Nomenclature of Mental Diseases

1903 ◽  
Vol 49 (205) ◽  
pp. 236-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Urquhart
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Present State ◽  
Royal College ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Society ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mental Diseases

I have ventured to suggest that we should now consider what we are going to do about the classification of mental disorders. Lately, the Royal College of Physicians of London decided to revise the Nomenclature of Diseases, and publish another edition. The President of this College is on the Committee; as is also Dr. Savage, our colleague in London, who has taken much interest in this question. I was somewhat surprised the other day when I asked for a copy of the Nomenclature of Diseases in the Royal Medical Society of London, to find that they did not have a copy in their library—a book which is supposed to guide the profession in the statistical registration of diseases. In 1896, for the third edition, an attempt was made to reform the nomenclature of mental diseases, under the direction of Dr. Hack Tuke and Dr. Savage. In its present state it is still unsatisfactory. The classification with which we have to deal is as follows:—First, there is “idiocy (cretinism), and then mania (acute or chronic), delirious, hysterical, puerperal, epileptic, traumatic, syphilitic, gouty, from either acute or chronic disease, alcoholic, plumbic, or other poisons.” Acute is an absurd word, because we specially want to mark the duration. Acute should be rendered Recent. Then there is “melancholia (acute or chronic), delirious, hypochondriac, climacteric, puerperal, epileptic, syphilitic, acute, other diseases.” Then there is “dementia (primary or secondary), senile, climacteric, puerperal, epileptic, traumatic, syphilitic, acute, other diseases.” Then there is “mental stupor, anergic, delusional.” Then there is “general paralysis.” That is not a mental disease. Lastly, there is “delusional insanity.”

A Note on the Indications for Shock Therapy

1951 ◽  
Vol 97 (406) ◽  
pp. 144-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Rees
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Present State ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Shock Therapy ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Label

Our present state of knowledge concerning the changes brought about by shock therapy is such that the application of these forms of treatment is still largely empirical. This is due to the fact that we are not aware of the mode of action of these different modes of treatment and also because the classification of the various forms of mental disorders is still very unsatisfactory. This is particularly true when we are dealing with that heterogeneous group of mental illnesses lumped together as schizophrenia. Many cases of so-called schizophrenia will recover without and even in spite of shock therapy, and I very much doubt whether the concept schizophrenia has done anything to help us in choosing our cases. A diagnosis to have any value should give us (a) a clinical picture of the patient, (b) an indication of the course of the illness which would be helpful in giving a prognosis, and (c) some guidance as to the appropriate treatment for a particular patient. Most clinical psychiatrists will agree that the diagnostic label schizophrenia fails us in all these respects. I read with great interest in the booklet of the International Congress Dr. Meduna's article in which he divides schizophrenia into two groups (a) endogenous schizophrenia, and (b) symptomatic schizophrenia. He points out that shock therapy is of value only in cases of symptomatic schizophrenia, which is more or less identical with the confusional insanity and the exhaustion psychoses of the English Board of Control classification of mental diseases.

scholarly journals I.—Notes on the Phylogeny of the Graptolites

1895 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 529-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Nicholson ◽  
J. E. Marr
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Future ◽  
Geological Magazine

Since the remarkable paper by Professor Lapworth “On an Improved Classification of the Rhabdophora” was published in the Geological Magazine for 1873, a great deal of fresh information has been gathered as to these interesting fossils; but the classification given in that paper, though to some extent confessedly artificial, is still generally adhered to. Observations made by the authors in recent years lead them to suppose that that classification will in the future undergo considerable modification; but in the present state of our knowledge it serves a purpose so useful, that it is not our intention to propose any immediate change in it. Our object, on the other hand, is to bring forward certain conclusions which we have independently reached, and which will, we believe, enhance the value of Graptolites to the stratigraphical geologist, and lead to results important to the biologist. Our conclusions are based upon an examination of a large number of forms generally referred to the family Dichograptidæ; but, as we propose very briefly to indicate, they affect the relationships of Graptolites belonging to other families also.

Clinical and psychopathological characteristics of sexual dysfunctions and non-psychotic mental disorders in women

2021 ◽  
Vol LIII (2) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
Alexander V. Martusenko ◽  
Elena O. Boyko ◽  
Olga G. Zaitseva
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Inpatient Treatment ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Sexual Disorders ◽  
Sexual Dysfunctions ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Classification Of Diseases

