Parental Deprivation in Depressive Patients

1966 ◽  
Vol 112 (486) ◽  
pp. 443-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair Munro
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Aetiological Factor ◽  
Causal Connection ◽  
Childhood Bereavement ◽  
General Consensus ◽  
Depressive Patients

Since in most cultures it is normal practice for children to be reared by their parents, there is a general consensus of opinion that it is undesirable to be deprived of one's parents in childhood. This can scarcely be disputed, but to assert, as many authorities do, that a variety of severe psychological abnormalities may arise in the child as a result of such deprivation is to make an assumption of some magnitude. It requires an even greater assumption to postulate a causal connection between a long-past occurrence like childhood bereavement and a psychiatric illness which develops in adult life. It will be contended here that, with some exceptions, the evidence for such a connection is meagre. In particular, it will be shown that there is no apparent justification for regarding parental deprivation as an aetiological factor in depressive illness.

Childhood Bereavement and Adult Depression

1967 ◽  
Vol 113 (500) ◽  
pp. 743-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. W. Hill ◽  
J. S. Price
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Behavioural Pattern ◽  
Childhood Bereavement ◽  
Childhood Experience ◽  
Adult Depression ◽  
Death Of A Parent ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mourning And Melancholia

The effect that childhood experience may have upon the individual's adult life has always been a subject of great interest.Since the publication of Freud's essay on “Mourning and Melancholia” (1917), much thought has been devoted to the influence of bereavement in childhood, more especially as an antecedent to depressive illness in the adult. Bereavement is peculiarsluyitable for such an investigation since the death of a parent is one of the few reasonably frequent events which are largely independent of the behavioural pattern of the family.

Life Events and Psychiatric Illness

1968 ◽  
Vol 114 (509) ◽  
pp. 423-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Morrison ◽  
Richard W. Hudgens ◽  
Ramnik G. Barchha
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Parental Death ◽  
Childhood Bereavement ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Lower Social Class ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Many investigators have studied the relationship between life events and psychiatric illness to discover whether certain events predispose to some disorders or precipitate them, and to discover the effect of illnesses already in progress on subsequent life events and the effect of events on established illnesses. The validity of such studies depends, among other things, on the selection of suitable controls. For example, if adult patients with depression differ from a group of controls in that they had a higher incidence of parental death, it might indicate that bereavement had made them more susceptible to the development of the illness. But if the depressed patients were from a lower social class than their controls, the greater incidence of bereavement might be explained by the fact that there is a higher death rate in that stratum of society. This would then cast doubt on a conclusion about a causal relationship in that group between childhood bereavement and depression in adult life.

The Association of Childhood Bereavement with Suicidal Attempt in Depressive Illness

1969 ◽  
Vol 115 (520) ◽  
pp. 301-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar W. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Suicidal Attempt ◽  
Childhood Bereavement ◽  
The Subject

Among all the childhood influences that may affect individual development and contribute to breakdown in adult life, the quality of parental care has always appeared of paramount importance. The supposed sequelae of parents’ absence have been the subject of many studies, relating particularly to depression (Dennehy, 1966, and Hill and Price, 1967) and to attempted suicide (Greer et al., 1966). In the latter study a significant association was established between absence of either parent and a later suicidal attempt, especially if the absence started in the first five years of life.

Prediction of clinical course of bipolar manic depressive illness treated with lithium

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Johnston ◽  
G. J. Naylor ◽  
E. G. Dick ◽  
S. E. Hopwood ◽  
D. A. T. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Clinical Response ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Lithium Concentration ◽  
Good Prognosis ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Depressive Patients

SYNOPSISA group of bipolar manic depressive patients attending a routine lithium clinic were investigated. The results suggest that, when on treatment with lithium, manic depressive patients with a good prognosis tend to have a higher erythrocyte Na-K ATPase and higher plasma and erythrocyte lithium concentrations than those with a poor prognosis. There was no evidence to suggest that the erythrocyte: plasma lithium ratio was useful in predicting clinical response to lithium therapy. There was also a positive correlation between plasma lithium concentration and Na–K ATPase activity, confirming that in manic depressive subjects lithium produces a rise in erythrocyte Na–K ATPase activity.

Severe Localized Pain Associated with the Depressive Syndrome

1963 ◽  
Vol 109 (463) ◽  
pp. 741-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioner ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Depressive Syndrome ◽  
Somatic Complaints ◽  
Organic Disease

Depressive illness is protean in its manifestations. The symptoms may be primarily psychological, such as misery, indecisiveness, irritability, inability to concentrate, or insomnia. They may be mainly physical, and the patient may present with one or more of a bewildering number of somatic complaints, often blaming those for his change in mood (Watts, 1957). Pain is a common and diagnostically puzzling presenting symptom of depression and other psychiatric disorders (Walters, 1961). It may take the form of generalized or poorly localized aches and pains, often associated with a feeling of tension, or it may be sharply delimited (Critchley, 1935). This form of localized pain may so dominate the symptomatology that the patient is referred by his general practitioner to a variety of specialists, who may perform a series of special investigations or even exploratory operations. Clearly, every effort must be made to exclude organic disease, even if positive signs of psychiatric illness are recognized, as an organic disease can obviously co-exist with a psychiatric one. In spite of thorough investigation, there will remain a proportion of patients in whom no lesion can be found to account for their symptoms.

