scholarly journals Urban form and economic sustainability in housing projects

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Mahmoud Ahmed Abdel Ghaffar ◽  
Noha Ahmed Abd El Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Land Use Pattern ◽  
Housing Projects ◽  
Urban Economic ◽  
The Impact

AbstractUrban areas in metropolitan cities like Cairo suffer from economic, social, and environmental predicaments. Urban economic sustainability is an approach that reforms the urban performance to gain direct benefits such as minimizing costs and maximizing profits and indirect benefits as better social, environmental, and cultural aspects. This research suggests applying such an approach to enhance Egyptian housing projects. The main research question is how to evaluate the economic sustainability of urban forms?. The study presents a “Sustainable Urban Economy model” (SUE model) linking urban fabric, land use pattern, transportation, and street network design with economic sustainability. Research methods and tools include interviews (Delphi method) with 25 urban planning/design and urban economic experts to refine the model. Results show the most effective components of the urban form on economic sustainability (accessibility and degree of permeability, population density, built, and the impact of sub-indicators on the main components. Moreover, results indicate that the seven most influential indicators are the built-up to total space ratio, mixed-use ratio, built-up ratio, population density, floor area ratio, degree of accessibility, and public transportation. Experts suggested values for the seven indicators to measure how the urban form can achieve high economic, environmental, and social performance in the Egyptian context.

Assessing impacts of urban form on GHG emission with high-resolution spatial grids to implement nature-based solutions for carbon neutral cities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Page ◽  
Haozhi Pan ◽  
Zahra Kalantari
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Land Use Pattern ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
The Impact

<p>Globally, urban areas contribute significantly to the emissions of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) which are leading to anthropogenic climate change. To achieve long-term sustainable development goals, urban regions will need to grow and develop in such a way that they can both provide a good quality of life for all of their inhabitants, and also reduce and offset their GHG emissions to reach and maintain net-zero GHG emissions.</p><p>This work aims to further our understanding of the impact of urban form and growth on GHG emissions, to identify ways in which nature-based solutions (NBS) can be integrated into urban planning to help cities reach net zero emissions while continuing to grow sustainably. We will conduct a high-resolution (1x1km) spatial accounting and mapping of GHG emissions from selected urban anthropogenic activities (residential, commercial, transportation) for Stockholm, Sweden which includes those factors relevant to and impacted by urban form (such as density, land use pattern transportation networks, green spaces) to allow for the analysis of different types of city spatial patterns and planning decisions and their implications in GHG emissions. The results will be further expanded to cities across the European Union (EU) for comparison. Conclusions will be drawn about where and how NBS interventions should be used most effectively to reduce urban GHG emissions and facilitate sustainable city growth in the future.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Sustainable cities; Land-use; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nature-based Solutions</p>

The impact of urban form on disaster resiliency

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Irajifar ◽  
Neil Sipe ◽  
Tooran Alizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Disaster Recovery ◽  
Form Factors ◽  
High Density ◽  
Disaster Resilience ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Land Use Mix ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper examines the impact of urban form on disaster resiliency. The literature shows a complex relationship between urban form factors such as density and diversity and disaster recovery. The empirical analysis in this paper tests the impact of land use mix, population density, building type and diversity on the reconstruction progress in three, six and nine months after the 2010 flood in Brisbane and Ipswich as proxies of disaster resilience. Considerable debate exists on whether urban form factors are the causal incentive or are they mediating other non-urban form causal factors such as income level. In view of this, the effects of a series of established non-urban form factors such as income and tenure, already known as effective factors on disaster resilience, are controlled in the analysis. Design/methodology/approach The structure of this paper is based on a two-phase research approach. In the first phase, for identification of hypothetical relationships between urban form and disaster resiliency, information was gathered from different sources on the basis of theory and past research findings. Then in phase two, a database was developed to test these hypothetical relationships, employing statistical techniques (including multivariate regression and correlation analysis) in which disaster recovery was compared among 76 suburbs of Brisbane and Ipswich with differing levels of population density and land use mix. Findings The results indicate that population density is positively related to disaster resilience, even when controlling for contextual variables such as income level and home ownership. The association between population density and disaster reconstruction is non-linear. The progress of reconstruction to population density ratio increases from low, medium to high densities, while in very low and very high density areas the reconstruction progress does not show the same behavior, which suggests that medium-high density is the most resilient. Originality/value The originality of this paper is in extracting hypothetical relationships between urban form and resiliency and testing them with real world data. The results confirmed the contribution of density to recovery process in this case study. This illustrates the importance of attention to disaster resiliency measures from the early stages of design and planning in development of resilient urban communities.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Effects of Urban Form on Land Surface Temperature in Subtropical High-Density Urban Areas Using Machine Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanwei Sun ◽  
Chao Gao ◽  
Jialin Li ◽  
Run Wang ◽  
Jian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
High Density ◽  
Cooling Effects ◽  
Urban Thermal Environment ◽  
The Impact