Aim. Study of clinical and psychopathological characteristics in women with sexual dysfunctions and mental disorders of the psychotic level. Material and methods. Clinical-psychopathological and sexological methods were used in the work. The results were processed using the licensed program Statistica 10.0 for Windows. At the first stage, 134 women (mean age 43.115.3 years) were examined who had inpatient treatment in the department for persons with non-psychotic mental disorders. At the second stage, the study involved 89 women (mean age 35.212.2 years), who were diagnosed with sexual dysfunctions. Results. Clinical and psychopathological indicators were studied, clinical, psychopathological and sexological analysis of sexual dysfunctions in women with non-psychotic mental disorders was carried out, taking into account the diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Diseases-10. Three groups of patients were identified: (1) a group of women with sexual dysfunctions caused by non-psychotic mental disorders; (2) a group of patients in whom non-psychotic mental disorders were formed against the background of primary sexual pathology; (3) a group of patients in whom non-psychotic mental disorders accompany sexual dysfunctions. Conclusions. Sexual disorders in the studied groups are characterized by the predominance of libido disorder in the first group and the second group, as well as the predominance of dyspareunia in the third. There were no significant differences in the duration of sexual dysfunctions in the groups, which must be taken into account when choosing therapeutic and rehabilitation measures.

On the use of Analogy in the Study and Treatment of Mental Disease

1876 ◽  
Vol 22 (97) ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
J. R. Gasquet
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disease ◽  
Mental Diseases

The disheartening aphorism, in which Hippocrates summed up the experience of his life—“Art is long and life is short, the occasion is fleeting, experiment is dangerous, and judgment is difficult”—is more true of the study of insanity than of any other department of medicine. Were any proof needed of this, it would be sufficient to point to the classification of mental diseases, the symptomatological plan adopted until recently corresponding to the earliest nosology of ordinary medicine, while the schemes which task the ingenuity of a Skae or a Bucknill have a great likeness to the “Phthisiologia” of Morton, or to the nosologies of Sauvages and Cullen.

On the use of Analogy in the Study and Treatment of Mental Disease

1876 ◽  
Vol 22 (97) ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
J. R. Gasquet
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disease ◽  
Mental Diseases

The disheartening aphorism, in which Hippocrates summed up the experience of his life—“Art is long and life is short, the occasion is fleeting, experiment is dangerous, and judgment is difficult”—is more true of the study of insanity than of any other department of medicine. Were any proof needed of this, it would be sufficient to point to the classification of mental diseases, the symptomatological plan adopted until recently corresponding to the earliest nosology of ordinary medicine, while the schemes which task the ingenuity of a Skae or a Bucknill have a great likeness to the “Phthisiologia” of Morton, or to the nosologies of Sauvages and Cullen.

scholarly journals Human genetics as an approach to the classification of mental diseases

1952 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Aníbal Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Endogenous Psychoses ◽  
The Many ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Natural Series

If we try to arrange the many patterns of mental disease as regards the underlying heredological trends it is possible to develop a system disposed as a "natural series". In our tentative one, which combines eugenic and dynamic criteria chiefly, we tried to assemble 24 separate clinical conditions into 5 major groups: I - Psychoses with toxi-infectious diseases (4 entries); II - Psychoses with accidental intoxications (2 entries) ; III - Constitutional endogenous psychoses (7 entries); IV - Marginal endogenous states (7 entries); V - Defective states by local or abiotrophic brain lesions (4 entries). Among the conditions listed under IV are Kleist's marginal or "degenerative" psychoses, which are frequent indeed in psychiatric practice, so to require their consideration.

scholarly journals Skae's Classification of Mental Diseases

1876 ◽  
Vol 21 (96) ◽  
pp. 532-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Clouston
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disease ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Medical Psychology ◽  
Good Place ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Psychological Medicine ◽  
Good For ◽  
As If

When I saw in the last number of this journal that Dr Crichton Browne had essayed the task of criticising the system of classification of insanity devised by the late Dr. Skae, I knew the fact could not but be gratifying to Skae's friends. To have any system or theory subjected to independent criticism is very good for it. Then I could not forget that some of those who had advocated most earnestly Skae's classification had been pupils, assistants, and friends of his during life; and I was conscious, from my own experience, how much anyone in that position was inclined to look partially on his work. I felt sure that Dr. Browne, while seeing this, would not, in those circumstances, consider it a mortal sin, and would pass it gently and generously by. Indeed, I was a little afraid that he himself, as an old pupil of Skae, might be tempted to soften the stern tone befitting a critic, by something of the same pardonable feeling. He has striven to resist this impulse, and with much success. Another reason why I rejoiced that the merits of this system should be canvassed was, that I thought with, perhaps, natural partiality, that everyone must necessarily see something good in it; and that the fact of its being looked closely into by a competent and unbiased mind would produce a better understanding of Skae's point of view, and a more thorough sifting of the tares from the wheat. Not that such criticism had been wanting either at home or abroad. The system had been before the world for twelve years. The authors of all the standard books on psychological medicine and papers on classification published since that time had discussed its merits; and it did seem as if it were growing in favour. Maudsley, in each successive edition, had seemed to make more and more account of it; Blandford had assigned it a good place amongst other systems; Hack Tuke had given high praise to all the “somato-etiological” systems of looking at and classifying mental disease, and to Skae's in particular; Mitchell had declared it had taken hold of the medical mind; Thompson Dickson had said there was some good in it; and finally, that Nestor of alienists, whom Dr. Browne fitly describes as “the most illustrious representative of English medical psychology now living,” Bucknill, had given it the truest flattery of all by incorporating its nomenclature in the orders, genera, and species of that classification which is the final result of his vast experience, the generalised sum of all his thinking. All these, and more, had found it had faults; but they all speak of it and its author with much respect. Then it is a mere matter of fact that its terminology had become a part—and an essential part—of recent writings on nervous and mental disease.

