scholarly journals GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS IN AN ABANDONED OLD RAILWAY TUNNEL (MARSICO NUOVO, Italy)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory De Martino ◽  
Luigi Capozzoli ◽  
Valeria Giampaolo ◽  
Enzo Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Railway Tunnel ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
The Road ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Fractured Carbonate ◽  
Geotechnical Information ◽  
Geophysical Measurements

<p>In Europe, there are many abandoned railway tunnels. These structures are generally placed in mountainous or hardly accessible territories, where their use was no longer necessary for the improvement of the road communications and the favourite use of the private car. However, in some cases, they could be an important point of observation to monitor the mountains, where important hydrogeological resource are located. This is the case of an old tunnel sited in Marsico Nuovo village, where the rail way “Atena-Marsico Nuovo” was realized in the early 20th century and worked until the in ’60. The studied tunnel has a total length of 1229 m and, from geological point of view, it is located in the carbonate complex of the Maddalena Mountains and is characterized by the presence of stratified and fractured carbonate rocks. In proximity of this structure, there is also an important karstic cave (Castel di Lepre) already subject to geophysical measurements realized in the past [1]. The presence of a tunnel offers an advantageous perspective to monitor the aquifer improving the knowledge of the fluid circulation in a carbonate rock formation [2].</p><p>However, no engineering and geotechnical information about the realization of the construction and the geological setting of the area are available. In order to characterize, from an engineering point of view, the correlation between the hydrogeological formation and the engineering structure, several geophysical surveys, based on electric and electromagnetic acquisitions, were carried out along the gallery. The results obtained show the potentialities of the geophysical methods for monitoring and characterizing engineering structures also providing useful and detailed information for the identification of shallower geological structures in the first meters surrounding the tunnel. </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>References </p><p>[1] E. Rizzo, M. Guerriero, E. Gueguen, <strong>L. Capozzoli</strong>, G. De Martino and F. Perciante, Cave-surface Electrical Resistivity Tomography in “Castello di Lepre” Karst System (Marsico Nuovo, Southern Italy),  Monitoring and Characterization of the Shallow Subsurface I, EAGE 2017, DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201702078; </p><p>[2] M. Guerriero, L. Capozzoli, G. De Martino, V. Giampaolo, E. Rizzo, F. Canora and F. Sdao, Geophysical techniques for monitoring carbonate karstic rocks (2019), Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, DOI: 10.4408/IJEGE.2019-01.S-10; Project: Landslide Risk Assessment along roads (LaRIS), Special Issue 1 (2019) Sapienza Università Editrice. </p>

Geophysical measurements in an abandoned old railway tunnel located in a karst area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enzo Rizzo ◽  
Luigi Capozzoli ◽  
Gregory De Martino ◽  
Giacomo Fornasari ◽  
Valeria Giampaolo
Keyword(s):  
Karst Aquifer ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Karst Area ◽  
Fluid Circulation ◽  
Railway Tunnel ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Karst Systems

<p>Carbonate aquifers in karst systems are very important water reservoir and are recognized as the most difficult to characterize. The purpose of this article is to present a project aimed to understand the circulation of fluids in carbonate reservoirs through innovative hydrogeophysical methodologies both in the laboratory and in the field. The test site is located in the Castel di Lepre karst system, which is disposed in the Mezo-Cenozoic carbonate substratum of the Monti della Maddalena ridge (Southern Appenines). In the karst area are located several caves, but the presence of an artificial tunnel (disused railway tunnel) could give the opportunity to characterize the whole area and the fluid circulation by multisensors geophysical sensors installed inside the karst aquifer. This natural laboratory permits to define an Applied Geophysics strategy developing several main topics from an engineering to hydrogeological point of view. Firstly, the geophysical investigations conducted, without altering the structure and in a fast manner, obtains important information concerning the construction of the tunnel, and the interaction between the infrastructure and surrounding rock, in that area that we define infrastructural critical zone. The study conducted aims to highlight the potential and any limitations of the use of geophysical techniques applied to infrastructures, emphasizing the emerging role of urban geophysics for the importance and topicality of its contents as well as the important innovations that the use of these techniques they can contribute to the hazardous processes. Secondly, the geophysical methods are used as a tool to characterize the fluid circulation by hydrogeophysal sensors installed inside the karst aquifer. The hydrogeophysics arose as an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the improved understanding of hydrological processes through geophysical observation. These approaches aimed at mitigating the detrimental effects of environmental problems.</p>

