scholarly journals Effect of experimental moringa and propolis toothpastes on surface microhardness of simulated hypersensitive dentin

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoda R. Riad ◽  
Osama S. Mosallam ◽  
Alaa H. Salama ◽  
Lamiaa M. Moharam ◽  
Mohamed H Zaazou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Surface Microhardness ◽  
Dentin Surface ◽  
Ph Cycling ◽  
Electric Toothbrush ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Acid Challenge

Abstract Objective Objective was to investigate the effect of NovaMin toothpaste and two experimental toothpastes on surface microhardness of hypersensitive dentin. Methods Eighty specimens were prepared and divided randomly into eight groups (n = 10/group) according to the tested toothpastes (NovaMin, moringa and propolis toothpastes) and the acidic challenge (with or without 6% citric acid challenge). Enamel surfaces were removed, and the dentin surfaces were exposed on which the three tested toothpastes were brushed twice a day for 1 week using an electric toothbrush, then a 4-d citric acid cycling model with pH 5 was performed. The prepared specimens were stored in artificial saliva until the microhardness test was performed. Statistical analysis was done using One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test. Results NovaMin-containing toothpaste showed an increased dentin surface microhardness following a week of twice daily brushing compared to other groups. However, NovaMin-containing toothpaste showed the highest microhardness values following pH cycling with citric acid of pH 5 compared to other tested groups. Conclusions NovaMin-containing toothpaste showed a partial recovery of dentin microhardness at pH 5 during the acidic challenge. Moreover, propolis- and moringa-containing toothpastes had an insignificant effect on dentin surface microhardness with and without citric acid challenge.

scholarly journals Effects on Dentin Treated with Eluted Multi-Mineral Varnish In Vitro

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L Karlinsey ◽  
Allen C Mackey ◽  
Craig S Schwandt
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Acid Ph ◽  
Ph Cycling ◽  
Demineralized Dentin ◽  
Acid Challenge

Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the non-contact effects of a NaF varnish on the morphology and elemental compositions of sound and demineralized dentin in an in vitro pH cycling model. Methods: 3 mm diameter dentin cores were extracted from bovine teeth, mounted in acrylic rods, and ground and polished. Sound and demineralized (in 10 mL unstirred 50% citric acid (pH = 1.2) for two minutes) specimens were divided into four groups (N=6) corresponding to treatments with either water (control group) or non-contact Vanish® 5% NaF White Varnish with tri-calcium phosphate (3M ESPE). For the non-contact varnish group, one 0.50 ml unit-dose was applied to acrylic rods and positioned in the same stopper as three dentin specimens. The four groups were then cycled in a regimen consisting of three rounds of one-hour treatments with each round followed by immersion in a three-minute static acid challenge (0.3% citric acid, pH = 3.8). For each one-hour treatment immersion the test groups were immersed in distilled water. The specimens were thoroughly rinsed with distilled water after each treatment and after each acid challenge. After the last challenge, specimens were rinsed with distilled water and immersed in artificial saliva (AS) overnight. All treatments, acid challenges and immersion in AS solution were performed in an incubator set at 37°C. After three days, the specimens were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results: SEM and EDS results demonstrated the non-contact varnish group can provide mineralization benefits relative to the control group for both sound and demineralized dentin substrates. Depositions from mineral eluting from the varnish developed on the intertubular and intratubular regions alike, with the most prominent depositions appearing on initially demineralized dentin. Conclusions: In this observational study, acid-resistant mineral depositions were produced on the sound and dentin surfaces without direct application from a multi-mineral varnish containing fluoride, calcium and phosphate.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Perendaman Kopi Robusta dan Arabika terhadap Kekerasan Resin Komposit Nanofiller

e-GIGI ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fransiska M. Pardosi ◽  
Darmawati A. Indraswari ◽  
Lusiana Batubara ◽  
Nadia Hardini
Keyword(s):  
Composite Resin ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Arabica Coffee ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Hardness Tester ◽  
Robusta Coffee ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
One Way Anova

