Suggestions for a Physiological Classification of Depression

1965 ◽  
Vol 111 (475) ◽  
pp. 489-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Pollitt
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Psychiatric Condition ◽  
Rational Treatment ◽  
Universal Formula ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types

Depression is the commonest of mental illnesses and fortunately it has a better outcome with treatment than any other psychiatric condition. It shows itself in a variety of guises, and as there is no universal formula for treating the different types, a classification is essential. During the past ten years the arrival of the tranquillizers and particularly antidepressants has revolutionized our view of depressive illness, yet we are still using terms which are purely descriptive, determined by administrative needs long forgotten, or loosely related to aetiology about which we still know little. The time has come to link the classification of depression with rational treatment, but before offering a scheme to do this, a brief consideration of the inadequacies of existing terminology may help to explain the need for a new scheme.

Topology of Flow Separation on Three-Dimensional Bodies

1991 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 329-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary T. Chapman ◽  
Leslie A. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Skin Friction ◽  
Flow Separation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Three Dimensional Flow ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Primary Separation ◽  
Actual Flow

In recent years there has been extensive research on three-dimensional flow separation. There are two different approaches: the phenomenological approach and a mathematical approach using topology. These two approaches are reviewed briefly and the shortcomings of some of the past works are discussed. A comprehensive approach applicable to incompressible and compressible steady-state flows as well as incompressible unsteady flow is then presented. The approach is similar to earlier topological approaches to separation but is more complete and in some cases adds more emphasis to certain points than in the past. To assist in the classification of various types of flow, nomenclature is introduced to describe the skin-friction portraits on the surface. This method of classification is then demonstrated on several categories of flow to illustrate particular points as well as the diversity of flow separation. The categories include attached, two-dimensional separation and three different types of simple, three-dimensional primary separation, secondary separation, and compound separation. Hypothetical experiments are utilized to illustrate the topological terminology and its role in characterizing these flows. These hypothetical experiments use colored oil injected onto the surface at singular points in the skin-friction portrait. Actual flow-visualization information, if available, is used to corroborate the hypothetical examples.

scholarly journals WATER DISCHARGE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS: AN UP TO DATE OVERVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
Artem Iukhno ◽  
Sergei Buzmakov ◽  
Alisa Zorina
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Channel Width ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
New Instruments

Technological progress could not but affect the sphere of hydrometric measurements. New instruments have been implemented to add to such traditional measuring instruments as mechanical current meters or to replace them. Over the past 20 years, the number of different types measuring instruments has increased dramatically. That is why the analytical review and classification of these devices are needed to help with making appropriate management decisions in the field of streamflow monitoring and surveys. The article presents the multivariable classification of measuring instruments, based on such factors as: morphology scaling (channel width and depth), measuring conditions (open, weed or ice-covered channel), logistical factor (mobile or stationary) and required accuracy. Characteristics of each type of measuring instruments were also considered and the limitations of their applicability were described. The results presented in the paper are expected to expand the horizons of approaches used for estimation of water discharge.

scholarly journals Institutional Changes in Financial Systems of Poland and the Czech Republic

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-142
Author(s):  
Joanna Romaniuk ◽  
Anna Sznajderska
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Financial Systems ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Different Types

Over the past 23 years the financial sectors in both Poland and the Czech Republic have changed beyond recognition. The process of transformation was a tough and challenging task in both countries. There were significant differences in the initial conditions, as well as approaches to the transformation process, in Poland and the Czech Republic. It seems that according to the classification of Knell and Srholec (2005), the two countries represent different types of capitalism. In this article we try to demonstrate that the organization and development level of the financial systems in these seemingly similar countries are different as well. The primary objective of the study is to compare the path of development and today’s performance of the financial systems in Poland and in the Czech Republic.

How to use antidepressive drugs more effectively

1980 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 73-74
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Medical Advice ◽  
Natural Course ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
The Past ◽  
Antidepressive Drugs

Depressive symptoms are common and often lead the patient to seek medical advice. Forty proprietary antidepressive drugs are available in Britain. Although it is generally agreed that antidepressives can be helpful, it is not yet clear whom they may help, or how much. This is because of disagreement on the classification of depressive illness,1 and difficulty in predicting its natural course. Many patients get better without drug treatment. Although double-blind comparisons with placebo over the past 20 years have shown that these drugs reduce depressive symptoms in most patients, this is less convincing in clinical practice.2 3 Several factors influence the response to drug treatment and understanding them should improve the management of depression.