It is widely acknowledged that urban form significantly affects urban thermal environment, which is a key element to adapt and mitigate extreme high temperature weather in high-density urban areas. However, few studies have discussed the impact of physical urban form features on the land surface temperature (LST) from a perspective of comprehensive urban spatial structures. This study used the ordinary least-squares regression (OLS) and random forest regression (RF) to distinguish the relative contributions of urban form metrics on LST at three observation scales. Results of this study indicate that more than 90% of the LST variations were explained by selected urban form metrics using RF. Effects of the magnitude and direction of urban form metrics on LST varied with the changes of seasons and observation scales. Overall, building morphology and urban ecological infrastructure had dominant effects on LST variations in high-density urban centers. Urban green space and water bodies demonstrated stronger cooling effects, especially in summer. Building density (BD) exhibited significant positive effects on LST, whereas the floor area ratio (FAR) showed a negative influence on LST. The results can be applied to investigate and implement urban thermal environment mitigation planning for city managers and planners.

Do Denser Neighborhoods Have Safer Streets? Population Density and Traffic Safety in the Philadelphia Region

2019 ◽  
pp. 0739456X1984504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Guerra ◽  
Xiaoxia Dong ◽  
Michelle Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Pedestrian Safety ◽  
Negative Binomial Models ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Binomial Models ◽  
Density Results

This study uses multilevel negative binomial models to investigate relationships between neighborhood socio-demographics, urban form, roadway characteristics, traffic collisions, injuries, and fatalities on the Philadelphia region’s streets from 2010 to 2014. We pay particular attention to neighborhood population density. Results indicate that streets in denser neighborhoods have fewer overall collisions, injuries, and fatalities. The association with pedestrian safety is mixed and somewhat uncertain across urban areas and model specifications. This study highlights the importance of population density in traffic safety and helps explain some of the variation in findings across studies examining the relationship between urban form and pedestrian safety.

scholarly journals Impact of spatial proxies on the representation of bottom-up emission inventories: A satellite-based analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 4131-4145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guannan Geng ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Randall V. Martin ◽  
Jintai Lin ◽  
Hong Huo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Spatial proxies used in bottom-up emission inventories to derive the spatial distributions of emissions are usually empirical and involve additional levels of uncertainty. Although uncertainties in current emission inventories have been discussed extensively, uncertainties resulting from improper spatial proxies have rarely been evaluated. In this work, we investigate the impact of spatial proxies on the representation of gridded emissions by comparing six gridded NOx emission datasets over China developed from the same magnitude of emissions and different spatial proxies. GEOS-Chem-modeled tropospheric NO2 vertical columns simulated from different gridded emission inventories are compared with satellite-based columns. The results show that differences between modeled and satellite-based NO2 vertical columns are sensitive to the spatial proxies used in the gridded emission inventories. The total population density is less suitable for allocating NOx emissions than nighttime light data because population density tends to allocate more emissions to rural areas. Determining the exact locations of large emission sources could significantly strengthen the correlation between modeled and observed NO2 vertical columns. Using vehicle population and an updated road network for the on-road transport sector could substantially enhance urban emissions and improve the model performance. When further applying industrial gross domestic product (IGDP) values for the industrial sector, modeled NO2 vertical columns could better capture pollution hotspots in urban areas and exhibit the best performance of the six cases compared to satellite-based NO2 vertical columns (slope  =  1.01 and R2 = 0. 85). This analysis provides a framework for information from satellite observations to inform bottom-up inventory development. In the future, more effort should be devoted to the representation of spatial proxies to improve spatial patterns in bottom-up emission inventories.

