Notes upon the Incidence of Tuberculosis in Asylums

1906 ◽  
Vol 52 (216) ◽  
pp. 92-108
Author(s):  
George Greene
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Tubercle Bacillus ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
True Proportion ◽  
Lunatic Asylums

It is the prevalent opinion that phthisis is the scourge of our English lunatic asylums, and that these institutions are, literally speaking, hotbeds for the growth and distribution of the tubercle bacillus. In the Irish asylums, where the death-rate from phthisis alone amounts to nearly 30 per cent. of all causes of death, there seems to be just grounds for this belief. In the English asylums, however, the mortality is much lower, and is but little, if any, greater than that amongst the general population. This can be verified by examination of the Registrar-General's Report, from which it appears that phthisis accounts approximately for one in twelve of all deaths. These figures probably represent less than the true proportion of deaths from phthisis, since post-mortem examinations in the majority of cases are not made, and thus, doubtless, many cases of pulmonary tuberculosis are overlooked.

scholarly journals The proportional frequency of the human and bovine types of tubercle bacilli in human pulmonary tuberculosis in the middle and south of Scotland

1940 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stanley Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Thoracic Spine ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Spinal Tuberculosis ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Tubercle Bacillus ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Cervical Gland ◽  
Gland Enlargement

1. The types of tubercle bacilli have been determined in the sputum of 515 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis occurring in the middle and south of Scotland.2. Of the 515 cases 484 were human (476 eugonic and eight dysgonic) and thirty-one were bovine infections.3. With the exception of the strains from one case (case 28) all the bovine strains, seventy in number, were typical culturally and fully virulent for rabbits.4. The attenuated strains, two in number, from case 28 were slightly less virulent than typical bovine strains for rabbits and (one strain) for guinea-pigs.5. The percentage of bovine infections found in this series, including the Cumberland case, during the years 1931–9 was 6·0, but excluding that case it was 5·8.6. The percentage of bovine infections found by Munro during about the same period and covering the same regions was 5·0%.7. In Munro's series strains of bovine tubercle bacilli were obtained from fifty-eight out of 1165 persons (5·0%). Five of his cases yielded attenuated bovine strains and in one of these the pulmonary tuberculosis was preceded by tuberculosis of the thoracic spine.8. In my series the attenuated tubercle bacilli came from a case (case 28) of pulmonary tuberculosis which was preceded nearly 20 years previously by tuberculosis of the lower dorsal spine.Dr Munro and others have made post-mortem examinations on cases of phthisis pulmonalis due to bovine bacilli, but I wish to defer reference to these until we can review them altogether.In this series there are seven instances of cervical gland enlargement and one instance (case 28) of spinal tuberculosis occurring previous to the development of phthisis pulmonalis. These, I think, are examples of alimentary infection with the bovine tubercle bacillus. Thus, with the three autopsies previously mentioned, there are eleven cases, or about one-third, which are almost certainly alimentary in origin. As for the rest of the cases, 20 in number, no glandular enlargements in neck or abdomen were detected but the majority, if not all, were probably alimentary in origin, since all the persons drank a lot of raw milk and only five came into direct contact with cattle in their employment.

Causes of Death

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Anderson ◽  
Corinne Roughley
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disease Mortality

The principal reported causes of death have changed dramatically since the 1860s, though changes in categorization of causes and improved diagnosis make it difficult to be precise about timings. Diseases particularly affecting children such as measles and whooping cough largely disappeared as killers by the 1950s. Deaths particularly linked to unclean environments and poor sanitary infrastructure also declined, though some can kill babies and the elderly even today. Pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchitis were eventually largely controlled. Reported cancer, stroke, and heart disease mortality showed upward trends well into the second half of the twentieth century, though some of this was linked to diagnostic improvement. Both fell in the last decades of our period, but Scotland still had among the highest rates in Western Europe. Deaths from accidents and drowning saw significant falls since World War Two but, especially in the past 25 years, suicide, and alcohol and drug-related deaths rose.

scholarly journals Age-dependency in mortality of Finnish family caregivers: a nationwide register-based study

