Prevalence of Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) Taste Sensitivity and Colour Blindness in Tengger Tribe Population, Ranupani Village, Senduro, Lumajang

The taste of sensitivity of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), is autosomal dominant trait inherited while the colour blindness is a sex linked genetic trait on the X chromosome. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of taster and non taster phenotypes, prevalence of color blindness, frequency of taster and non taster alleles, and frequency of color blind alleles, as well as pedigree analysis in non taster and color blind families. The research was conducted on the Tengger tribe, in Ranupani village, Senduro, Lumajang. Determination of the sample is carryout randomly. Detection of the ability to taste PTC was respondents to taste the PTC solution from the lowest concentration of 0.32mg/L (P13) to the highest concentration of 1300 mg/L (P1). Color blindness detection by the Ishihara method. The results of the study showed that the distribution of the taster was 98.1% while the non-taster was 1.9%. The allele frequency of the dominant taster (T) was 0.86 and the recessive allele non taster (t) is 0.14. The prevalence of color blindness in the population of the Tengger tribe was 0.63% and the allele frequency for color blindness was 0.013. The pedigree analysis of non taster family showed that non taster individuals were born from taster couple (Tt) or from couple of non taster (tt) with tasters (Tt) heterozigot. While the pattern of inheritance of color blindness was criss-cross inheritance pattern, which is passed from mother to son.

Analysis The Effect of Coconut Shell Charcoal Mixed Doses and Adhesive In Characteristics Jamu Dregs Briquettes

Briquette is an alternative simple fuel that has a relatively high calorific value, so it has the potential to reduce the use of firewood and fuel oil (BBM). Herbal waste is one of the biomass materials that came from the rest of the material in the production of herbal medicine made from medicinal plants. Utilization of herbal dregs as briquettes has been implemented by PT. Industri Jamu dan Farmasi Sido Muncul. Tbk, as fuel for boiler engines. Making briquettes from biomass requires the addition of materials, one of which is coconut shell charcoal and adhesives such as molasses and tapioca flour to improve the physical properties of the briquettes. Briquettes with good quality have a maximum moisture content and ash content of 8%, a heating value of more than 5000 cal/gram, a constant combustion temperature of 350℃ for a long period of time and is easily flammable. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of briquettes based on the value of water content, ash content, combustion temperature, combustion rate, and calorific value. Variable treatment with the addition of coconut shell charcoal with several doses of 10%, 20%, and 30% and variations of adhesive materials. Data analysis was performed by using two-factor ANOVA statistical test. The results showed that briquettes with tapioca flour adhesive and 30% coconut shell charcoal composition had the best characteristics of briquettes compared to other variations.

The Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Meteorological Draught Susceptability on Sampean Watershed

Drought disasters that occur in the Sampean watershed from time to time have increased, both the intensity of events and the area affected by drought. The general objective of this research is to develop an assessment method for the impact of climate chan ge on vulnerability to drought disasters based on atmospheric circulation data. The specific objectives of this study are to model rainfall predictions based on atmospheric circulation data, predict rainfall in various climate change scenarios (Intergovernm ental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC – AR5), and assess vulnerability to drought disasters using a meteorological approach. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is one way to analyze the drought index in an area which was developed previous researcher. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is designed to quantitatively determine the rainfall deficit with various time scales. The advantage of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is that it is enough to use monthly rainfall data to compare drou ght levels between regions even with different climate types. To facilitate the presentation of the data base on the identification of d rought susceptibility, we need a system that can assist in building, storing, managing and displaying geographically ref erenced information in the form of spatial mapping. This research facilitates monitoring of the area of drought-prone areas, predicts drought levels, prevents future drought disasters, and prepares plans for rebuilding drought-prone areas in the Sampean watershed.

