scholarly journals The proportional frequency of the human and bovine types of tubercle bacilli in human pulmonary tuberculosis in the middle and south of Scotland

1940 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stanley Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Thoracic Spine ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Spinal Tuberculosis ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Tubercle Bacillus ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Cervical Gland ◽  
Gland Enlargement

1. The types of tubercle bacilli have been determined in the sputum of 515 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis occurring in the middle and south of Scotland.2. Of the 515 cases 484 were human (476 eugonic and eight dysgonic) and thirty-one were bovine infections.3. With the exception of the strains from one case (case 28) all the bovine strains, seventy in number, were typical culturally and fully virulent for rabbits.4. The attenuated strains, two in number, from case 28 were slightly less virulent than typical bovine strains for rabbits and (one strain) for guinea-pigs.5. The percentage of bovine infections found in this series, including the Cumberland case, during the years 1931–9 was 6·0, but excluding that case it was 5·8.6. The percentage of bovine infections found by Munro during about the same period and covering the same regions was 5·0%.7. In Munro's series strains of bovine tubercle bacilli were obtained from fifty-eight out of 1165 persons (5·0%). Five of his cases yielded attenuated bovine strains and in one of these the pulmonary tuberculosis was preceded by tuberculosis of the thoracic spine.8. In my series the attenuated tubercle bacilli came from a case (case 28) of pulmonary tuberculosis which was preceded nearly 20 years previously by tuberculosis of the lower dorsal spine.Dr Munro and others have made post-mortem examinations on cases of phthisis pulmonalis due to bovine bacilli, but I wish to defer reference to these until we can review them altogether.In this series there are seven instances of cervical gland enlargement and one instance (case 28) of spinal tuberculosis occurring previous to the development of phthisis pulmonalis. These, I think, are examples of alimentary infection with the bovine tubercle bacillus. Thus, with the three autopsies previously mentioned, there are eleven cases, or about one-third, which are almost certainly alimentary in origin. As for the rest of the cases, 20 in number, no glandular enlargements in neck or abdomen were detected but the majority, if not all, were probably alimentary in origin, since all the persons drank a lot of raw milk and only five came into direct contact with cattle in their employment.

Notes upon the Incidence of Tuberculosis in Asylums

1906 ◽  
Vol 52 (216) ◽  
pp. 92-108
Author(s):  
George Greene
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Tubercle Bacillus ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
True Proportion ◽  
Lunatic Asylums

It is the prevalent opinion that phthisis is the scourge of our English lunatic asylums, and that these institutions are, literally speaking, hotbeds for the growth and distribution of the tubercle bacillus. In the Irish asylums, where the death-rate from phthisis alone amounts to nearly 30 per cent. of all causes of death, there seems to be just grounds for this belief. In the English asylums, however, the mortality is much lower, and is but little, if any, greater than that amongst the general population. This can be verified by examination of the Registrar-General's Report, from which it appears that phthisis accounts approximately for one in twelve of all deaths. These figures probably represent less than the true proportion of deaths from phthisis, since post-mortem examinations in the majority of cases are not made, and thus, doubtless, many cases of pulmonary tuberculosis are overlooked.

scholarly journals Non-pulmonary tuberculosis caused by the bovine type of tubercle bacillus in children in Eire

1940 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecil Mushatt
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Abdominal Tuberculosis ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Tubercle Bacillus ◽  
Cervical Gland ◽  
Tuberculosis In Children ◽  
Bovine Type

1. The types of strains of tubercle bacilli isolated from fifty cases of non-pulmonary tuberculosis in children, 0–14 years of age, in Eire have been determined. In cervical gland disease ten (71·4%) out of fourteen strains were bovine, in bone and joint disease four (18·2%) out of twenty-two were bovine and in meningitis three (25%) out of twelve were bovine. Only two cases of primary abdominal tuberculosis were examined. Both yielded human strains.2. The difficulties in assessing the true significance of the results recorded are briefly discussed.3. The technique used and some bacteriological observations made are described.

166. The relative values of raw and pasteurized milk in the feeding of calves

1937 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wilkie ◽  
S. J. Edwards ◽  
A. B. Fowler ◽  
N. C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Bulk Sample ◽  
Tuberculous Infection ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Post Mortem Examination ◽  
The Difference

