A LOW‐NOISE SEISMIC METHOD FOR USE IN PERMAFROST REGIONS

Geophysics ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1150-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Rackets
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Seismic Energy ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Seismic Method ◽  
Permafrost Regions

Dynamite charges of ten lb or greater detonated in permafrost regions at depths less than fifty ft below the ground surface tend to create frost breaks, a phenomenon of strong seismic energy from an outward flow of minute cracks in the permafrost caused by the detonation. The frost breaks obliterate reflected energy arriving at the same time. A seismic method was devised which minimizes frost breaks and allows a reduction of the massive equipment currently required either to drill shotholes or for the application of a nondynamite surface energy source. Advantages expected for the method are a cost reduction of 10 percent or more by reduction of drilling equipment and the ability to employ light‐weight portable seismic crews in remote areas without large mileage programs (300 to 500 miles) being necessary to justify the cost of introducing a crew. Also, light‐weight portable crews could be used to determine optimum operational parameters in virgin areas. Since dynamite is the most concentrated available energy source, a seismic experiment was conducted by detonating individual one‐lb dynamite charges at depths 5 ft below the permafrost surface. To maximize the number of small charges, they were detonated at each geophone location (156 one‐lb shotpoint locations per mile). On a total energy per mile basis, the energy from the small charges compares favorably with the energy expended by the conventional method of [Formula: see text] 25‐lb shotpoint locations per mile or [Formula: see text] lb. The reflected energy was recorded digitally and processed by applying vertical summing plus 12‐fold horizontal CDP stacking. The total profile distance was sufficient to allow for one‐half mile of fully stacked subsurface coverage. The experimental results compare favorably with those from the conventional method, and the small charges detonated at shallow depths were safe both from the point of view of human safety and ecological care.

METHODS OF ASSESSMENT THE LEVEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECT DUE TO THE USING OF LOW-SPEED INDIVIDUAL VEHICLES, BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE TOWN OF SERPUKHOV

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Olga Leptiukhova ◽  
Marija Utkina
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Complex Criterion ◽  
Electric Bicycle

For more than half a century bicycle transport demonstrates its effectiveness as one of the elements of the transport network of the city. Currently, vehicles with low-power motors such as electric bicycle, electric scooter, gyrometer, segway, wheelbarrow, scooter motor and others are gaining people's attention. These vehicles can be combined into a group of low-speed individual vehicles (hereinafter - NITS) with similar re-quirements for the operational parameters of urban infrastructure. From the urban point of view, the interest in NITC is that the number of its users has increased significantly in recent years. The article presents the results of a sociological survey of residents of Serpukhov, allowing to assess the current and potential readi-ness of the population to use NITC. The growing popularity of NITC has led to an increase in the environmen-tal and economic effect, which is manifested at a particular level of development of the movement on NITC. The ecological and economic effect of the use of NITC has an extremely positive impact on the improvement of the urban environment. This article provides a list of indicators that reflect the growth in the standards of living of society from movement by the NITC, and the calculation of one of them - the increase in entrepre-neurial activity on the streets with increased traffic to the NITC. Indicators are necessary for calculation of complex criterion of efficiency and safety of street network due to development of the movement by NITC. The result will allow public authorities authorized to make decisions on the strategy of transport policy of cities to quantify the ratio of economic benefits from the development of infrastructure of the NITC with the cost of its construction and operation.

scholarly journals Emerging Technology for a Green, Sustainable Energy Promising Materials for Hydrogen Storage, from Nanotubes to Graphene—A Review

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2499
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Jastrzębski ◽  
Piotr Kula
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Volumetric Density ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Carbon Based

The energetic and climate crises should pose a challenge for scientists in finding solutions in the field of renewable, green energy sources. Throughout more than two decades, the search for new opportunities in the energy industry made it possible to observe the potential use of hydrogen as an energy source. One of the greatest challenges faced by scientists for the sake of its use as an energy source is designing safe, usable, reliable, and effective forms of hydrogen storage. Moreover, the manner in which hydrogen is to be stored is closely dependent on the potential use of this source of green energy. In stationary use, the aim is to achieve high volumetric density of the container. However, from the point of view of mobile applications, an extremely important aspect is the storage of hydrogen, using lightweight tanks of relatively high density. That is why, a focus of scientists has been put on the use of carbon-based materials and graphene as a perspective solution in the field of H2 storage. This review focuses on the comparison of different methods for hydrogen storage, mainly based on the carbon-based materials and focuses on efficiently using graphene and its different forms to serve a purpose in the future H2-based economy.

scholarly journals Estimating Surface Soil Heat Flux in Permafrost Regions Using Remote Sensing-Based Models on the Northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau under Clear-Sky Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Yang ◽  
Tonghua Wu ◽  
Jiemin Wang ◽  
Jimin Yao ◽  
Ren Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Soil Heat Flux ◽  
Parameterization Scheme ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Sky Conditions ◽  
Permafrost Regions