Abstract: Nanofiller composite resin has small filler size which enhances its properties. However, these properties could decrease due to several factors. Acidic liquid such as coffee could reduce the hardness of composite resin. This study was aimed to analyze the effect of robusta and arabica coffee immersion on the hardness of nanofiller composite resin. A total of 27 composite resin samples were used and then were polished by using a soflex disc for 30 seconds on each roughness level. Samples were then divided into three groups, as follows: the control group with artificial saliva and the treatment groups with robusta coffee and arabica coffee. The composite resin molds were immersed in the three groups for 5 days. After five days of immersion, the hardness of the sample was tested by using a Vickers hardness tester. Artificial saliva as the control group had the highest mean hardness value of 112.98±8.67 VHN, followed by robusta coffee, and then by arabica coffee. The One Way Anova and post hoc LSD test showed that there were significant differences in all groups (p<0.05) except for the two treatment groups, namely robusta and arabica coffee groups which did not show any significant difference in the resin hardness (p>0.05). In conclusion, robusta and arabica coffee affect the hardness of the nanofiller composite resin, but there is no significant difference in the hardness between the robusta and arabica coffee groups.Keywords: composite resin hardness, nanofiller, robusta coffee, arabica coffee Abstrak: Resin komposit nanofiller memiliki ukuran filler kecil yang dapat meningkatkan fungsinya namun fungsi tersebut dapat menurun oleh beberapa hal. Cairan asam yang dikonsumsi seperti kopi dapat menurunkan kekerasan resin komposit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perendaman kopi robusta dan arabika terhadap kekerasan resin komposit nanofiller. Sampel resin komposit yang digunakan sebanyak 27 buah dan dilanjutkan dengan pemolesan menggunakan soflex disc selama 30 detik setiap tingkat kekasarannya. Sampel kemudian dibagi dalam tiga kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol dengan saliva buatan dan dua kelompok perlakuan dengan kopi robusta dan arabika. Sebanyak 27 buah resin komposit direndam ke dalam tiga kelompok tersebut selama lima hari kemudian diuji kekerasannya dengan vickers hardness tester. Saliva buatan sebagai kelompok kontrol memiliki nilai rerata kekerasan tertinggi sebesar 112,98±8,67 VHN, diikuti kopi robusta, dan nilai terendah yaitu kopi arabika. Hasil uji One Way Anova dan post hoc LSD menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada semua kelompok (p<0,05) kecuali pada kedua kelompok perlakuan yaitu antara kopi robusta dan arabika tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan kekerasan yang bermakna (p>0,05). Simpulan penelitian ini ialah kopi robusta dan arabika memengaruhi kekerasan resin komposit nanofiller namun tidak terdapat perbedaan kekerasan antara keduanya.Kata kunci: kekerasan resin komposit, nanofiller, kopi robusta, kopi arabika

scholarly journals Effect of Acidic Environment on the Surface Microhardness of BiodentineTM

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-102
Author(s):  
Gaurav Poplai ◽  
Sameer K Jadhav
Keyword(s):  
Vickers Microhardness ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
P Value ◽  
Acidic Environment ◽  
Surface Microhardness ◽  
Group I ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
One Way Anova

ABSTRACT Aim To compare the effects of various levels of acidic pH on surface microhardness of Biodentine.TM Materials and methods Biodentine was mixed and packed into stainless steel molds (diameter = 5 mm and height = 1.5 mm). Four groups of 10 specimens each were formed and exposed to pH: 7.4, 6.4, 5.4 and 4.4 respectively for 4 days. Vickers microhardness was measured for each of the specimens and was measured 4 days after the exposure. Results Data was subjected to one-way ANOVA using Tukey's post hoc test. Group I (control pH = 7.4) showed greatest surface microhardness of 67.5 ± 4.1 HV. The least microhardness of 46.3 ± 5.0 HV was observed for group IV where the specimens were soaked at pH 4.4. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Conclusion Under the limitations of the present study, surface hardness of Biodentine was impaired in the presence of acidic environment. How to cite this article Poplai G, Jadhav SK, Hegde V. Effect of Acidic Environment on the Surface Microhardness of Biodentine„§ƒ| World J Dent 2013;4(2):100-102.

scholarly journals Anticariogenic potencial of acidulate solutions with low fluoride concentration

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem ◽  
Gilberto Carlos Tiano ◽  
Karina Mirela Ribeiro Pinto Alves ◽  
Robson Frederico Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Surface Microhardness ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Ph Cycling ◽  
Bovine Enamel ◽  
Mineral Loss

