GEOPHYSICAL METHODS ADAPTED TO HIGHWAY ENGINEERING PROBLEMS

Geophysics ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Woodward Moore
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Refraction ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Highway Engineering ◽  
Earth Resistivity ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Ore Bodies ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
Test Use

Of the several geophysical methods used in exploration for oil and useful ore bodies, the earth‐resistivity and seismic‐refraction tests have been found to be the most adaptable to the shallow tests generally required in highway construction work. Of these, the earth‐resistivity test is the faster and has a wider range of application to highway problems than does the seismic test. Use of both methods of tests in subsurface explorations for engineering structures is expanding. The paper cites a growing need for a more thorough subsurface investigation of all engineering structure sites and gives examples of field data obtained by the Bureau of Public Roads when making preliminary geophysical surveys of proposed highway locations or structure sites. The economic aspects and the advantages and limitations of the two methods of test are discussed with particular reference to their application to highway engineering problems.

Integration of Multi-geophysical Approaches to Identify Potential Pathways of Heavy Metals Contamination - A Case Study in Zeida, Morocco

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-423
Author(s):  
Ahmed Lachhab ◽  
El Mehdi Benyassine ◽  
Mohamed Rouai ◽  
Abdelilah Dekayir ◽  
Jean C. Parisot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Seismic Velocity ◽  
Seismic Refraction ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Low Resistivity ◽  
Refraction Tomography ◽  
Geophysical Surveys

The tailings of Zeida's abandoned mine are found near the city of Midelt, in the middle of the high Moulouya watershed between the Middle and the High Atlas of Morocco. The tailings occupy an area of about 100 ha and are stored either in large mining pit lakes with clay-marl substratum or directly on a heavily fractured granite bedrock. The high contents of lead and arsenic in these tailings have transformed them into sources of pollution that disperse by wind, runoff, and seepage to the aquifer through faults and fractures. In this work, the main goal is to identify the pathways of contaminated water with heavy metals and arsenic to the local aquifers, water ponds, and Moulouya River. For this reason, geophysical surveys including electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), seismic refraction tomography (SRT) and very low-frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) methods were carried out over the tailings, and directly on the substratum outside the tailings. The result obtained from combining these methods has shown that pollutants were funneled through fractures, faults, and subsurface paleochannels and contaminated the hydrological system connecting groundwater, ponds, and the river. The ERT profiles have successfully shown the location of fractures, some of which extend throughout the upper formation to depths reaching the granite. The ERT was not successful in identifying fractures directly beneath the tailings due to their low resistivity which inhibits electrical current from propagating deeper. The seismic refraction surveys have provided valuable details on the local geology, and clearly identified the thickness of the tailings and explicitly marked the boundary between the Triassic formation and the granite. It also aided in the identification of paleochannels. The tailings materials were easily identified by both their low resistivity and low P-wave velocity values. Also, both resistivity and seismic velocity values rapidly increased beneath the tailings due to the compaction of the material and lack of moisture and have proven to be effective in identifying the upper limit of the granite. Faults were found to lie along the bottom of paleochannels, which suggest that the locations of these channels were caused by these same faults. The VLF-EM surveys have shown tilt angle anomalies over fractured areas which were also evinced by low resistivity area in ERT profiles. Finally, this study showed that the three geophysical methods were complementary and in good agreement in revealing the pathways of contamination from the tailings to the local aquifer, nearby ponds and Moulouya River.

Application of geophysical methods for the investigation of the large gravitational mass movement of Séchilienne, France

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 1105-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Meric ◽  
S Garambois ◽  
D Jongmans ◽  
M Wathelet ◽  
J L Chatelain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Seismic Refraction ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Gravitational Mass ◽  
Electrical Tomography ◽  
Refraction Tomography ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Geophysical Techniques

Several geophysical techniques (electromagnetic profiling, electrical tomography, seismic refraction tomography, and spontaneous potential and seismic noise measurement) were applied in the investigation of the large gravitational mass movement of Séchilienne. France. The aim of this study was to test the ability of these methods to characterize and delineate the rock mass affected by this complex movement in mica schists, whose lateral and vertical limits are still uncertain. A major observation of this study is that all the zones strongly deformed (previously and at present) by the movement are characterized by high electrical resistivity values (>3 kΩ·m), in contrast to the undisturbed mass, which exhibits resistivity values between a few hundred and 1 kΩ·m. As shown by the surface observations and the seismic results, this resistivity increase is due to a high degree of fracturing associated with the creation of air-filled voids inside the mass. Other geophysical techniques were tested along a horizontal transect through the movement, and an outstanding coherency appeared between the geophysical anomalies and the displacement rate curve. These preliminary results illustrate the benefits of combined geophysical techniques for characterizing the rock mass involved in the movement. Results also suggest that monitoring the evolution of the rock mass movement with time-lapse geophysical surveys could be beneficial.Key words: gravitational movement, geophysical methods, Séchilienne.