Living on Past Glories and Future Dreams The Effects of Depopulation on Early Modern Urban Development in the Former Castle Town of Kanazawa

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Phillipps
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central City ◽  
Japan Sea ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Local Newspapers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractDepopulation of urban areas is a serious issue in twenty-first century Japan, as shown by the recent large-scale amalgamation of municipalities and programmes to combat declining central city areas. However, this is not the first time depopulation has had a significant effect on urban development: the decline in castle towns after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 had profound effects on both urban form and development concepts. Kanazawa, once one of the largest cities in Japan, suffered from an initial and long-lasting drop and then a more insidious decline as its Japan Sea coast location cut it off from the bulk of industrial and trade development. This article uses a two-fold approach to examine depopulation: first, an examination of the physical effects of depopulation based on statistical analysis of pre-war land registers shows the patterns of decline and regrowth throughout the modern period. Second, the impact of depopulation on the city's image of itself is examined through period documents such as council records and local newspapers. The need to regain status through population rank became an overarching goal of the urban leaders, and formed the basis of Kanazawa's reactions to the modern era and eventually towards imperialism.

scholarly journals Preferensi Konsumen Terhadap Transportasi Publik (Studi Kasus Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Kota Semarang)

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ichwinsyah Azali ◽  
Edy Yusuf Agung Gunanto ◽  
Nugroho SBM
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Bus Rapid Transit ◽  
Rapid Transit ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Transportation Modes

<p class="Headings1">Abstrak</p><p>Kota Semarang sebagai ibukota Provinsi Jawa Tengah memiliki tingkat kepadatan penduduk sebesar 4.269 jiwa/km2 pada tahun 2015. Dengan tingkat kepadatan yang cukup tinggi, mobilitas yang terjadi akan terus meningkat. Pemerintah mengatur kebijakan Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009  pasal 158 ayat 1, pemerintah kota Semarang menyediakan kebutuhan angkutan massal di kawasan perkotaan berupa <em>Bus Rapid Transit</em> (BRT) Trans Semarang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis preferensi konsumen dari segi harga, kenyamanan, keandalan, aksesibilitas, dan keamanan terhadap kemungkinan pemilihan moda BRT dan moda transportasi Non-BRT. Penelitian ini menggunakan 100 responden dengan purposive sampling. Model <em>Binary Logistic Regression</em> digunakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variabel independen terhadap variabel dependen pemilihan moda BRT dan Non-BRT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemilihan moda BRT dan Non-BRT di Kota Semarang didominasi oleh pengguna 82 responden untuk BRT dan 18 responden untuk Non-BRT. Pemilihan moda BRT dan Non-BRT dipengaruhi oleh harga, faktor kenyamanan, keandalan, aksesibilitas dan keamanan.</p><p>Kata Kunci: Pemilihan Moda, <em>Bus Rapid Transit</em> (BRT) Trans Semarang, <em>Binary Logistic Regression</em>.</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>Semarang as the capital city of Central Java Province has a population density of 4.269 per square kilometer in 2015. Due to high population density, communities’ mobility will also be increasing. Government arranged the policy related to traffic and public transportation in the Law Number 22 Year 2009 article 158 paragraph 1, the government of Semarang City has guaranteed the availability of road-based transportation in Urban Areas by providing public transportation namely Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Trans Semarang. This research aims to analyze communities’ preference in terms of price, convenience, reliability, accessibility, and safety toward the possibility of BRT and Non BRT transportation modes selection. This research uses 100 respondents by Purposive Sampling. Binary Logistic Regression model is applied to determine the effect of independent variable towards dependent variable of BRT and Non BRT transportation modes selection. The result of this research indicated that BRT and Non BRT transportation modes selection in Semarang City are dominated by 82 respondents of BRT users and 18 respondents of Non BRT users. BRT and Non BRT transportation modes selection are affected by the factor of price, convenience, reliability, accessibility, and safety.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Modes selection, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Trans Semarang, Principal Component Analysis, Binary Logistic Regression.</em><strong></strong></p><em class="Headings1"></em><strong></strong><em></em><strong></strong>

scholarly journals Equity in public transport — a case of Bangalore’s city bus transport

