on mechanical properties of polyethylene (PE)- and polypropylene (PP)-based composites, and the effect of basalt on heat resistance and inflammability of polymer composite materials were studied. The introduction of basalt into the composite increases its elasticity modulus. The best mechanical properties are observed when 40 parts by weight of basalt per 100 parts of low-density PE and high-density PE are introduced. At the same time, a slight decrease in the deformation at failure is observed in basalt-filled PE composites. Deformation before failure is reduced from 380% for original PE to 250% for the composite containing 40 mass of basalt per 100 parts of PE. In the case of PP, this tendency is not observed. Other mechanical characteristics of polymer composites slightly change with the introduction of basalt particles as a filler. Incorporating basalt into PE and PP influences the combustibility of composites: oxygen index increases 1.3 times compared with the unfilled polymers, self-burning time decreases more than 2 times, and the loss of mass during ignition in the air decreases 2.15 times for PE-based composite and 1.75 times for PP-based composite. All indicators of flammability vary additively to the content of basalt, which is a noncombustible material.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose-Polyaniline Composite with Variation of Dopant Concentration

BERKALA SAINSTEK ◽

10.19184/bst.v9i2.18120 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 69

Author(s):

Riza Ummami ◽

Busroni Busroni ◽

Bambang Piluharto

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Composite Materials ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Conductive Polymer ◽

Emeraldine Base ◽

Stable Form ◽

Emeraldine Salt ◽

Materials Synthesis ◽

Base Composite

Polyaniline is a type of conductive polymer. Bacterial cellulose has high mechanical properties, so it can be made into polyaniline base composite materials. A stable form of polyaniline oxidation at room temperature is emeraldine base. The emeraldine base has a conductivity value of 10-6 S/cm. Dopants can change the shape of emeraldine base to emeraldine salt by protonation process. Emeraldine salt is a conductive form of polyaniline. The conductivity value of emeraldine salt is 0,03-0,07 S/cm. The addition of dopan in synthesis of polymer was carried out to determine its effect on the conductivity value. The disadvantage of polyaniline is that its mechanical properties are weak and easily brittle. Modifications are needed to improve the mechanical properties of polyaniline, one of which is the manufacture of composite. Bacterial celluloce has high mechanical properties so it can be made into polyaniline base composite materials. Synthesis of bacterial cellulose-polyaniline composites by in situ chemical polymerization methods. Syntehsis is started with BC membrane was dipped into aniline solution for about 2h with stirring at room temperature. The BC was immersed into ammonium peroxydisulfate solution for about 30m with stirring. The bacterial cellulose-polyaniline compositions obtained are black color which is characteristic of the emeraldine salt. The highest conductivity value of composite was obtained from the addition of 3,5M HCl dopant which was 4,70x10-4 S/cm. FTIR analysis of composite obtained peak of the characteristic polyanilin was conductive at 1565,92 cm-1 as C=C quinoid ring and 1442,95 cm-1 as C=C benzoid ring.

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COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF BND 50/70 ROAD BITUMEN MODIFIED WITH SKEPT-60 AND SKN-26 ELASTOMERS

Azerbaijan Chemical Journal ◽

10.32737/0005-2531-2021-4-12-19 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (4) ◽

pp. 12-19

Author(s):

E.А. Guseinova ◽

◽

V.A. Mammadova ◽

X.Ch. Abıyev ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Composite Materials ◽

Comparative Evaluation ◽

Mechanical Characteristics ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Flash Point ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Composite Samples ◽

Physical And Mechanical Characteristics

The article provides information on the physical and mechanical properties of polymer-bitumen compositions obtained by modifying road bitumen BND 50/70 with elastomers SKEPT-60 and SKN-26 and determination of the obtained polymer-bitumen composites. The properties of composite samples of various concentrations (2.5, 3.0, 5.0%, 6.5 and 7.0%) were determined: needle depth, softening, brittleness and flash point, stretching and adhesion. It was determined that the physical and mechanical characteristics of polymer-bitumen composite materials obtained at high concentrations (6.5, 7.0%) are improved

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Cellulosic nanocomposites. A review

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.3.3.929-980 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 929-980 ◽

Cited By ~ 207

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Composite Materials ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Agricultural Residues ◽