scholarly journals Merge-Optimization Method of Combined Tomography of Seismic Refraction and Resistivity Data

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy A. Bery
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Seismic Refraction ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Geophysical Imaging ◽  
Seismic Refraction Data

This paper discussed a novel application called merge-optimization method that combines resistivity and seismic refraction data to provide a detailed knowledge of the studied site. This method is interesting because it is able to show strong accuracy of two geophysical imaging methods based on many of data points collected from the conducted geophysical surveys of disparate data sets based strictly on geophysical models as an aid for model integration for two-dimensional environments. The geophysical methods used are high resolution methods. The resistivity imaging used in this survey is able to resolve the subsurface condition of the studied site with low RMS error (less than 2.0%) and 0.5 metre electrodes interval. For seismic refraction method, high resolution of seismic is used for correlation with resistivity results. Geophones spacing is 1.0 metre and the total number of shot-points is 15, which provides very dense data point. The algorithms of merge-optimization have been applied to two data sets collected at the studied site. The resulting images have been proven to be successful because they satisfy the data and are geometrically similar. The regression coefficient found for conductivity-resistivity correlation is 95.2%.

GEOPHYSICAL APPLICATIONS FOR BUKIT BUNUH CRATER EVIDENCES

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (8-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fauzi Andika ◽  
Rosli Saad ◽  
Nordiana Mohd Muztaza ◽  
Nur Azwin Ismail ◽  
Mohd Mokhtar Saidin
Keyword(s):  
Impact Crater ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Seismic Refraction ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Fractured Bedrock ◽  
Resistivity Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Methods ◽  
Gravity And Magnetic ◽  
Geophysical Surveys

Geophysical surveys were conducted in Bukit Bunuh area, Perak to study an hypothesis of the existence of an impact crater and if so, to identify the perimeter of the crater. Four (4) geophysical methods were applied; seismic refraction, 2-D resistivity imaging, gravity and magnetic methods over approximately 132.25 km2 of developed agricultural land, primary jungle and villages of Bukit Bunuh, Perak and its vicinities. The surveys were conducted from May 2011 until July 2013 and have successfully proven the existence of an impact crater. The crater is about 6 km in diameter with a depth of 5 m – 50 m. There are lots of unusual fractured bedrock which represent features associated with impacted event.

THE PRACTICAL VIEW IN GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION FOR METALLIC ORE BODIES

Geophysics ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 550-555
Author(s):  
L. C. Armstrong ◽  
D. M. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Geophysical Prospecting ◽  
Second Development ◽  
Mining Companies ◽  
Ore Bodies ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Physical Effects

This is a nontechnical paper dealing with the potentialities of geophysical methods in the search for metallic ore bodies which do not outcrop. It emphasizes what exploration engineers are entitled to expect as well as to demand from geophysical surveys. Harmful misconceptions and frustrations have arisen among mining men through lack of understanding of the possibilities of the various methods, and through confusion traceable to the loose claims and looser interpretation of results on the part of some geophysical surveyors. The miner should be made to understand that geophysical methods merely measure physical effects, either inherent, or induced, in various rock bodies, and that high geological competence is usually needed to judge whether anomalous measurements may be correlative with ore, likely ore‐bearing structures or with features totally unrelated to ore occurrences. Since they do not put any tags on ore bodies, as some have been led to believe, the capabilities and limitations of the methods need further clarification. The biggest hurdles to overcome before geophysics can reach a fuller measure of its true potentialities in ore finding are, first, the development of techniques for mitigating or eliminating the anomalous effects of overburden; second, development of methods for detection of disseminated metallic sulphide deposits; third, perfection of techniques of investigating the rocks surrounding bore holes for appreciable distances; fourth, the improvement of techniques for geophysical prospecting underground; fifth, independent consultation before a survey is started to weigh dispassionately the chances for success (geophysical surveys should be checked with much pains and precision by repeating traverses and readings); sixth, reduction in costs for all methods; and seventh, modification and improvement in efficiency of equipment with special attention to increasing depth range. Finally, there is a critical need for research, long‐range, indirect, fundamental research, as well as direct research on known ore deposits which have not been disturbed too much by development or mining. This latter will be most profitably carried out if undertaken by private mining companies on their own properties and with complete cooperation from their own geological staffs.