The ground surface soil heat flux (G0) quantifies the energy transfer between the atmosphere and the ground through the land surface. However; it is difficult to obtain the spatial distribution of G0 in permafrost regions because of the limitation of in situ observation and complication of ground surface conditions. This study aims at developing an improved G0 parameterization scheme applicable to permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under clear-sky conditions. We validated several existing remote sensing-based models to estimate G0 by analyzing in situ measurement data. Based on the validation of previous models on G0; we added the solar time angle to the G0 parameterization scheme; which considered the phase difference problem. The maximum values of RMSE and MAE between “measured G0” and simulated G0 using the improved parameterization scheme and in situ data were calculated to be 6.102 W/m2 and 5.382 W/m2; respectively. When the error of the remotely sensed land surface temperature is less than 1 K and the surface albedo measured is less than 0.02; the accuracy of estimates based on remote sensing data for G0 will be less than 5%. MODIS data (surface reflectance; land surface temperature; and emissivity) were used to calculate G0 in a 10 x 10 km region around Tanggula site; which is located in the continuous permafrost region with long-term records of meteorological and permafrost parameters. The results obtained by the improved scheme and MODIS data were consistent with the observation. This study enhances our understanding of the impacts of climate change on the ground thermal regime of permafrost and the land surface processes between atmosphere and ground surface in cold regions.

scholarly journals Deep seismic profiling in central West Greenland

1990 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 35-37
Author(s):  
P Skjellerup ◽  
S.B Smithson ◽  
H.C Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Seismic Energy ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Seismic Structure ◽  
West Greenland ◽  
Seismic Profiling ◽  
Marine Air

During September 1989 a survey of the Godthåbsfjord area was carried out in order to study the deep seismic structure of high-grade Archaean crust (Bridgwater et al., 1976; McGregor et al., 1986). Refraction profiles were made along Godthåbsfjord and Ameralik. Receiver stations were placed along the fjords and inland to provide cross-profiles and 3-D coverage (fig. 1). Marine air-guns provided the seismic energy source.

Optimization of Trimaran Design Configuration in Calm and Deep Water

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Skejic ◽  
Sverre A. Alterskjær
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Wave Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Total Resistance ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Viscous Effects ◽  
Greenhouse Gasses ◽  
Hard Particles

The field of sea based modern shipping activities is constantly seeking for its improvements to achieve the economically justified operational patterns. In the same time, the sea transportation activities also need to satisfy currently imposed and, as well as, upcoming in the near future, safety and ecologically friendly footprint characteristics when it comes to the emission of greenhouse gasses and hard particles [1]. Fulfilment of the stated requirements consequently asks for the determination of certain vessels operational parameters such as the total resistance of a vessel which estimation is frequently carried out for predefined calm and deep-water environmental scenario. Current work is dealing with investigation of the total resistance parameter in calm and deep water for the preselected types of the trimaran ship hull configurations. The total resistance is estimated according to [2] recommended procedure through applicability of the robust and reliable method which is capable to address the problem of wave resistance prediction in calm and deep water. The method has origin in ordinary and modified Michell thin – ship wave theory by considering the viscous effects [3]. The differences between the utilized theories are discussed from the qualitative and quantitative point of view of the obtained results in comparison to the open source available theoretical experimental data and from the perspective of common engineering practice. Finally, based on the above description, the performed total resistance studies are used as a base for formulation of the optimization procedure which may be used in the trimaran vessel preliminary designs in the range of the forward speeds commonly expected during the normal operational life of the investigated trimaran vessel.

scholarly journals Compact Cryogenic Receivers for the 1.3 to 43 GHz Range

1988 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 499-500
Author(s):  
S. Weinreb ◽  
R. Norrod ◽  
M. W. Pospieszalski
Keyword(s):  
High Electron Mobility Transistor ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Current Status ◽  
High Electron ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
High Electron Mobility ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
Long Baseline ◽  
Very Long Baseline Array

A series of front-ends utilizing small closed-cycle refrigerators and very low-noise, high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) amplifiers have been developed for use in the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). The frequency bands, amplifier noise temperatures, expected system temperatures, and current status are shown in Table I. The receivers are designed to be light weight (∼ 55 pounds except for 105 pounds at 1.5 GHz) for ease of installation and maintenance, are easily remotely controlled and monitored, and provide dual-channel circular polarization capability. Detailed descriptions of some of the front-ends are given in VLBA technical reports.

scholarly journals Permafrost Hydrology Research Domain: Process-Based Adjustment

Hydrology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Nikita Tananaev ◽  
Roman Teisserenc ◽  
Matvey Debolskiy
Keyword(s):  
Active Layer ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Surface Dynamics ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Research Domain ◽  
Permafrost Regions

Permafrost hydrology is an emerging discipline, attracting increasing attention as the Arctic region is undergoing rapid change. However, the research domain of this discipline had never been explicitly formulated. Both ‘permafrost’ and ‘hydrology’ yield differing meanings across languages and scientific domains; hence, ‘permafrost hydrology’ serves as an example of cognitive linguistic relativity. From this point of view, the English and Russian usages of this term are explained. The differing views of permafrost as either an ecosystem class or a geographical region, and hydrology as a discipline concerned with either landscapes or generic water bodies, maintain a language-specific touch of the research in this field. Responding to a current lack of a unified approach, we propose a universal process-based definition of permafrost hydrology, based on a specific process assemblage, specific to permafrost regions and including: (1) Unconfined groundwater surface dynamics related to the active layer development; (2) water migration in the soil matrix, driven by phase transitions in the freezing active layer; and (3) transient water storage in both surface and subsurface compartments, redistributing runoff on various time scales. This definition fills the gap in existing scientific vocabulary. Other definitions from the field are revisited and discussed. The future of permafrost hydrology research is discussed, where the most important results would emerge at the interface between permafrost hydrology, periglacial geomorphology, and geocryology.

A PNEUMATIC SEISMIC ENERGY SOURCE FOR SHALLOW WATER / MARSH AREAS*

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. BREDE ◽  
R. C. JOHNSTON ◽  
L. B. SULLIVAN ◽  
H. L. VIGER
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Seismic Energy
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