OBJETIVES: The aim of this study was to verify the anticariogenic effect of acidulate solutions with low NaF concentration, using pH-cycling model and bovine enamel. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Enamel blocks were submitted to the surface microhardness (SMH) test and randomly divided in 12 experimental and one placebo groups. The blocks were submitted to pH cycling for 7 days, with daily applications once/day of 0.05% NaF and 0.1% NaF and twice/day of 0.02% NaF solutions. Four different pH: 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0 were used. Next, SMH test was again used to determine the surface microhardness percentage change (%SMH). Data obtained for %SMH were homogeneous and passed through variance analyses and Tukey's test (5%) as far as fluoride concentrations and pH. RESULTS:The results showed that pH influenced %SMH in 0.02% NaF and 0.05% NaF solutions with pH 4.0, which had less mineral loss compared to pH 7.0 (p<0.05). The 0.02% NaF - pH 4.0, and 0.05% NaF - pH 7.0 groups showed similar results (p>0.05). A dose-response relationship was observed among the tested solutions, with better anticariogenic effect for the 0.1% NaF solution. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the addition of citric acid to acidulate mouth rinses reduce mineral loss.

scholarly journals Pengaruh lama aplikasi bahan remineralisasi casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF) terhadap kekerasan email

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miftah Wiryani ◽  
Billy Sujatmiko ◽  
Rini Bikarindrasari
Keyword(s):  
Vickers Hardness ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Hardness Tester ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Paired T Test

The effect of application time of CPP-ACPF on enamel hardness. Remineralization process can increase the hardness of enamel due to demineralization process. CPP-ACPF is a material used for enhancing remineralization. However, the application time of CPP-ACPF remain controversial among previous studies. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of various application times of CPP-ACPF on enamel hardness. Thirty premolar teeth were mounted on self cure acrylic resin, and were divided into 5 groups. Demineralization process was performed, and enamel hardness (pre-est) was measured by Vickers Hardness Tester. Remineralization was performed using CPP-ACPF in various application times: 3, 15, 30, 60 minutes, and the control group was only immersed in artificial saliva for 60 minutes, then enamel hardness was measured (posttest). Data were analyzed using paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc Bonferroni. The result of paired t-test showed that all the groups, except the control group, have an increasing enamel hardness that was statistically significant. One-way ANOVA results showed no statistically significant difference among the groups at pretest, but one-way ANOVA results showed statistically significant difference at posttest. Post hoc Bonferroni showed that the significantly difference at posttest occurred between all the treatment groups against the control group, but there were no significant differences between the 3 minutes group to 15 minutes group, between 15 minutes group to 30 minutes group, and between 30 minutes group to 60 minutes group. It was concluded that various application times of CPP-ACPF had an effect on increasing enamel hardness. ABSTRAKProses remineralisasi dapat meningkatkan kekerasan email yang menurun akibat demineralisasi. Bahan remineralisasi yang ideal adalah CPP-ACPF. Terdapat perbedaan lama aplikasi CPP-ACPF dalam berbagai penelitian, selain itu total lama aplikasi yang dibutuhkan CPP-ACPF dalam mekanisme remineralisasi belum diketahui. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama aplikasi CPP-ACPF terhadap kekerasan email. Tiga puluh mahkota gigi premolar yang ditanam dalam resin akrilik self cure dibagi menjadi lima kelompok, kemudian dilakukan proses demineralisasi. Kekerasan email kemudian diukur menggunakan alat Vickers Hardness Tester. Proses remineralisasi menggunakan CPP-ACPF dilakukan pada masing-masing kelompok dalam berbagai lama aplikasi yaitu 3 menit, 15 menit, 30 menit, 60 menit, serta perendaman dalam saliva buatan selama 60 menit (kontrol). Kekerasan email kemudian diukur kembali (posttest). Data diuji secara statistik menggunakan t-test berpasangan, one-way ANOVA dan post hoc Bonferroni. Hasil paired t-test menunjukkan bahwa seluruh kelompok, kecuali kelompok kontrol, mengalami peningkatan rata-rata kekerasan email secara signifikan. Hasil uji one-way ANOVA pada pretest menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan kekerasan email yang signifikan. Hasil uji one-way ANOVA pada posttest menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan kekerasan email yang signifikan. Hasil uji post Hoc Bonferroni menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kekerasan email yang signifikan pada seluruh kelompok perlakuan terhadap kelompok kontrol, tetapi perbedaan kekerasan email antara kelompok lama aplikasi 3 menit dengan 15 menit, antara lama aplikasi 15 menit dengan 30 menit, serta antara lama aplikasi 30 menit dengan 60 menit tidak menunjukkan perbedaan kekerasan email yang signikan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah berbagai lama aplikasi CPP-ACPF berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kekerasan email.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Five Different Desensitizers: A Comparative Dentin Permeability and SEM Investigation In Vitro