1. Bull calves from tuberculin-tested Ayrshire herds were fed on raw or commercially pasteurized milk up to 12 weeks of age, in amounts strictly in relation to their body weight. This diet was supplemented from the eighth week by hay at the rate of 2/3 lb. per head per day.The milk used was mixed milk from untested herds, the raw and pasteurized milk being derived from the same bulk sample. The quality of the milk was controlled by daily butterfat and phosphatase tests and by inoculation of grouped daily aliquots twice weekly into duplicate guinea-pigs.2. The total number of calves used in the experiment was ninety-two. Of these, forty-two received pasteurized milk and fifty raw milk. Nineteen calves died before completion of the experiment, five in the pasteurized milk-fed group and fourteen in the raw milk-fed group. The mean ages of these calves at death were 44 and 27 days respectively.Seventy-three calves completed the full 12 weeks of the experimental feeding. Of these, thirty-seven received pasteurized milk and thirty-six raw milk. The former group showed a mean percentage gain in live weight of 80·2 ± 3·1, the corresponding figure for the latter group being 74·5 ± 2·7. The difference, i.e. 5·7 + 4·1, was not significant. Reasons are given for the relatively low growth rate observed.3. No appreciable differences were noted in the skeletal growth of the two groups. Marks awarded by experienced stock judges showed consistent differences in favour of the pasteurized milk-fed group, although the significance of such differences cannot be assessed.4. Inoculations of grouped daily aliquots of raw milk twice weekly into duplicate guinea-pigs resulted in finding viable tubercle bacilli in 70% of the samples and Br. abortus in 38% of them. The pasteurized milk samples were uniformly negative to both tests.The differences in tuberculous infection of the two types of milk were reflected in the results of tuberculin tests and post-mortem examinations on the calves at the conclusion of the experiment. Twenty-four out of thirty-six calves fed on raw milk reacted to the test, and the presence of tuberculous lesions was confirmed in twenty-three by post-mortem examination. One calf in the pasteurized milk-fed group reacted to the test, but exhaustive post-mortem examination and inoculation of glandular material into guineapigs failed to confirm the presence of any tuberculosis.5. This work has failed to show any significant differences in the nutritive value of raw and of pasteurized milk for the rearing of young calves. The use of pasteurized milk, however, had a clear advantage in that it preserved the animals from infection through drinking milk containing living tubercle bacillli.

Observations on the use of Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Nematoda) infections of guinea-pigs for laboratory experiments

Parasitology ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 53 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Sturrock
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Cure Mechanism ◽  
Experimental Use

Four groups of guinea-pigs were infected with a range of doses of T. colubriformis. The infections were followed by egg counts and weight measurements, and the adult worms were recovered from the animals post mortem. A multivariate analysis, details of which are given in an appendix, showed that the sensitivity of the measures used was, in descending order, final weight, total egg count and worm burden. The course of the infection is discussed in view of the apparent self-cure mechanism. Precautions are outlined for the experimental use of this hostparasite relationship.The author is grateful to Professor B. G. Peters for his advice on this work, to Dr P. Silverman of Allen and Hanburys Limited for a supply of T. colubriformis infective larvae and to Dr R. E. Blackith for his advice on the statistical treatment of the data.

scholarly journals A PARALYTIC DISEASE OF GUINEA PIGS DUE TO THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS

1929 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Shope ◽  
Paul A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Tuberculous Meningitis ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Tuberculous Infection ◽  
Tubercle Bacillus ◽  
Herpes Encephalitis ◽  
Subsequent Publication ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Rule Out

The experimental data collected during this study of a transmissible type of paralysis developing in tuberculous guinea pigs indicate the condition to be a true tuberculous meningitis. We have been able to rule out the possibility that it is due to a non-tuberculous infection of the central nervous system caused by Roemer's virus, or by an atypical herpes virus, or by some bacterium other than the tubercle bacillus. Roemer's virus and herpes could be eliminated from consideration when Berkefeld N filtrates of infectious brain emulsions proved incapable of reproducing the disease. Furthermore, rabbits could be infected as they cannot with Roemer's virus, and the disease elicited in rabbits bears no semblance to herpes encephalitis. No organism other than the tubercle bacillus could be obtained on culturing brain or brain emulsions from experimental cases, and no others were seen in examining fresh smear preparations from the central nervous system. In a modified Noguchi medium a tubercle bacillus possessing atypical staining properties was obtained. This organism was capable of producing the typical paralytic disease when injected intracerebrally into guinea pigs, and also generalized tuberculosis in animals inoculated subcutaneously with it. Typical tuberde bacilli were readily demonstrable in sections of the meninges from animals with the disease, and culture of pieces of brain on Dorset's egg medium usually yielded a growth of tubercle bacilli. Only in the first of the experimental passages, on the other hand, was it possible to demonstrate acid-fast organisms in fresh smear preparations from the central nervous system. This fact and the attributes of the atypically staining organisms encountered in the cultures in Noguchi media will be considered more fully in a subsequent publication. In view of the much discussed question of the filtrability of the tubercle bacillus our observations concerning the failure of this organism to pass a Berkefeld N filter are of interest. No animal in our series inoculated intracerebrally with brain emulsion from either a "spontaneous" or experimental case of tuberculous meningitis failed to develop meningitis, and that rather acutely, while no animal in our series injected with a Berkefeld filtrate of brain emulsion has developed tuberculous meningitis or any other form of tuberculosis. In connection with this observation it must be recalled that the organism was atypical in respect to its staining qualities at least.