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T M Mikkola ◽  
H Kautiainen ◽  
M Mänty ◽  
M B von Bonsdorff ◽  
T Kröger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Family Caregiver ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Lower Mortality ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Caregiver Role ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Purpose Mortality appears to be lower in family caregivers than in the general population. However, there is lack of knowledge whether the difference in mortality between family caregivers and the general population is dependent on age. The purpose of this study was to analyze all-cause mortality in relation to age in family caregivers and to study their cause-specific mortality using data from multiple Finnish national registers. Methods The data included all individuals, who received family caregiver's allowance in Finland in 2012 (n = 42 256, mean age 67 years, 71% women) and a control population matched for age, sex, and municipality of residence (n = 83 618). Information on dates and causes of death between 2012 and 2017 were obtained from the Finnish Causes of Death Register. Flexible parametric survival modeling and competing risk regression adjusted for socioeconomic status were used. Results The total follow-up time was 717 877 person-years. Family caregivers had lower all-cause mortality than the controls over the follow-up (8.1% vs. 11.6%) both among women (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.61-0.68) and men (HR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.70-0.77). Younger adult caregivers had equal or only slightly lower mortality than their controls, but after age 60, the difference increased markedly resulting in over 10% lower mortality in favor of the caregivers in the oldest age groups. Caregivers had lower mortality for all the causes of death studied, namely cardiovascular, cancer, neurological, external, respiratory, gastrointestinal and dementia than the controls. Of these, the lowest was the risk for dementia (subhazard ratio=0.29, 95%CI: 0.25-0.34). Conclusions Older family caregivers have lower mortality than the age-matched controls from the general population while younger caregivers have similar mortality to their peers. This age-dependent advantage in mortality is likely to reflect selection of healthier individuals into the family caregiver role. Key messages The difference in mortality between family caregivers and the age-matched general population varies considerably with age. Advantage in mortality observed in family caregiver studies is likely to reflect the selection of healthier individuals into the caregiver role, which underestimates the adverse effects of caregiving.

scholarly journals Undetected Causes of Death in Hospitalized Elderly with COVID-19: Lessons from Autopsy

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1337
Author(s):  
Astrid Malézieux-Picard ◽  
Cecilia Ferrer Soler ◽  
David De Macedo Ferreira ◽  
Emilie Gaud-Luethi ◽  
Christine Serratrice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure ◽  
Hospitalized Elderly ◽  
Acute Decompensation ◽  
Clinical Chart ◽  
Full Body

Background: Mechanisms and causes of death in older patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection are still poorly understood. Methods: We conducted in a retrospective monocentric study, a clinical chart review and post-mortem examination of patients aged 75 years and older hospitalized in acute care and positive for SARS-CoV-2. Full body autopsy and correlation with clinical findings and suspected causes of death were done. Results: Autopsies were performed in 12 patients (median age 85 years; median of 4 comorbidities, mainly hypertension and cardiovascular disease). All cases showed exudative or proliferative phases of alveolar damage and/or a pattern of organizing pneumonia. Causes of death were concordant in 6 cases (50%), and undetected diagnoses were found in 6. Five patients died from hypoxemic respiratory failure due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), five had another associated diagnosis and two died from alternative causes. Deaths that occurred in the second week were related to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia whereas those occurring earlier were related mainly to heart failure and those occurring later to complications. Conclusions: Although COVID-19 hypoxemic respiratory failure was the most common cause of death, post-mortem pathological examination revealed that acute decompensation from chronic comorbidities during the first week of COVID-19 and complications in the third week contributed to mortality.

RIGOR MORTIS: PHYSIOLOGY

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heron Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Natural Course ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Rigor Mortis ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

Introduction: Estimating the time of death is an important task in day-to-day forensic work and many factors for its designation are understood, one of which is rigor mortis. They can be altered by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, such as temperature location, humidity, heat, age, sex, length and body weight, and can be used as a parameter for approximate identification of the time of death. Objective: To carry out a brief review on the topic in order to promote a better understanding of the subject addressed and fully understand its physiology. Materials and Methods: Pubmed, Scielo and Medline databases were searched without date restrictions for articles published in English and Portuguese using the descriptors rigor mortis, autolysis and changes after death. Results: The theme presents consolidated researches regarding its natural course, being an important tool to estimate the time of death along other signs that appear after death, as well as to estimate some causes of death. Conclusion: Understanding the development of rigor mortis, helps to identify and distinguish processes that may have led to death and the post-mortem time.