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasibe Aycan Yilmaz ◽  
Ertan Ertas ◽  
Hasan Orucoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Fluid Filtration ◽  
Dentin Permeability ◽  
Dentin Surface ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Self Etch

Background/Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and durability of five different dentin desensitizers (Gluma Desensitizer Powergel, Bifluorid 12, Gluma Self Etch Bond, D/Sense Crystal, Nupro Sensodyne Prophylaxis Paste with Novamin) on tubule occlusion and dentin permeability reduction in vitro. Method: The quantitative changes in permeability of 100 dentin discs were measured after desensitizer treatments and following post-treatments of 6% citric acid challenge for 1 min or immersion in artificial saliva for 24 hours under hydrostatic pressure generated by a computerised fluid filtration meter. Qualitative SEM analyses were also carried out. Results: Dentin permeability decreased after desensitizer application in all groups. Nevertheless, only the difference between ‘Gluma Self Etch Bond’ and ‘Nupro Sensodyne Prophylaxis Paste with Novamin’ groups was significantly different (p<0.05). Dentin permeability increased significantly after post-treatments (p<0.05). There was no statistically difference among the citric acid-subgroups (p>0.05). Of all the artificial saliva-subgroups, only the difference between ‘D/Sense Crystal’ and ‘Bifluorid 12’ was significantly different (p<0.05). In SEM analysis, morphological changes were detected on the dentin surface and within the tubules following desensitizer treatments and post-treatments. Conclusion: All the desensitizers significantly reduced dentin permeability by changing the morphology of the dentin surface and/or dentinal tubules. Following post-treatments, there was some reduction in the efficacy of the desensitizers which was represented by the reduction in permeability values. SEM analysis revealed some physical changes in the dentin structure which can partly give an explanation to the reduced efficacy of tested desensitizers.

scholarly journals The Effects of Different Antioxidant Agents on the Microtensile Bond Strength of Composite Resin to Bleached Enamel

2021 ◽  
pp. 258-269
Author(s):  
Nurcan Ozakar Ilday ◽  
Ozcan Karatas ◽  
Latife Altınok Uygun ◽  
Pınar Gul
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Composite Resin ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Microtensile Bond Strength ◽  
Antioxidant Agents ◽  
Composite Resin Restoration ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
One Way Anova

Objective: The objective of this in vitro study is to examine the effect of antioxidants on the bonding strength of composite resin to bleached enamel. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty non decay teeth were used in this study. Specimens were cut from the enamel cement junction. Then the specimens were randomly assigned into two groups-office bleaching and home bleaching. Bleaching antioxidants were applied to the first 12 subgroups. The specimens in the remaining 12 groups were kept in artificial saliva for 14 days and antioxidants were applied. Composite resin restoration was applied to all specimens. A cutting device was employed to obtain six specimens (0.9mm) from each tooth, and the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) test was performed. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, the paired t-test, and Duncan’s post hoc test (p=0.05). Results: In office bleaching specimens, immediate antioxidant application increased the μTBS values (p<0.05). Comparisons of the antioxidants individually revealed that bonding values increased after two weeks in specimens subjected to antioxidant application (p<0.05). In office bleaching specimens, immediate antioxidant application increased the μTBS values (p>0.05). Mean μTBS values in the groups to which antioxidants were applied two weeks after home bleaching were higher than those in the groups in which antioxidants were applied immediately. Conclusion: The use of antioxidants after bleaching may increase the MTBS value.  The clinician should take this into account especially in immediate restoration applications after bleaching.

scholarly journals Effect of 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching on sound and artificial enamel carious lesions

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane Franco Pinto ◽  
Adriana Franco Paes Leme ◽  
Vanessa Cavalli ◽  
Marcelo Giannini
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Carbamide Peroxide ◽  
Surface Microhardness ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Peroxide Bleaching ◽  
Carious Lesions ◽  
Ph Cycling ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Caries Lesions