Objective interpretation of dental disease in rabbits, guinea pigs and chinchillas

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (04) ◽  
pp. 250-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Crossley ◽  
E. Boehmer
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Dental Disease ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Objective Interpretation ◽  
Skull Radiographs ◽  
Post Mortem Findings ◽  
Long Term Prognosis ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Radiographic Changes

Summary Objective: Objective interpretation of dental disease in rabbits, guinea pigs and chinchillas with the use of anatomical reference lines. Material and methods: Skull radiographs (laterolateral and dorsoventral view) of 528 small mammals (204 rabbits, 151 guinea pigs and 173 chinchillas) were measured and analysed exactly in connection with a thorough intra- and extraoral clinical examination. 464 animals showed variable signs of malocclusion whereas 64 animals had a normocclusion. The clinical and radiographic changes of 224 individuals (52 rabbits, 41 guinea pigs and 131 chinchillas) were additionally compared with post mortem findings. Results: Particularly the comparison of the prepared skulls with the radiographs of the identical animals enabled the acquirement of species specific anatomical reference lines, that facilitate the objectice assessment of severity of dental disease in elodont species. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Using these reference lines the extent of malocclusion in rabbits, guinea pigs and chinchillas can be acquired more exactly and the results are reproducible by different examiners (staging). In addition to this these special lines facilitate to accurately monitor the progress of dental changes and thus to predict a probable long-term prognosis. The reference lines are absolutely applicable for daily use in practice.

scholarly journals Genetics, Receptor Binding, Replication, and Mammalian Transmission of H4 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Live Poultry Markets in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 1455-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Libin Liang ◽  
Guohua Deng ◽  
Jianzhong Shi ◽  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Qianyi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
The World ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
Live Poultry Markets

ABSTRACTH4 avian influenza virus (AIV) is one of the most prevalent influenza virus subtypes in the world. However, whether H4 AIVs pose a threat to public health remains largely unclear. Here, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationships, receptor binding properties, replication, and transmissibility in mammals of H4 AIVs isolated from live poultry markets in China between 2009 and 2012. Genomic sequence analysis of 36 representative H4 viruses revealed 32 different genotypes, indicating that these viruses are undergoing complex and frequent reassortment events. All 32 viruses tested could replicate in the respiratory organs of infected mice without prior adaptation. Receptor binding analysis demonstrated that the H4 AIVs bound to α-2,6-linked glycans, although they retained the binding preference for α-2,3-linked glycans. When we tested the direct-contact transmission of 10 H4 viruses in guinea pigs, we found that three viruses did not transmit to any of the contact animals, one virus transmitted to one of three contact animals, and six viruses transmitted to all three contact animals. When we further tested the respiratory droplet transmissibility of four of the viruses that transmitted efficiently via direct contact, we found that three of them could transmit to one or two of the five exposed animals. Our study demonstrates that the current circulating H4 AIVs can infect, replicate in, and transmit to mammalian hosts, thereby posing a potential threat to human health. These findings emphasize the continual need for enhanced surveillance of H4 AIVs.IMPORTANCENumerous surveillance studies have documented the wide distribution of H4 AIVs throughout the world, yet the biological properties of H4 viruses have not been well studied. In this study, we found that multiple genotypes of H4 viruses are cocirculating in the live poultry markets of China and that H4 viruses can replicate in mice, possess human-type receptor binding specificity, and transmit between guinea pigs via direct contact. Strikingly, some H4 strains also can transmit via respiratory droplet, albeit with limited efficiency. These results clearly show the potential threat posed by H4 viruses to public health.

On the Examination of the Fæces in the Diagnosis of Phthisis Pulmonalis

1929 ◽  
Vol 75 (308) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
Charles E. Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Tuberculin Test ◽  
Tubercle Bacillus

Many methods have been devised as adjuncts to clinical observation in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Leaving aside the use of the Röntgen rays and the method of cyto-diagnosis which at one time had vogue in France, the procedures may be divided into two groups: (1) those which depend on the observation of the effects of various extracts of the tubercle bacillus upon the patient; and (2) those which depend on laboratory observations upon various materials (sputum, blood, fæces, etc.). Among those in the former group are the tuberculin test, the Von Pirquet, Moro's cutaneous and Calmette's ophthalmic reactions. Their uses are limited. It is the methods in the latter group that lend themselves more readily to general use.

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