scholarly journals A comparison of seismic and radar methods to establish the thickness and density of glacier snow cover

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (64) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam D. Booth ◽  
Andrew Mercer ◽  
Roger Clark ◽  
Tavi Murray ◽  
Peter Jansson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Layer ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Seismic Refraction ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Refraction Seismic ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Snow Thickness

AbstractWe show that geophysical methods offer an effective means of quantifying snow thickness and density. Opportunistic (efficient but non-optimized) seismic refraction and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were performed on Storglaciären, Sweden, co-located with a snow pit that shows the snowpack to be 1.73 m thick, with density increasing from ∼120 to ∼500 kg m–3(with a +50 kg m–3anomaly between 0.73 and 0.83 m depth). Depths estimated for two detectable GPR reflectors, 0.76 ±0.02 and 1.71 ± 0.03 m, correlate extremely well with ground-truth observations. Refraction seismic predicts an interface at 1.90 ± 0.31 m depth, with a refraction velocity (3730 ± 190 ms–1) indicative of underlying glacier ice. For density estimates, several standard velocity-density relationships are trialled. In the best case, GPR delivers an excellent density estimate for the upper snow layer (observed = 321 ± 74 kg m–3, estimated = 319 ± 10 kgm–3) but overestimates the density of the lower layer by 20%. Refraction seismic delivers a bulk density of 404 ±22 kgm–3compared with a ground-truth average of 356 ± 22 kg m–3. We suggest that geophysical surveys are an effective complement to mass-balance measurements (particularly for controlling estimates of snow thickness between pits) but should always be validated against ground-truth observations.

scholarly journals GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS IN AN ABANDONED OLD RAILWAY TUNNEL (MARSICO NUOVO, Italy)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory De Martino ◽  
Luigi Capozzoli ◽  
Valeria Giampaolo ◽  
Enzo Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Railway Tunnel ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
The Road ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Fractured Carbonate ◽  
Geotechnical Information ◽  
Geophysical Measurements

<p>In Europe, there are many abandoned railway tunnels. These structures are generally placed in mountainous or hardly accessible territories, where their use was no longer necessary for the improvement of the road communications and the favourite use of the private car. However, in some cases, they could be an important point of observation to monitor the mountains, where important hydrogeological resource are located. This is the case of an old tunnel sited in Marsico Nuovo village, where the rail way “Atena-Marsico Nuovo” was realized in the early 20th century and worked until the in ’60. The studied tunnel has a total length of 1229 m and, from geological point of view, it is located in the carbonate complex of the Maddalena Mountains and is characterized by the presence of stratified and fractured carbonate rocks. In proximity of this structure, there is also an important karstic cave (Castel di Lepre) already subject to geophysical measurements realized in the past [1]. The presence of a tunnel offers an advantageous perspective to monitor the aquifer improving the knowledge of the fluid circulation in a carbonate rock formation [2].</p><p>However, no engineering and geotechnical information about the realization of the construction and the geological setting of the area are available. In order to characterize, from an engineering point of view, the correlation between the hydrogeological formation and the engineering structure, several geophysical surveys, based on electric and electromagnetic acquisitions, were carried out along the gallery. The results obtained show the potentialities of the geophysical methods for monitoring and characterizing engineering structures also providing useful and detailed information for the identification of shallower geological structures in the first meters surrounding the tunnel. </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>References </p><p>[1] E. Rizzo, M. Guerriero, E. Gueguen, <strong>L. Capozzoli</strong>, G. De Martino and F. Perciante, Cave-surface Electrical Resistivity Tomography in “Castello di Lepre” Karst System (Marsico Nuovo, Southern Italy),  Monitoring and Characterization of the Shallow Subsurface I, EAGE 2017, DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201702078; </p><p>[2] M. Guerriero, L. Capozzoli, G. De Martino, V. Giampaolo, E. Rizzo, F. Canora and F. Sdao, Geophysical techniques for monitoring carbonate karstic rocks (2019), Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, DOI: 10.4408/IJEGE.2019-01.S-10; Project: Landslide Risk Assessment along roads (LaRIS), Special Issue 1 (2019) Sapienza Università Editrice. </p>

scholarly journals Geophysics for urban mining and the first surveys in Denmark: rationale, field activity and preliminary results