Environmentally Benign ◽

High Tech ◽

Plastic Materials ◽

Wide Range ◽

Benign Nature ◽

Source Materials

Because of their wide abundance, their renewable and environmentally benign nature, and their outstanding mechanical properties, a great deal of attention has been paid recently to cellulosic nanofibrillar structures as components in nanocomposites. A first major challenge has been to find efficient ways to liberate cellulosic fibrils from different source materials, including wood, agricultural residues, or bacterial cellulose. A second major challenge has involved the lack of compatibility of cellulosic surfaces with a variety of plastic materials. The water-swellable nature of cellulose, especially in its non-crystalline regions, also can be a concern in various composite materials. This review of recent work shows that considerable progress has been achieved in addressing these issues and that there is potential to use cellulosic nano-components in a wide range of high-tech applications.

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The efficacy of Chondrostereum purpureum against sprouting of deciduous species after mechanized pre-commercial thinning

Silva Fennica ◽

10.14214/sf.10195 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tiina Laine ◽

Leena Hamberg ◽

Veli-Matti Saarinen ◽

Timo Saksa

Keyword(s):

Betula Pendula ◽

Biocontrol Agent ◽

White Rot ◽

White Rot Fungus ◽

Fungal Treatment ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Salix Caprea ◽

Commercial Thinning ◽

European Aspen ◽

Chondrostereum Purpureum

The use of a white-rot fungus, (Pers. Ex Fr.) Pouzar, as a biocontrol agent against sprouting has been studied with good results. The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of two pre-commercial thinning machines, TehojÃ¤tkÃ¤ and Mense, to spread an inoculum of as a biocontrol agent on freshly cut birch ( Roth and Ehrh.), European aspen ( L.), rowan ( L.), and goat willow ( L.) stumps (the fungal treatment) and compare that to the control (cutting only, done by TehojÃ¤tkÃ¤). Efficacy was investigated in terms of stump mortality and the number of sprouts per stump. This study was conducted in one stand and sprouting was investigated for three years after treatment. The fungal treatment resulted in higher mortality of stumps (34.0% for TehojÃ¤tkÃ¤ and 41.5% for Mense after three years), compared to the control (13.4%). However, the fungal treatment did not decrease the number of sprouts per stump compared to the control. The low occurrence of basidiomata indicates that the accuracy of the spreading mechanism was not satisfactory, causing low mortality figures for the fungal treatment compared to previous studies. In the future, this mechanized method may provide a promising alternative in sprout control if the spreading mechanisms, the accuracy of the treatment, and consequently the efficacy could be improved.Chondrostereum purpureumC. purpureumBetula pendulaB. pubescensPopulus tremulaSorbus aucupariaSalix caprea

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The Thermomechanical Behaviour of Wood Subject to Fungal Decay

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.1999.076 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 53 (5) ◽

pp. 459-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

C. Birkinshaw ◽

C.J. McCarthy ◽

N. Regan ◽

M.D.C. Hale ◽

D. Cahill ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Dynamic Stiffness ◽

Flexural Modulus ◽

Brown Rot ◽

White Rot ◽

White Rot Fungus ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Γ Irradiation ◽

Thermomechanical Behaviour ◽

Brown Rot Fungus

Summary Specimens of Pinus sylvestris have been subject to decay by the brown rot fungus Coniophora puteana, the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and to doses of γ irradiation sufficiently high to cause significant molecular damage. Specimens of Picea abies have been subject to decay by the brown rot fungus Postia placenta. The dynamic mechanical properties of the decayed and degraded materials have been assessed between −100 °C and 120 °C using in some cases a natural frequency instrument and in other cases a driven frequency instrument. The results obtained have allowed calculation of the temperature coefficients of modulus for the materials at various stages of decay or degradation, and these are relatively constant regardless of the history of the specimen. Such changes as do occur can be explained by modulus dependent frequency effects. The static mechanical properties of some specimens were also assessed by three point bending at 20 °C. Measured changes in dynamic stiffness and flexural modulus have been compared with the weight changes and the proportionality constant relating strength and stiffness loss to weight loss obtained for each situation. These show that in the case of fungal attack the dynamic stiffness falls more quickly than flexural strength, and that, as would be expected, the brown rot fungi are the more effective at reducing mechanical properties.

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