The Reporting of Recent Stress in the Lives of Psychiatric Patients

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (541) ◽  
pp. 635-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Hudgens ◽  
Eli Robins ◽  
W. Bradford Delong
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Causal Connection ◽  
Specific Question ◽  
Interpersonal Conflicts ◽  
Positive Evidence ◽  
Medically Ill ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses

Physicians and patients frequently assume a causal connection between life events and subsequent episodes of psychiatric illness. It seems to ‘make sense’ that an illness which is to some extent manifested by disordered emotions could be caused in part by emotion-producing events. But plausibility alone is no proof of the truth of such an assumption. Realizing this, several investigators have conducted systematic studies of the interrelationships of life events and illnesses, both psychiatric and medical. Such work has been reported by Adamson and Schmale (1), Holmes, et al. (3, 7, 9, 10) Brown and Birley (2) Clayton, et al. (4) Morrison, et al. (11) Murphy, et al. (12, 13) and Hudgens, et al. (8). These authors differed regarding the specific question of whether illnesses may be caused by emotion-producing stress. The first six of the above papers presented positive evidence for such a cause-effect relationship. The last four papers reported that psychiatric patients had significantly more interpersonal conflicts than did well persons or medically ill persons, at least while their psychiatric illnesses were in progress; but the latter authors were unable to find evidence that any type of stress, interpersonal or otherwise, played a causative role in the illnesses. Disagreements among all these workers may be traced to differences in both theoretical approach and methodology.

Historical Insights in Psychopharmacology

2018 ◽  
pp. 508-511
Author(s):  
S. Nassir Ghaemi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Psychotropic Medications ◽  
Dementia Praecox ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Basic Distinction ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions

The writings of two classic thinkers in psychiatry in the 19th and 20th centuries, Emil Kraepelin and Aubrey Lewis, are provided and examined for insights they provided into continuing problems in the diagnostic and treatment of psychiatric conditions today. Kraepelin was the famed great late 19th-century psychiatric leader from Germany who identified the basic distinction between schizophrenia (dementia praecox) and manic-depressive illness. He laid the foundations of much of psychiatric diagnosis that remains relevant today, and he was a committed defender of the biological approach to psychiatry, although he was conservative with the use of drugs, which were ineffective in his day. Lewis (1900–1975) was the most prominent figure in British psychiatry through most of the 20th century. He was the leader of the Institute of Psychiatry at the Maudsley Hospital for much of the middle of the 20th century. That institution in London was the most influential educational center for psychiatry in the nation. Through his leadership there, Lewis was extremely influential. He tended to be skeptical about the use of psychotropic medications, and emphasized social aspects of psychiatric illness.

Familial Psychiatric Illness and Obstetric Complications in Early-Onset Affective Disorder

1993 ◽  
Vol 163 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Guth ◽  
Peter Jones ◽  
Robin Murray
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Obstetric Complications ◽  
History Of ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

Early-onset affective disorder is associated with obstetric complications and a high familial risk of psychiatric illness, in particular psychosis. In a matched case-control study, we investigated 47 adult in-patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar 1 disorder, who had earlier in life presented to a child psychiatry department. Cases were matched on sex, social class and ethnic group with 47 controls, who were admitted to hospital for affective disorders in adult life but had no psychiatric contact before the age of 21. We found that both psychiatric disorder in first-degree relatives and a history of obstetric complications were associated with early onset. Childhood symptoms did not predict the type of adult affective disorder.

A Cross-Cultural Study of Some Familial and Social Factors in Depressive Illness

1975 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. M. Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Study ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Normal Group ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Depressed Group

SummaryA study of familial and social factors among Jewish and Protestant depressives and non-psychiatric controls revealed the following positive findings:Depressives compared to normals as a whole had: (a) a higher rate of psychiatric illness in their families; (b) lower scores on maternal overprotection; and (c) a higher rate of marriage in both ethnic groups and both sexes, except in the case of Jewish men. Religiousness was associated with depression among Jews but not among Protestants. Jewish fathers compared to Protestant fathers were: (a) less strict in the normal group; and (b) less strict, less ‘dominant’ and more ‘inadequate’ in the depressed group. Ethnic links among depressed Jews were probably weaker than those among depressed Protestants.The findings suggest that: (a) depression among Jews may be related to mental stress arising from ‘marginality’; and (b) single Jewish men may be particularly vulnerable to depression.

Urinary Steroids in Depressive Illness

1971 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 224-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Balfour Sclare ◽  
J. K. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Depressive Patients ◽  
Source Of Information

A longitudinal study of urinary 17-OHCS in 16 depressive patients showed mean values within the accepted normal range. There were no significant differences between pre-treatment and post-treatment values; only the female patients showed a tendency to have somewhat lower post-treatment levels. 17-KS output was measured in 18 depressive patients. The mean values were within the normal range. There was no significant difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment values although the female patients displayed a tendency towards somewhat lower levels following treatment. DHA and EA excretion were measured in 9 depressive patients. There was a very wide variance in the findings. There was no significant difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment levels. The significance of the above findings is discussed. It is considered that measurements of urinary excretion of corticosteroids in affective disorders constitute a limited source of information.

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