Diet as a Factor in the Causation of Mental Disease

1916 ◽  
Vol 62 (258) ◽  
pp. 505-529
Author(s):  
Chas. Mercier
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Nervous Disease ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
The Universe

It is just forty years since I first ventured to call in question the accepted doctrines of the causation of nervous diseases. In an article in the British and Foreign Medical and Chirurgical Review, an excellent quarterly now long defunct, I likened the imagination of physicians in this respect to the imagination of that fortunate sailor to whom was granted (nowadays we should say who was given) the fairy privilege of having three wishes fulfilled. After he had secured all the rum in the world and all the tobacco in the world by his first two wishes, he could think of nothing further to desire than “a little more rum.” So physicians, after they had attributed every known nervous disease to sexual excess and syphilis, had no explanation of a new disease to offer beyond a little more sexual excess. The only nervous diseases that were not then attributed partly or wholly to syphilis were tabes and general paralysis. Some five-and-twenty years ago, when an eminent physician was about to lecture upon the causes of insanity, I hazarded the conjecture that we should hear a good deal about masturbation, and I had no reason to repent of my prophecy. We may be pardoned a little natural exultation when we contrast the present state of ætiological doctrine with that which prevailed in those dark ages. We had then no more reason for our belief than Aristotle had for the belief that all heavy bodies tend to the centre of the universe, but now we know that the mental diseases that we used fondly to ascribe to sexual excess and syphilis are, in fact, due to repressed complexes and infantile incestuous longings. How foolish were our predecessors! How enlightened are we!

scholarly journals A Pathological Classification of Mental Disease

1870 ◽  
Vol 16 (74) ◽  
pp. 195-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Batty Tuke
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Royal College ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
The Body ◽  
Registrar General ◽  
Somatic Disease ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Very High

Nothing which has been written of late years so fully demonstrates the fact that Insanity is not regarded by the profession at large as a somatic disease, as the book intituled “The Nomenclature of Diseases, drawn up by a Joint Committee appointed by the Royal College of Physicians of London.” This work has been forwarded to every member of the medical profession in Great Britain and Ireland by the authority of the Registrar-General, and contains a list of some nine hundred diseases, a large assortment of poisons, and fifty-seven pages of accidents and malformations under which the British public is authorised to suffer or die. The mind of the Briton, however, is authorised to suffer from only six “Disorders of the Intellect;” the idea of disease as connected with madness is studiously ignored. On what principle the differentiation between a disease and a disorder is founded, or on what system of pathology the distinction is based, it is difficult to say; still, there the opinion stands expressed by very high authority, that Insanity is not a disease of the body, merely a disorder of the intellect.

scholarly journals Memoirs: Chromosomes, Heredity and Sex: A Review of the Present State of the Evidence with regard to the Material Basis of Herditary Transmission and Sex-Determination

1914 ◽  
Vol s2-59 (236) ◽  
pp. 487-521
Author(s):  
L. DONCASTER
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Present State ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Material Basis ◽  
Preliminary Account ◽  
Determining Factor

In the first section a summary is given of the main lines of argument leading to the conclusion that "Mendelian characters are determined by chromosomes." Some indication is given of the restrictions which must be placed on the meaning of this phrase in respect of the part played by the cytoplasm in heredity. It is concluded that the arguments in its favour, though very strong indirectly, are not supported by sufficient direct evidence to be regarded by themselves as indisputable. In the second section the chief classes of facts are reviewed which suggest a relation between chromosomes and sex-determination, and a preliminary account is given of a new case of an unpaired "sex-chromosome" in the female, in a strain of the moth Abraxas. It is concluded that the arguments for a relation between chromosomes and sex are much stronger than those counecting chromosomes with Mendelian factors. In the third section the facts of sex-limited inheritance are discussed; these are regarded as strongly reinforcing the arguments of the two preceding sections. Lastly, certain difficulties are considered, and it is concluded that sex cannot be determined directly by the presence or absence of a factor which merely determines whether an ovary or a testis shall develop, but that the determining factor causes a certain type of metabolism, which in turn leads to the production of one sex or the other. If such a metabolism is induced by other causes, an individual of one sex may probably arise from gametes which, in the absence of disturbing causes, would have given rise to the other sex.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document