GEOPHYSICAL METHODS ADAPTED TO HIGHWAY ENGINEERING PROBLEMS

Geophysics ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Woodward Moore
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Refraction ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Highway Engineering ◽  
Earth Resistivity ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Ore Bodies ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
Test Use

Of the several geophysical methods used in exploration for oil and useful ore bodies, the earth‐resistivity and seismic‐refraction tests have been found to be the most adaptable to the shallow tests generally required in highway construction work. Of these, the earth‐resistivity test is the faster and has a wider range of application to highway problems than does the seismic test. Use of both methods of tests in subsurface explorations for engineering structures is expanding. The paper cites a growing need for a more thorough subsurface investigation of all engineering structure sites and gives examples of field data obtained by the Bureau of Public Roads when making preliminary geophysical surveys of proposed highway locations or structure sites. The economic aspects and the advantages and limitations of the two methods of test are discussed with particular reference to their application to highway engineering problems.

scholarly journals Badania georadarowe kemów jako przykład możliwości zastosowania metod geofizycznych do badania form zbudowanych z drobnoziarnistych osadów klastycznych = GPR surveys of kame hills as an example of geophysical methods being applied to the study of forms built of fine grained clastic sediments

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-446
Author(s):  
Piotr Lamparski
Keyword(s):  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Clastic Sediments ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
The Way

The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method potentially offers many possibilities for fast and reliable lithostratigraphic sediment models to be developed. From a cognitive point of view, this represents a major simplification and shortening of procedures with which information about sediments can be obtained. And from the point of view of the economy of operations, there can be a significant reduction in costs and time of research in shallow geology and the stratigraphy of areas where unconsolidated clastic sediments are of superficial occurrence. Also noteworthy is the possibility for the results of GPR surveys to be deployed in support of geological mapping, as well as in the shallow exploration of resources and hydrogeological studies.The most major advantage of the GPR method related to the possibility of the structure of forms being observed in full shape. In the absence of large outcrops, geophysical prospection of geomorphological forms is helpful, insofar as we are able to translate the results of geophysical surveys into the actual lithostratigraphic system of sediments building a specific form.Against that background, the research presented in this article forms part of the work to develop radar stratigraphy, as an important support for direct geological research (Huggenberger et al., 1994; Van Overmeeren, 1998; Beres et al., 1999, Overgaard and Jakobsen, 2001; Jakobsen and Overgaard, 2002; Neal, 2004; Lejzerowicz et al., 2014; Żuk and Sambrook Smith, 2015; Lejzerowicz et al., 2018). It also points to the research potential of the GPR method in determining the genesis of form. The discussion on the way kames form has been going on in the literature for years (Niewiarowski, 1959; 1961; Karczewski, 1971; Klajnert, 1978; Jaksa, 2003; Terpiłowski, 2008). The studies presented here do not suffice to allow the matter to be determined comprehensively, even though they do provide for verification of the opinions of previous researchers.The area forming the subject of this article is defined by Niewiarowski (1959) as the dead ice zone because of the characteristic set of forms (dead ice moraines, kames and eskers). Like modern researchers (Terpiłowski, 2008), Niewiarowski points to the importance of sub-Quaternary surface elevations in the formation of cracks in the ice sheet, with this leading on to the formation of kame hills above such elevations. This would also seem to have been one of the reasons for the formation in the mass of ice of lakes whose filling with sediment and melting ice walls took the form of kames.The great advantage of the GPR method lies in its ability to recognise macrostructural sediment patterns in glacilimic forms. This diagnosis allows for the high-probability assessment of the genesis of form, especially in the context of its position being determined in the marginal zone of the ice sheet. Also looking extremely promising is the capacity for the thickness of fine clastic sediments lying on till to be determined using GPR. It allows for the determination of the way in which a given form is rooted.Described as they are in brief only, test results for selected sites serve to confirm the great usefulness of the GPR method in the recognition of shallow lithostratigraphy of clastic sediments. Nevertheless, this should not be the only method used to recognise the geological structure of forms and sediments. Significant interpretation ambiguities mean that the GPR method should act in support of direct lithostratigraphic research, not merely serving as an alternative to it. GPR surveys offer a depiction particularly close to the real one – of sediment present in homogeneous sediments in relation to electrical parameters. Sediments ideal for GPR surveys would for example be fine dry sands or silts – and it is precisely these sediments that built most of the investigated kame forms.