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Baindur ◽  
Pooja Rao
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
City Bus ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

In most urban areas, buses are the most heavily used form of public transportation[1] and more so in Indian cities where buses make up for over 90% of public transport ridership[2]. In the selected Indian metro cities, where formal bus based PT systems are operated by public agencies, they are over-reliant on state support to sustain operations as fare box collections are inadequate in spite of having relatively high ridership. The main challenge for all this is to achieve long term financial sustainability of public transport systems while providing good quality and affordable bus services.This paper investigates internal and external factors that led to the steep and recurrent fare increases in the Bangalore city bus services in the period from 2012–2014 which are operated by Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation. In order to estimate the impact of the recent bus fare increases that have had on the economically weaker sections of the society dependent on these services, the paper presents the results of a random sampling survey study carried out in a central locality in the city that has a large slum area.The key findings throw light on the various ways in which the low income bus users have adapted to reduce their travel costs through changes in travel behavior, travel pattern and modal shifts. The cost of the behavioral changes through lost opportunities and the cost of the modal shifts of the persons earlier favoring public transportation draw attention to the significance of public transport fare policies. Furthermore, the management and operations of the BMTC agency show scope for improvement which can translate into better revenue generation and consequent reduction in fares.

scholarly journals Going carless in different urban fabrics: socio-demographics of household car ownership

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Karjalainen ◽  
M. Tiitu ◽  
J. Lyytimäki ◽  
V. Helminen ◽  
P. Tapio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Level ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Neighborhood Density ◽  
Car Ownership ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Demographic Profiles ◽  
Residential Distance

AbstractDiverse physical features of urban areas alongside socio-demographic characteristics affect car ownership, and hence the daily mobility choices. As a case of sustainable mobility, we explore how various urban environments and socio-demographics associate with the spatial and social distribution of household car ownership and carlessness in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Finland. Three urban fabrics characterizing the study area are established based on the transportation mode (walking, public transportation, or automobile) the physical urban environment primarily supports. The national level Monitoring System of Spatial Structure and Urban Form database, and the National Travel Survey (2016) are utilized to further include spatial and socio-demographic variables into our analysis across these fabrics. Our results show that households with and without cars differ in terms of residential distance to the city center, neighborhood density, house type, and socio-demographic profiles. Single pensioners and students are most likely to be carless, whereas families represent the opposite. Within the carless households the differences are also evident between different groups. For the more affluent households residing in dense and well-connected areas, and mostly possessing driver’s licenses, carlessness is presumably a choice. Contrarily, many other carless households represent the less affluent often located in the more distant, low-density, and less accessible areas, while also possessing less driver’s licenses, making carlessness more of a constraint, as the local urban fabric does not support such lifestyle. Consequently, carless households should be increasingly recognized as a focus group in sustainable urban planning in terms of identifiable best practices and potential vulnerability.

Does block size matter? The impact of urban design on economic vitality for Chinese cities

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Long ◽  
CC Huang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Block Size ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Economic Vitality ◽  
Size Matter ◽  
The Impact

The influence of urban design on economic vitality has been analyzed by a number of researchers and is also a key focus of many planning/design theories. However, most quantitative studies are based on just one city or a small set of cities, rather than a large number of cities that are representative of an entire country. With the increasing availability of new data, we aim to alleviate this gap by examining the impact of urban design upon economic vitality for the 286 largest cities in China by looking at a grid of geographical units that are 1 km by 1 km. We use these units and a set of new data (emerging big data and new data that reflecting urban developments and human mobility) to look at the impact of urban form indicators, such as intersection density (urban design), level of mixed use, and access to amenities and transportation, on economic vitality represented by activities using social media data. Our results show that these urban design indicators have a significant and positive relationship with levels of economic vitality for cities at every administrative level. The results contribute to a holistic understanding of how to improve economic vitality in cities across China at a detailed level, particularly at a time when China’s economic growth will depend largely on growth of the service sector in urban areas. We think these results can help decision makers, developers, and planners/designers to improve economic vitality in cities across China.

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