Interactional Correlates of Expressed Emotion in the Families of Schizophrenics

1984 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. 482-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Miklowitz ◽  
Michael J. Goldstein ◽  
Ian R. H. Falloon ◽  
Jeri A. Doane
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Affective Communication ◽  
Verbal Behaviour ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

SummaryMeasures of intrafamilial expressed emotion (EE) predict relapse in schizophrenic patients, but previous research has not investigated whether EE scores are representative of ongoing family transactions. Parents of 42 hospitalized schizophrenic patients were rated for level and type of EE. Following the patient's discharge, families participated in two 10-minute direct interaction tasks. Transcripts from these interactions were coded on dimensions of affective communication.High-EE parents exhibited more negatively charged emotional verbal behaviour in direct transaction with their schizophrenic offspring than did low-EE parents. Some parents rated high-EE were distinguished by their frequent usage of critical comments during the interactions, whereas high-EE overinvolved parents used more intrusive, invasive statements. These findings support the construct validity of expressed emotion.

Emotional Attitudes and Direct Communication in the Families of Schizophrenics

1986 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus M. Strachan ◽  
Michael J. Goldstein ◽  
Julian P. Leff ◽  
Carol Burtt ◽  
Jeri A. Doane
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Direct Communication ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

To examine how the measure of expressed emotion relates to family life, 30 relatives of schizophrenic patients were assessed for EE and then observed in ten-minute discussions with the patients. It was found that high-EE relatives express more negative emotional statements than low-EE relatives when face-to-face with the patient; they also talk more rapidly, and this speech rate is correlated with the patient speech rate. Whereas low-EE relatives expressed few criticisms or intrusive statements, high-EE over-involved relatives were more intrusive, and high-EE critical relatives were more critical as well as more intrusive in direct interaction. These findings emphasise the importance of understanding divergent EE sub-styles and the complementary behaviour of patients. The findings of an earlier Los Angeles study were replicated.

Stress-Indicative Patterns of Non-Verbal Behaviour Their Role in Family Interaction

1992 ◽  
Vol 161 (S18) ◽  
pp. 103-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Altorfer ◽  
Michael J. Goldstein ◽  
David J. Miklowitz ◽  
Keith H. Nuechterlein
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Family Interaction ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Interpersonal Behaviour ◽  
Affective Attitudes ◽  
Verbal Behaviour ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

Research in the field of interpersonal behaviour is widely recognised as an important key to understanding the nature of mental illness. In schizophrenic patients especially, deviant social interaction has been proved to be associated with pathological behaviour (see Bellack et al, 1989). Numerous studies have revealed that affective attitudes expressed towards the patient by a relative during hospital admission for an episode of schizophrenia (high expressed emotion (EE)) are predictive of the short-term course of the disorder (Leff & Vaughn, 1985; Jenkins et al, 1986; Nuechterlein et al, 1986; Mintz et al, 1987).

Appraisal, psychological adjustment and expressed emotion in relatives of patients suffering from schizophrenia

1997 ◽  
Vol 171 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Barrowclough ◽  
Michael Parle
Keyword(s):  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Symptom Control ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Primary Appraisal ◽  
Coping Theory ◽  
Secondary Appraisal ◽  
Multivariate Relationships ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Appraisal Processes

BackgroundIt is argued that coping theory may be useful in attempting to understand how relatives adapt to the demands of living with a schizophrenia sufferer.MethodIn a prospective study, univariate and multivariate relationships were explored between appraisal variables (appraisal of symptom threat (primary appraisal) and perceived symptom control (secondary appraisal)) and (a) expressed emotion, and (b) psychological distress in relatives of schizophrenic patients. The profile of relatives who showed sustained distress over time was also examined.ResultsThe appraisal variables were found to be related to both the concurrent distress (GHQ scores), EE ratings of relatives at the time of the patients relapse and hospitalisation, as well as the subsequent GHQ scores of relatives when the patient was discharged back home. Relatives who showed sustained distress were likely to show high EE and have a longer caring history.ConclusionsThe study gives some support to the theory that appraisal processes underlie how relatives react to having a family member with schizophrenia, and may have implications both for identifying those at risk of poor adaptation, and for understanding strategies that improve well-being.

Expressed emotion and relapse rates in schizophrenic patients

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-173
Author(s):  
R. Cohen ◽  
T. Niedermeier ◽  
H. Watzl
Keyword(s):  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Relapse Rates

The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys. XI: Relatives' Expressed Emotion

1993 ◽  
Vol 162 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. McCreadie ◽  
L. J. Robertson ◽  
D. J. Hall ◽  
I. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
The Third ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Over Time