scholarly journals Preliminary geophysical investigation for road construction using integrated methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-206
Author(s):  
Joel Olayide Amosun ◽  
Gbenga Moses Olayanju ◽  
Oluseun Adetola Sanuade ◽  
Tokunbo Fagbemigun
Keyword(s):  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Geophysical Investigation ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
The Road ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Integrated Methods ◽  
Resistivity Meter

AbstractIntegrated geophysical methods have been used to investigate the competency of the subsoil. The geophysical surveys conducted involve very low-frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and electrical resistivity (ER) methods (dipole-dipole). ABEM Wadi and Ohmega resistivity meter were used to acquire VLF-EM and ER data, respectively, along two traverses. Station interval of 5 m was used for the VLF-EM survey, while inter-electrode spacing for dipole–dipole was 10 m; the inter-dipole expansion factor (n) ranged from 1 to 5. KHFFILT software was used to generate VLF-EM profiles and pseudosection, while DIPRO software was used for ER. Results from the ER method revealed the pattern of resistivity variations within the study area. The low resistivity values (11–25 Ohm-m) observed at the southern part of the study area could be attributed to changes in clay contents and degree of weathering in the subsurface. The results from the VLF-EM investigation revealed the presence of near-surface linear geologic structures of varying lengths, depths and attitudes, which suggest probable conductive zones that are inimical to the foundation of the road subgrade.

Integration of Multi-geophysical Approaches to Identify Potential Pathways of Heavy Metals Contamination - A Case Study in Zeida, Morocco

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-423
Author(s):  
Ahmed Lachhab ◽  
El Mehdi Benyassine ◽  
Mohamed Rouai ◽  
Abdelilah Dekayir ◽  
Jean C. Parisot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Seismic Velocity ◽  
Seismic Refraction ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Low Resistivity ◽  
Refraction Tomography ◽  
Geophysical Surveys

The tailings of Zeida's abandoned mine are found near the city of Midelt, in the middle of the high Moulouya watershed between the Middle and the High Atlas of Morocco. The tailings occupy an area of about 100 ha and are stored either in large mining pit lakes with clay-marl substratum or directly on a heavily fractured granite bedrock. The high contents of lead and arsenic in these tailings have transformed them into sources of pollution that disperse by wind, runoff, and seepage to the aquifer through faults and fractures. In this work, the main goal is to identify the pathways of contaminated water with heavy metals and arsenic to the local aquifers, water ponds, and Moulouya River. For this reason, geophysical surveys including electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), seismic refraction tomography (SRT) and very low-frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) methods were carried out over the tailings, and directly on the substratum outside the tailings. The result obtained from combining these methods has shown that pollutants were funneled through fractures, faults, and subsurface paleochannels and contaminated the hydrological system connecting groundwater, ponds, and the river. The ERT profiles have successfully shown the location of fractures, some of which extend throughout the upper formation to depths reaching the granite. The ERT was not successful in identifying fractures directly beneath the tailings due to their low resistivity which inhibits electrical current from propagating deeper. The seismic refraction surveys have provided valuable details on the local geology, and clearly identified the thickness of the tailings and explicitly marked the boundary between the Triassic formation and the granite. It also aided in the identification of paleochannels. The tailings materials were easily identified by both their low resistivity and low P-wave velocity values. Also, both resistivity and seismic velocity values rapidly increased beneath the tailings due to the compaction of the material and lack of moisture and have proven to be effective in identifying the upper limit of the granite. Faults were found to lie along the bottom of paleochannels, which suggest that the locations of these channels were caused by these same faults. The VLF-EM surveys have shown tilt angle anomalies over fractured areas which were also evinced by low resistivity area in ERT profiles. Finally, this study showed that the three geophysical methods were complementary and in good agreement in revealing the pathways of contamination from the tailings to the local aquifer, nearby ponds and Moulouya River.