Morphology and Economic Value of Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche)

Macadamia has a scientific name Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche from the Proteaceae family. The Macadamia plant habitat is in highland areas with an altitude of 1000 masl with a temperature of ≤ 32˚C. Macadamia plants are perennials with tough stems, and the branching is visible (monopodial). The purpose of this study was to determine the morphological characteristics of Macadamia plants and their economic value. The research was conducted at PTPN XII Sempol Plantation, Bondowoso with descriptive-qualitative method. The results of morphological observations showed that macadamia fruit is a dry fruit, indehiscent (when ripe the skin/shell does not break), similar to the type of achene fruit but the shell is thick and hard. Woody stems (lignosus) with monopodial branching type, incomplete leaves consisting of stalks and leaf blades, leaf blades are oblong-elongated, incised independently, pinnate leaf bones, phyllotaxis opposite crosswise. Macadamia trees can produce round fruit of about 20-70 kg per year with a monthly profit of Rp. 8,905,500. The economic potential of the Macadamia plant is very promising, as evidenced by the ongoing import of peeled macadamia with a volume of 6,862 kilograms worth US$ 145,100 (approximately Rp 1.9 billion) or Rp 291,405.29 per kilogram.

Decomposition Rate of Avicennia lanata in Bakau Kecil Mangrove Forest Area, Mempawah District

Avicenna lanata is a type of mangrove that dominates the Mempawah Kecil Mangrove Forest. As many as 10 bacterial genera were identified from station 1 which is close to the influence of sea water, and 8 bacterial genera from station 2 which are close to residential areas. This study aims to determine the rate of decomposition of A. lanata leaf litter with 4 observation time periods with an interval of 15 days, namely the 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th days. The observations show that the rate of decomposition of the litter on the 15th day of observation is higher. Namely 0.206 gram/day at station I and 0.19 gram/day at station II, while the lowest rate of decomposition of litter occurred on the 60th day of observation, namely 0.112 gram/day at station I and 0.106 gram/day at station II. In addition, the parameters of physical and chemical of the environment such as DO, temperature, pH and salinity are in the range of their optimum values.

TiO2-rGO Composite for Photocatalytic Decolorization of Methylene Blue Under the Visible Light Illumination

Titanium dioxide-reduced graphene oxide (TiO2-rGO) was synthesized by hydrothermal method using TiO2 powder and rGO precursor from graphite rod by modified Marcano Method. The obtained TiO2-rGO photocatalyst was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Diffuse reflectance UV (DRUV). Based on XRD diffractogram, it is known that TiO2 has an anatase crystal phase. In the FTIR spectrum, it was observed that there was an absorption peak at the wavenumber of 1630 cm-1 from the vibration (C=C) as an indication that the C atom was incorporated into the TiO2 structure. The incorporation of C atoms into the TiO2 structure to form TiO2-rGO causes the bandgap energy to decrease from 3.29 eV to 3.20 eV. The photocatalytic activity was tested against decolorization of methylene blue solution for 180 minutes under visible light illumination from a 50 watt LED lamp. Every 10 minutes, absorbance was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 664 nm. TiO2-rGO photocatalyst has better photocatalytic activity with %D of 96.39% under UV light and 84.32% under visible light illumination, while TiO2 is only able to degrade 93.87% and 36.55%, respectively.

The Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Concrete Due to The Use of Glass Waste as Partial Substitution of Fine Aggregate

Increasing human awareness of the importance of protecting the environment and conserving natural resources requires concrete innovation as an environmentally friendly and sustainable material. Accumulated of solid waste begins to be processed and reused, one of which is as a constituent of concrete. Among the various types of solid waste, glass waste is considered as an alternative that can be used as a substitute for fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate (split stone) and cement. This study investigated the use of mix coloured glass waste consisting of clear, green, and brown as partial substitution of sand in concrete. Although the glass colors were mixed, the proportion of each color had been determined in this study, namely 25%, 25%, and 50%. The purpose of determining these proportions is to find out which type of color glass has the most effect on concrete mix. The target characteristic strength of 25 MPa was produced by replacing sand with 20% of mix coloured waste glass. Three combinations of concrete mixes were prepared for this study. Compression tests were conducted at 7, 14, and 28 days. Workability of fresh concrete, density, compressive strength, and failure mode were investigated in this study. Results showed that the use of waste glass was able to increase the workability of fresh concrete. K1, K 2, and K3 obtained slump values which were 4%, 6,7%, and 1,3% higher than normal concrete. Normal concrete and all combinations exhibited similar density values. Only normal concrete achieved the characteristic strength of 25,7 MPa at 28 days. Meanwhile K1, K2, and K3 achieved strengths of 22,4 MPa, 22,1 MPa, and 24,7 MPa, respectively. It was evident that as workability values increased, the compressive strengths were noticed to reduce.