The level of expressed emotion (EE) in 32 relationships between relatives and schizophrenic patients was assessed on three separate occasions over five years. EE was high on all three occasions in 25% of relatives, low on all three in 38%, and fluctuating in 38%; that is, in the majority of relatives (63%) the level of EE was stable over time. Three relatives who had previously shown high EE had evidence of dementia at the time of the third assessment, and showed low EE. Fourteen patients relapsed at least once over five years; patients who relapsed were evenly spread throughout those living in a home in which EE was consistently high, consistently low, or fluctuating. However, patients living in low-EE homes who did relapse did so significantly less often than those who relapsed and were living in homes in which EE was high or fluctuating. At the time of relapse, EE was not consistently high, and some patients in consistently high-EE homes did not relapse at all over five years.

scholarly journals Factors associated with relapse of schizophrenia

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
AKM Akramul Haque ◽  
AHM Kazi Mostofa Kamal ◽  
Zinat De Laila ◽  
Luna Laila ◽  
Helal Uddin Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric illness with high rate of relapse which is commonly associated with noncompliance of medicine, as well as stress and high expressed emotions. The objective of the study was to determine the factors of relapse among the schizophrenic patients attending in outpatient departments of three tertiary level psychiatric facilities in Bangladesh. This was a cross sectional study conducted from July, 2001 to June, 2002. Two hundred patients including both relapse and nonrelapse cases of schizophrenia and their key relatives were included by purposive sampling. The results showed no statistically significant difference in terms of relapse with age, sex, religion, residence, occupation and level of education (p>0.05), but statistically significant difference was found with marital status and economic status (p<0.01). The proportion of non-compliance was found to be 80% and 14%, of high expressed emotion was 17% and 2% and of the occurrence of stressful life events was 10% and 1% in relapse and non-relapse cases respectively which were statistically significant (p<0.001). The study indicated that stressful life events, high expressed emotion, and noncompliance with medication had a role in schizophrenic patients for its relapse.Bang J Psychiatry December 2015; 29(2): 59-63

A Trial of Family Therapy v. a Relatives Group for Schizophrenia

1989 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Leff ◽  
Ruth Berkowitz ◽  
Naomi Shavit ◽  
Angus Strachan ◽  
Ilana Glass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Therapy ◽  
Relapse Rate ◽  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Social Interventions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Therapy Sessions

Schizophrenic patients living in high contact with relatives having high expressed emotion (EE) were recruited for a trial of social interventions. The patients were maintained on neuroleptic medication, while their families were randomly assigned to education plus family therapy or education plus a relatives group. Eleven out of 12 families accepted family therapy in the home, whereas only six out of 11 families were compliant with the relatives group. Non-compliance was associated with a poorer outcome for the patients in terms of the relapse rate. The relapse rate over nine months in the family therapy stream was 8%, while that in compliant families in the relatives group stream was 17%. Patients' social functioning showed small, non-significant, gains. The data from the current trial were compared with data from a previous trial. The lowering of the relapse rate in schizophrenia appears to be mediated by reductions in relatives' EE and/or face-to-face contact, and is not explained by better compliance with medication. Reduction in EE and/or contact was associated with a minuscule relapse rate (5%). Very little change occurred in families who were non-compliant with the relatives group. On the basis of these findings, we recommend that the most cost-effective procedure is to establish relatives groups in conjunction with family education and one or more initial family therapy sessions in the home. It is particularly important to offer home visits to families who are unable to or refuse to attend the relatives groups.

Family Management Programmes for Schizophrenic Patients

1989 ◽  
Vol 155 (S5) ◽  
pp. 112-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Hahlweg ◽  
Eli Feinstein ◽  
Ursula Müller ◽  
Matthias Dose
Keyword(s):  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Family Management ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Schizophrenic Psychosis ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Family Variables ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Hypotheses on the relationship of schizophrenia and family variables have changed considerably over the last 15 years: whereas speculations on the causal role of familial interaction for the onset of schizophrenic psychosis previously dominated the field of psychological theorising and psychotherapy (Bateson et al, 1956), it was not possible to confirm these theories empirically. In accordance with the research on Expressed Emotion (EE), a shift in emphasis to the influence of family variables on the further course of the illness has taken place. As a consequence, promising new techniques have been developed for the prevention or postponement of relapse.

Expressed Emotion Components in Families of Schizophrenic Patients in Japan

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshio Mino ◽  
Shuichi Tanaka ◽  
Shimpei Inoue ◽  
Toshihide Tsuda ◽  
Aklra Babazono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

Psychophysiological Assessment of Expressed Emotion in Schizophrenia: A Case Example

1984 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Tarrier ◽  
Christine Barrowclough
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Skin Conductance Level ◽  
Personal Distress ◽  
Psychophysiological Response ◽  
Psychophysiological Assessment ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Case Assessment ◽  
Conductance Level

SummaryPrevious research has demonstrated a different psychophysiological response of schizophrenic patients depending on whether their key relative was rated high or low on Expressed Emotion (EE). A case assessment is described in which a young man suffering from schizophrenia, who lived with both a high EE and a low EE parent, was tested psychophysiologically in their presence using an ABAC design. The patient demonstrated a significantly higher amount of spontaneous activity in skin conductance level when the high EE parent was present. The high EE parent also demonstrated a greater perceived inability to cope, and a higher level of personal distress.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document