Application of geophysical methods for the investigation of the large gravitational mass movement of Séchilienne, France

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 1105-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Meric ◽  
S Garambois ◽  
D Jongmans ◽  
M Wathelet ◽  
J L Chatelain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Seismic Refraction ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Gravitational Mass ◽  
Electrical Tomography ◽  
Refraction Tomography ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Geophysical Techniques

Several geophysical techniques (electromagnetic profiling, electrical tomography, seismic refraction tomography, and spontaneous potential and seismic noise measurement) were applied in the investigation of the large gravitational mass movement of Séchilienne. France. The aim of this study was to test the ability of these methods to characterize and delineate the rock mass affected by this complex movement in mica schists, whose lateral and vertical limits are still uncertain. A major observation of this study is that all the zones strongly deformed (previously and at present) by the movement are characterized by high electrical resistivity values (>3 kΩ·m), in contrast to the undisturbed mass, which exhibits resistivity values between a few hundred and 1 kΩ·m. As shown by the surface observations and the seismic results, this resistivity increase is due to a high degree of fracturing associated with the creation of air-filled voids inside the mass. Other geophysical techniques were tested along a horizontal transect through the movement, and an outstanding coherency appeared between the geophysical anomalies and the displacement rate curve. These preliminary results illustrate the benefits of combined geophysical techniques for characterizing the rock mass involved in the movement. Results also suggest that monitoring the evolution of the rock mass movement with time-lapse geophysical surveys could be beneficial.Key words: gravitational movement, geophysical methods, Séchilienne.

The use of geophysical prospecting for imaging active faults in the Roer Graben, Belgium

Geophysics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donat Demanet ◽  
François Renardy ◽  
Kris Vanneste ◽  
Denis Jongmans ◽  
Thierry Camelbeeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Fault Zone ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Electrical Tomography ◽  
Reflection Seismic ◽  
Refraction Seismic ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Geophysical Techniques

As part of a paleoseismological investigation along the Bree fault scarp (western border of the Roer Graben), various geophysical methods [electrical profiling, electromagnetic (EM) profiling, refraction seismic tests, electrical tomography, ground‐penetrating radar (GPR), and high‐resolution reflection seismic profiles] were used to locate and image an active fault zone in a depth range between a few decimeters to a few tens of meters. These geophysical investigations, in parallel with geomorphological and geological analyses, helped in the decision to locate trench excavations exposing the fault surfaces. The results could then be checked with the observations in four trenches excavated across the scarp. Geophysical methods pointed out anomalies at all sites of the fault position. The contrast of physical properties (electrical resistivity and permittivity, seismic velocity) observed between the two fault blocks is a result of a differences in the lithology of the juxtaposed soil layers and of a change in the water table depth across the fault. Extremely fast techniques like electrical and EM profiling or seismic refraction profiles localized the fault position within an accuracy of a few meters. In a second step, more detailed methods (electrical tomography and GPR) more precisely imaged the fault zone and revealed some structures that were observed in the trenches. Finally, one high‐resolution reflection seismic profile imaged the displacement of the fault at depths as large as 120 m and filled the gap between classical seismic reflection profiles and the shallow geophysical techniques. Like all geophysical surveys, the quality of the data is strongly dependent on the geologic environment and on the contrast of the physical properties between the juxtaposed formations. The combined use of various geophysical techniques is thus recommended for fault mapping, particularly for a preliminary investigation when the geological context is poorly defined.

scholarly journals The Road to Modern Logic—An Interpretation

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Ferreirós
Keyword(s):  
Order Logic ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
First Order Logic ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Modern Logic ◽  
Core System ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Road