Omniscience and ignorance: Variation in Nuaulu knowledge, identification and classification of animals

1979 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 337-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy F. Ellen
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Eastern Indonesia ◽  
Single Body ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Knowledge Identification ◽  
Ethnographic Analysis ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACTThe ethnographic analysis of categories is still largely based on assumptions of cultural uniformity, although, during the past decade, the significance of variation has become increasingly evident as attempts have been made to measure it. Delineation and measurement are themselves complex tasks, however. In a single body of data there may be variation according to many criteria which are often cross-cutting and reinforce each other irregularly. These issues are discussed in this paper in relation to different types and contexts of variation evident in animal classifications of the Nuaulu of eastern Indonesia. Yet, the kinds of assumptions made in formal studies of individual variation are as problematic as those concerning cultural uniformity. It is important to appreciate that the techniques and representations employed to describe classifications and their variation are often inadequate, concealing those things that are operationally of most significance and reifying ‘classifications’ which do not always exist in practice. The products of classifying behaviour inevitably reflect the immediate social conditions of the situations in which they are used. (Analysis of categories, cultural variability, ethnozoology, social context; Nuaulu of eastern Indonesia.)

Recent Advances in the Genetics of Affective Illness

1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman McI. James
Keyword(s):  
Hla Antigens ◽  
Mendelian Inheritance ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Bipolar Illness ◽  
Affective Illness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bipolar Patients ◽  
Morbidity Risk ◽  
Physiological Markers

Variability in the classification of depressive illness greatly handicapped the work of geneticists prior to the application of the polarity concept. The past decade has however, seen a burgeoning of interest in this area, with researchers concentrating on bipolar illness, this being the most clearly defined entity. Findings of a lifetime morbidity risk for affective illness of 15–20% in the first degree relatives of bipolar patients has been usual. This compares with 10–15% for patients with unipolar illness. Transmission patterns indicative of known forms of Mendelian inheritance have not been consistently demonstrated. Genetic markers including colour blindness and HLA antigens have been pursued avidly but have yielded inconclusive results. Further progress seems unlikely unless more sub-groups are defined using biochemical and physiological markers.

scholarly journals I.—Mediaeval Fortresses

1906 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 259-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramsay Traquair
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Original Structure ◽  
Military Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Middle Ages

The troubled state of the Peloponnesus during the Middle Ages left its mark on no buildings more evidently than on its castles. Each successive owner obtained his title at the cost of some part of the building, and his first thought on gaining possession was either to strengthen the fortress he had just captured, or to dismantle it utterly and leave behind him a useless pile of ruins. Military architecture too, is little influenced by respect for the past and the more important castles must have been frequently modernised, so but little is left of their original structure. The lack of those ornamental details which are the main clue to the age of more elaborate buildings renders a classification of the different types of plan and of masonry of some importance; where mouldings or other details are found their evidence is usually conclusive, but in their absence we must be guided by the form of the plan and by the masonry.

scholarly journals A Research on Breast Cancer Detection using Mammography

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3459-3463
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Detection ◽  
Breast Cancer Detection ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Common Understanding ◽  
Mammogram Images

The digital mammogram has developed as the standard screening approach for breast cancer detection and further defects in human breast tissue problem. Early detection is an efficient manner to decrease mortality in worldwide. In the past decades, several researchers implemented many methods to consistently identify the breast cancer by mammogram images. Those methods were employed to produce systems to support radiologists and physicians attain more accurate diagnosis. Accurate segmentation and classification of various tumors in the mammography plays a complex role in the early diagnosis of breast cancer. This paper defines the research on Breast Cancer Detection (BCD) methods which includes two major steps such as segmentation and classification. This research presented the different types of BCD methods with their main contributions. Additionally, it assists the researchers in the area of breast cancer detection by providing the basic knowledge and common understanding of the newest BCD methods.

scholarly journals Enhanced Classification of Service Usages with Human Trajectory Data for Location Recommendation Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 11788-11795
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flows ◽  
Trajectory Data ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Class Label ◽  
Service Usage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Packet Length

The rapid growth of mobile messaging apps has led to an important process to manage social networks based on the localization of internet traffic in different types of use of in-app services. In the past researches, Improved Multi-Context Trajectory Embedding Model with Service Usage Classification Method (IMC-TEM-SUCM) has been proposed to recommend the locations based on the trajectory data of individuals and their service usage types. In this model, the traffic features were classified by using Random Forest (RF) classifier whereas the outlier was detected by clustering Hidden Markov Model (HMM). However, the RF was supervised classifier which requires knowledge about the class label of data. Also, a huge amount of data was needed to train a clustering HMM. Therefore, in this article, an IMC-TEM with Enhanced SUCM (IMC-TEM-ESUCM) is proposed in which an unsupervised classifier, namely K-means clustering is proposed to classify the service usage types. Initially, traffic flows are split into different sessions and dialogs using a combined hierarchical clustering and thresholding heuristics technique. Then, the traffic features are extracted based on the packet length and time delay. After that, K-means classification is proposed to classify the service usage types and also DBSCAN is proposed to detect the outliers. Finally, the experimental results on two different datasets show that the proposed model achieves higher performance than the existing model in terms of precision, recall, f-measure and accuracy.

Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
P. Rew ◽  
T.-T. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keratin Filaments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

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