This study evaluated the effect of 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) bleaching on Knoop surface microhardness (KHN) and morphology of sound enamel and enamel with early artificial caries lesions (CL) after pH-cycling model (pHcm). Human dental enamel blocks were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=10): 1 - sound enamel bleached (S) with CP (Rembrandt/Den-Mat); 2 - S and submitted to pHcm; 3 - CL bleached with CP; 4 - CL stored in artificial saliva and submitted to pHcm; 5 - CL treated with placebo gel and submitted to pHcm; 6 - CL bleached with CP and submitted to pHcm. Enamel blocks with known initial KHN values were demineralized (groups 3 to 6) and submitted to 12 day pHcm (groups 2, 4, 5 and 6). After demineralization and treatments, KHN was determined and the specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5% significance level. The results showed that among CL groups (3 to 6) only the group 3 presented remineralization after treatments. S groups (1 and 2) showed higher KHN and presented less formation of porosities on enamel surface than CL groups after treatments. In conclusion, bleaching procedures on enamel with CL did not exacerbate the demineralization, but should be indicated with caution.

scholarly journals Effect of EDTA Conditioning and Carbodiimide Pretreatment on the Bonding Performance of All-in-One Self-Etch Adhesives

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shipra Singh ◽  
Rajni Nagpal ◽  
Shashi Prabha Tyagi ◽  
Naveen Manuja
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Shear Bond Strength ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Dentin Surface ◽  
Bonding Performance ◽  
Dentin Conditioning ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Self Etch

Objective. This study evaluated the effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) conditioning and carbodiimide (EDC) pretreatment on the shear bond strength of two all-in-one self-etch adhesives to dentin.Methods. Flat coronal dentin surfaces were prepared on one hundred and sixty extracted human molars. Teeth were randomly divided into eight groups according to two different self-etch adhesives used [G-Bond and OptiBond-All-In-One] and four different surface pretreatments: (a) adhesive applied following manufacturer’s instructions; (b) dentin conditioning with 24% EDTA gel prior to application of adhesive; (c) EDC pretreatment followed by application of adhesive; (d) application of EDC on EDTA conditioned dentin surface followed by application of adhesive. Composite restorations were placed in all the samples. Ten samples from each group were subjected to immediate and delayed (6-month storage in artificial saliva) shear bond strength evaluation. Data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using three-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s test at a significance level ofp<0.05.  Results and Conclusion. EDTA preconditioning as well as EDC pretreatment alone had no significant effect on the immediate and delayed bond strengths of either of the adhesives. However, EDC pretreatment on EDTA conditioned dentin surface resulted in preservation of resin-dentin bond strength of both adhesives with no significant fall over six months.

scholarly journals Efficacy of fluoride varnishes with different compositions on white spot lesions remineralization

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres ◽  
Manuela Da Silva Spinola ◽  
Renata Falchete do Prado ◽  
Vinicius Aneas Rodrigues ◽  
Natalia Cortez Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
White Spot ◽  
Initial Surface ◽  
White Spot Lesions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Ph Cycling ◽  
Knoop Microhardness ◽  
Bovine Enamel ◽  
One Way Anova

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of different fluoride varnishes on white spot lesions (WSL) remineralization. Material and Methods: Polished bovine enamel specimens were obtained (n = 60) and had their initial surface Knoop microhardness (SMH) determined. WSL were created and the SMH was measured again. Then, specimens were allocated into six groups: C – Control (without varnish); BF – Bifluorid 12 (6% NaF + 6% CaF2); DP – Duraphat (5% NaF); PF – Profluorid (5% NaF); FP - Fluor Protector (0.2% NaF + 0.9% difluorsilane); CW - Clinpro White Varnish (5% NaF + 5% TCP). After varnishes application, specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for 24 h. Then, pH-cycling was performed for 8 days and SMH was measured. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Results: Non-significant differences were observed among the groups at baseline (p = 0.187) and after WSL formation (p = 0.999). After treatments, significant differences were observed among the groups (p = 0.001). Mean % of alteration (SD) and results of Tukey test were: C- 92.40 (12.10)a; PF- 88.66 (10.66)a; FP-  85.90 (14.49)ab; BF-  67.85 (17.86)bc; CW- 66.60 (18.48)c; DP- 58.62 (8.69)c. Conclusion:.  Bifluorid 12, Clinpro White Varnish, and Duraphat showed higher efficacy than artificial saliva in promoting the remineralization of WSL, nevertheless, none of the treatments were able to recover sound enamel baseline microhardness.   Keywords Dental caries; Fluoride; Fluoride varnishes.

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