AbstractThis paper aims to outline an analysis and interpretation of the process that led to First-Order Logic and its consolidation as a core system of modern logic. We begin with an historical overview of landmarks along the road to modern logic, and proceed to a philosophical discussion casting doubt on the possibility of a purely rational justification of the actual delimitation of First-Order Logic. On this basis, we advance the thesis that a certain historical tradition was essential to the emergence of modern logic; this traditional context is analyzed as consisting in some guiding principles and, particularly, a set of exemplars (i.e., paradigmatic instances). Then, we proceed to interpret the historical course of development reviewed in section 1, which can broadly be described as a two-phased movement of expansion and then restriction of the scope of logical theory. We shall try to pinpoint ambivalencies in the process, and the main motives for subsequent changes. Among the latter, one may emphasize the spirit of modern axiomatics, the situation of foundational insecurity in the 1920s, the resulting desire to find systems well-behaved from a proof-theoretical point of view, and the metatheoretical results of the 1930s. Not surprisingly, the mathematical and, more specifically, the foundational context in which First-Order Logic matured will be seen to have played a primary role in its shaping.Mathematical logic is what logic, through twenty-five centuries and a few transformations, has become today. (Jean van Heijenoort)

scholarly journals Verification of geophysical models in Alpine permafrost using borehole information

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 300-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Vonder Mühll ◽  
Christian Hauck ◽  
Frank Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Rock Glacier ◽  
Surface Microtopography ◽  
Refraction Seismics ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Ground Conditions ◽  
Lateral Extent ◽  
Ice Content ◽  
Difficult Terrain

AbstractAt two permafrost sites in the Swiss Alps a range of geophysical methods were applied to model the structure of the subsurface. At both sites, borehole information was used to verify the quality of the model results. On the Murtèl-Corvatsch rock glacier (2700 m a.s.L; upper Engadine) a 58 m deep core drilling was performed in 1987. D. c resistivity measurements, refraction seismics, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and gravimetric surveys allowed the shape of the permafrost table beneath the marked surface microtopography to be determined and the lateral extent of a deeper shear horizon to be established The validity of each method was verified by the borehole information (cores, density log and temperature). A coherent model of the rock-glacier structure was developed. At the Schilthorn (2970 m a.s.L; Bernese Oberland), it was not clear whether permafrost is in fact present. Various geophysical surveys (d.c. resistivity tomography, refraction seismics, GPR and EM-31) gave results that were not typical of permafrost environments. A 14 m percussion drilling revealed warm permafrost and a very low ice content. These geotechnical and geothermal data allowed reinterpretation of the geophysical results, improving modelling of ground conditions. The paper demonstrates that in the difficult terrain of Alpine permafrost, boreholes may be critical in calibration and verification of the results of geophysical methods. The most useful combinations of geophysical techniques proved to be (a) seismics with d.c. resistivity, and (b) gravimetry with GPR.

Investigating the Effective Resistivity of Reinforced Concrete Waste Storage Tanks at the Hanford Site

Geophysics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-50
Author(s):  
Allan Haas ◽  
Dale F. Rucker ◽  
Marc T. Levitt
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Underground Storage ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Hanford Site ◽  
Underground Storage Tanks ◽  
Effective Resistivity ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Wide Range

Industrialized sites pose challenges for conducting electrical resistivity geophysical surveys, as the sites typically contain metallic infrastructure that can mask electrolytic-based soil and groundwater contamination. The Hanford site in eastern Washington State, USA, is an industrialized site with underground storage tanks, piping networks, steel fencing, and other potentially interfering infrastructure that could inhibit the effectiveness of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to map historical and monitor current waste releases. The underground storage tanks are the largest contributor by volume to subsurface infrastructure and can be classified as reinforced concrete structures with an internal steel liner. Directly measuring the effective value for the electrical resistivity of the tank, i.e., the combination of individual components that comprise the tank’s shell, is not reasonably possible because they are buried and dangerously radioactive. Therefore, we indirectly assess the general resistivity of the tanks and surrounding infrastructure by developing synthetic ERT models with a parametric forward modeling study using a wide range of resistivity values from 1×10−6 to 1×104 ohm-m, which are equivalent to steel and dry rock, respectively. The synthetic models used the long-electrode ERT method (LE-ERT), whereby steel cased metallic wells surrounding the tanks are used as electrodes. The patterns and values of the synthetic tomographic models were then compared to LE-ERT field data from the AX tank farm at the Hanford site. This indirect method of assessing the effective resistivity revealed that the reinforced concrete tanks are electrically resistive and the accompanying piping infrastructure has little influence on the overall resistivity distribution when using electrically based geophysical methods for characterizing or monitoring waste releases. Our findings are consistent with nondestructive testing literature that also shows reinforced concrete to be generally resistive.

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