scholarly journals Cause of Death After Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement: SWEDEHEART Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Glaser ◽  
Michael Persson ◽  
Anders Franco‐Cereceda ◽  
Ulrik Sartipy
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Valve ◽  
General Population ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Aortic Valve Replacement ◽  
Valve Replacement ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios

Background Prior studies showed that life expectancy in patients who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) was lower than in the general population. Explanations for this shorter life expectancy are unknown. The aim of this nationwide, observational cohort study was to investigate the cause‐specific death following surgical AVR. Methods and Results We included 33 018 patients who underwent primary surgical AVR in Sweden between 1997 and 2018, with or without coronary artery bypass grafting. The SWEDEHEART (Swedish Web‐System for Enhancement and Development of Evidence‐Based Care in Heart Disease Evaluated According to Recommended Therapies) register and other national health‐data registers were used to obtain and characterize the study cohort and to identify causes of death, categorized as cardiovascular mortality, cancer mortality, or other causes of death. The relative risks for cause‐specific mortality in patients who underwent AVR compared with the general population are presented as standardized mortality ratios. During a mean follow‐up period of 7.3 years (maximum 22.0 years), 14 237 (43%) patients died. The cumulative incidence of death from cardiovascular, cancer‐related, or other causes was 23.5%, 8.3%, and 11.6%, respectively, at 10 years, and 42.8%, 12.8%, and 23.8%, respectively, at 20 years. Standardized mortality ratios for cardiovascular, cancer‐related, and other causes of death were 1.79 (95% CI, 1.75–1.83), 1.00 (95% CI, 0.97–1.04), and 1.08 (95% CI, 1.05–1.12), respectively. Conclusions We found that life expectancy following AVR was lower than in the general population. Lower survival after AVR was explained by an increased relative risk of cardiovascular death. Future studies should focus on the role of earlier surgery in patients with asymptomatic aortic stenosis and on optimizing treatment and follow‐up after AVR. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT02276950.

scholarly journals Post-Mortem Examinations in Lunatic Asylums

1878 ◽  
Vol 24 (106) ◽  
pp. 333-334
Author(s):  
WM. P. Phillimore
Keyword(s):  
Post Mortem ◽  
Lunatic Asylums

Congenital Cardiac Disease: A Review of 357 Cases Studied Pathologically

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 874-874
Author(s):  
BRUCE D. GRAHAM
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Cardiac Disease ◽  
Mayo Clinic ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Extensive Review ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Sex Distribution ◽  
Congenital Cardiac Disease

This book is a result of a combination of necropsy study of 357 cases of congenital cardiac disease undertaken at the Mayo Clinic between 1920 and 1954 and an extensive review of the literature on this subject. Inasmuch as this study is selective in nature, the authors specifically point out that the exact incidence in the general population, the sex distribution, causes of death, and frequency of occurrence of various complications cannot be determined without qualification.

Contribution to the Study of the Death-rate of Persons in Asylums

1879 ◽  
Vol 25 (109) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Arthur Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
The Mean ◽  
General Community

In the population of Scotch Asylums, there are so few persons below the age of 10 years that, for practical purposes, it may be correctly said there are none. of the general community, on the other hand, 25·6 per cent. are persons below that age. It is clear, therefore, that the death-rate of the population of asylums cannot properly be compared with the death-rate of the general population. To make such a comparison it is necessary to deal only with the deaths occurring among the 74·4 per cent. of the general community who are above the age of 10 years. When this is done, it appears that the mean annual death-rate for the general population is 1·7 per cent. as compared with 8·3 per cent. for the population of asylums. These figures refer to the whole population of asylums, and to the whole of the general population above the age of 10 years; but in order to show the rates at which persons of different ages die in asylums, and the rates at which persons of corresponding ages die in the general community, the following table has been prepared. It is founded on 3,800 deaths occurring during the seven years, 1870–1876, in the Asylums of Scotland, which had a mean population of 6,421 during those years.

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