Estimating The Ability of Lanceleaf Arrowhead (Sagittaria lancifolia ) in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Copper (Cu)

One of Indonesia's strategies to improve the quality of its economy as a developing country is to boost industrial activity. However, the existence of industry has a detrimental consequence, one of which is heavy metal copper pollution (Cu). Phytoremediation is one of the ecologically acceptable pollutant treatment methods. Phytoremediation approaches using Sagittaria lancifolia plants are thought to be capable of overcoming heavy metal Cu contamination in the environment. This research is a preliminary study into the limitations of the Sagittaria lancifolia plant's capacity to absorb heavy metal Cu. This study employed an experimental technique, which was carried out between March 26 and April 7, 2021, in the Purwodadi Botanic Garden's Greenhouse, with four concentration variations, namely 0 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 3 mg/L, and 5 mg/L. According to the result of this research, the plant Sagittaria lancifolia may remediate heavy metal Cu at a maximum concentration of 5 mg/L. This is due to the fact that at this concentration, the Sagittaria lancifolia plant presents indications of death, particularly severe chlorosis and necrosis.

Total Phenol and Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract and Water Extract from Claw Uncariaa gambir Roxb

Uncaria gambier Roxb is a plant from the Rubiaceae family, belongs to the Bajakah group and has been used empirically in the treatment of various types of diseases in the community. Besides being one of the industrial plants and export commodities produced in Sumatra and Kalimantan, gambier leaves is also used frequently in Indonesia, both for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. As a result, market demand both nationally and internationally have increased. The aim of this research are determination of antioxidant activity of ethanol extract and aqueous extract of gambir claw using 1,1-diphenil-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and determination of total phenol using Calcetau folin reagent. Gambier plant samples were taken in the forest area around the Tanjungpura University campus, the claws were separated and dried at room temperature, then powdered and extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol pa and aquadest, then the extract was concentrated until it was ready to be tested for antioxidant activity and determination of total phenol. The total phenolic ethanol extract and aqueous extract of gambir claw were 224.66 mg GAE/g extract (GEA : Gallic Acid Eqivalent) and 299.08 mg GAE/g extract, respectively, while the antioxidant potential (IC50) was 39.566 μg/mL and 65.140 μg/mL, and the IC50 for comparison of Vitamin C was 7.02 μg/mL.

Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Sargassum polycystum of Ethanol Extract from Waters of Kabung Island

Sargassum policystum is one of the genus Sargassum from the brown macroalgae group which has an abundance of chemical constituents of fucoidan, fucoxanthin, phenolic acids and alginate which have important biological activities, such as antioxidants and antibacterials. This species thrives in the waters of Kabung Island, Bengkayang, West Kalimantan and has not been exploited so that it tends to act as a marine weed. This study aimed to determine the total phenolic content of the ethanolic extract of S. policystum and its antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Determination of the total content of phenolic compounds using the Folin Ciocalteu method, antioxidant testing using the DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and the indicator of sample color change with the addition of these radicals was measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Antibacterial testing was carried out by the test sample diffusion method and the inhibition of the growth of the test bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as test bacteria was indicated by the formation of a clear area around the sample wells. The results showed that the phenol content of the ethanolic extract of S. policystum was 79.8 mg/g extract, its antioxidant activity (IC50) was 98.903 ppm, classified as a strong antioxidant, while the comparison antioxidant, Vitamin C, had an IC50 of 6.26 ppm. The inhibitory ability of the ethanol extract against the test bacteria used was indicated by the formation of the largest inhibition diameter on S. aureus of 12.4 mm and E. coli of 12.0 mm.