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Sandrin ◽  
Aleksandar Maricak ◽  
Björn H. Heincke ◽  
Rune J. Clausen ◽  
Lars Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Refraction ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Magnetic Data ◽  
Seismic Velocities ◽  
Quaternary Sediments ◽  
Development Activity ◽  
P Wave Velocity ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Field Activity

Geophysical methods have been widely used in recent decades to investigate and monitor landfill sites for environmental purposes. With the advent of the circular economy, waste contained in old landfills may be considered a resource that can be developed. Since the content of old landfills is largely unknown, the occurrence and quantity of valuable materials must be investigated before embarking on any development activity. Two landfills on Sjælland, Denmark (located at Hvalsø and Avedøre) were selected for a pilot study to characterise their content. At both locations, a set of geophysical surveys is underway. Here, we present the data obtained from magnetic and 2D seismic refraction surveys. Magnetic data show various anomalies that can be interpreted as caused by iron-rich waste. At both sites, the landfill material results in generally low P-wave velocity (<400 m/s), lower than those obtained for Quaternary sediments at Avedøre. The seismic velocities appear to increase in the presence of metals or by compaction with depth (>550 m/s). We propose that seismic refraction can thus define the bottom of the landfill and possibly its internal structure, especially when combined with other methods.

The Geophysical Toolbox: A Practical Approach to Pipeline Design and Construction

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Henderson ◽  
M. Bowman ◽  
J. Morrissey
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Refraction ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Electrical Imaging ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Geophysical Technique ◽  
Pipeline Design ◽  
Design And Construction

Geophysical surveys map variations in physical properties of subsurface materials, many of which can have a direct impact on pipeline design and construction. This paper provides an overview of complementary geophysical methods available in the geophysical toolbox and shows, through the use of case histories, examples of the applicability of the methods for specific pipeline design and construction scenarios. In the context of pipeline design and construction, the objectives of a geophysical survey typically include one or more of the following applications: • muskeg mapping (thickness, lateral extent); • permafrost delineation (variations in ice content, frozen/unfrozen boundaries); • depth to bedrock; • rippability of bedrock; • soil type delineation (corrosion protection, granular inventories); • subsurface conditions at water crossings for horizontal directional drill planning using detailed investigations (boulder horizons, abandoned workings, depth to bedrock). To successfully address these objectives, it is often necessary to utilize more than one geophysical technique. Geophysical methods commonly employed in pipeline investigations include the following: • seismic refraction (marine and land based); • seismic reflection (marine and land based); • electromagnetics; • electrical imaging; • ground penetrating radar (marine and land based); • sonar. The fullest utility of geophysical information is achieved when combined with complementary approaches to provide the end-user with a value-added, cost effective approach. These other method include: airphoto interpretation, satellite imagery, and drilling. The incorporation of auxiliary data sets results in geophysical sections that provide a means of interpolating subsurface conditions between drill holes and reducing the risk associated with encountering surprises. These sections can also be used to provide for more accurate cost estimates by their inclusion in bid documents while at the same time ensuring a better data base for pipeline design. In addition to the advantages of using a geophysical toolbox, the ramifications of the pitfalls of geophysical approaches will also be discussed through the use of case histories illustrating situations in which an inappropriate geophysical technique was applied.

Current Land and Waterborne Geophysical Methods for Guiding Horizontal Directional Drilling and Trenching Along Pipeline Right-of-Ways

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bauman ◽  
Alastair McClymont ◽  
Landon Woods ◽  
Erin Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Refraction ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Directional Drilling ◽  
Borehole Geophysics ◽  
Discontinuous Permafrost ◽  
Refraction Seismic ◽  
Geotechnical Investigations ◽  
Geophysical Surveys

In Western Canada, oil and natural gas pipeline projects are being considered that will move hydrocarbons from the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia, to the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic, and even potentially the Arctic. Along the proposed right-of-ways, the pipeline engineers will encounter challenging and varied terrain, including discontinuous permafrost, creek and river crossings, glaciomarine clays, thick muskeg, and other subsurface conditions that require specialized engineering planning in advance of construction. Geophysical surveys, in support of geotechnical investigations, provide continuous subsurface information to help inform design challenges associated with the many terrain challenges. Some geophysical surveys to be considered include electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), induced polarization (IP), seismic refraction, seismic reflection, multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW), ground penetrating radar (GPR), and borehole geophysics. Typically, a combination of several geophysical surveys along with drilling information, are optimal for the cost-effective site characterization of problematic segments of proposed pipeline right-of-ways.

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