The Rôle of Auto-intoxication or Auto-infection in Mental Disorders

1923 ◽  
Vol 69 (284) ◽  
pp. 52-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chalmers Watson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physical Disorder ◽  
Text Book ◽  
Classical Text ◽  
Mental Symptoms ◽  
The Relationship

I greatly appreciate the honour which the Society has done me in asking me to read a paper by way of introducing a general discussion on the treatment of mental disorders. My remarks will deal with the relationship of physical disorder to mental symptoms. The main point to which I will more particularly draw your attention is to the need for a closer study of the extent to which mental symptoms are the result of some auto-intoxication or infection from one or other of the free mucous surfaces of the body, the gastro-intestinal tract being, in virtue of its size and function, the most important channel. If the relationship is a close one our outlook on mental disorders necessitates greater attention being directed to the investigation and treatment of our patients with the aid of modern methods, than has hitherto been done. The literature of the subject contains many references of a general kind to what is called the toxic factor in the ætiology of insanity, but the systematic investigation of mental disorders from this point of view has not yet been carried out with the reasonable degree of completeness which modern medicine demands. In this connection it is right to refer to the valuable and suggestive work carried out by Lewis Bruce many years ago, the probable significance and value of which has, I think, been largely lost sight of. There is little new in the conception of the aetiology and treatment of mental disorders, which I am going to present for your consideration. It is, however, largely new in the sense that it has not yet been adequately tested. Prof. Robertson has lately drawn my attention to the interesting fact that the leading alienists in France more than 100 years ago entertained the view that the primary cause of mental disorders was to be found in visceral changes. Pinal in his classical text-book on mental disorders in 1809 wrote as follows:“It seems that the primitive seat of insanity generally is in the region of the stomach and intestines, and it is from that centre that the disorder of intelligence propagates itself as by a species of irradiation.”

Modeling and Mechanical Analysis of Snake Robots on Cylinders

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaoquan Tang ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Gongbo Zhou ◽  
Deyuan Meng ◽  
Xin Shu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Tree Structures ◽  
Snake Robot ◽  
Mechanical Models ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Snake Robots

The narrow and redundant body of the snake robot makes it suitable for the inspection of complex bar structures, such as truss or tree structures. One of the key issues affecting the efficient motion of snake robots in complex bar structures is the development of mechanical models of snake robots on cylinders. In other words, the relationship between the payload and structural and performance parameters of the snake robot is still difficult to clarify. In this paper, the problem is approached with the Newton–Euler equations and the convex optimal method. Firstly, from the kinematic point of view, the optimal attitude of the snake robot wrapped around the cylinder is found. Next, the snake robot is modeled on the cylinder and transformed into a convex optimization problem. Then, the relationship between the payload of the snake robot on the cylinder and the geometric and attitude parameters of the body of snake robots is analyzed. Finally, the discussion for the optimal winding attitude and some advices for the design of the snake robot are proposed. This study is helpful toward the optimal design of snake robots, including geometry parameters and motor determination.

A propósito del cuerpo, desde una perspectiva psicoanalítica. / A purpose of the body, from a psychoanalytic perspective.

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (04) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Rosa Lagos Torres
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Psychoanalytic Perspective ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Relationship

Este artículo muestra los efectos de la época y la cultura actual sobre la relación con el cuerpo, considerado como una unidad de valor en el mercado. Desde el psicoanálisis, en un recorrido por la noción de cuerpo tanto en Freud como en Lacan, se presenta una noción de cuerpo distinta a la de la medicina, diferenciando cuerpo y organismo, estableciendo que no hay El cuerpo, sino tantos cuerpos como sujetos, siendo el cuerpo concebido como una construcción a partir de la palabra y de la imagen, dando lugar al síntoma (Freud) como metáfora alojada en el cuerpo y como sinthome (Lacan) en tanto acontecimiento del cuerpo que empalma al sujeto con su modalidad de gozar, al hablante ser en su singular modalidad de satisfacción pulsional. This paper shows the effects of the times and the current culture on the relationship with the body, considered as a unit of value in the market. From the psychoanalysis point of view, on a tour of the notion of the body, with Freud, and Lacan both, the notion of body is different from the body presented by the medicine, distinguishing between body and organism. Stating that there is not A body, but many bodies as subjects, being the body, conceived as a construction from the word and the image, resulting in the symptom (Freud) and housed in the body as a metaphor and as a sinthome (Lacan) in all events of the body, that matches the subject with its way jouissance to the parletre in its singular modality of pulsional satisfaction.

scholarly journals V. On the structure of the gills of the Lamellibranchia

1903 ◽  
Vol 195 (207-213) ◽  
pp. 147-284 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Gill Structure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Modern Treatment ◽  
Gill Lamellae ◽  
The Comparative Study

The comparative study of the gill structure of the Lamellibranchia may be said to date from 1875. Williams, it is true, had in 1854 published two papers on the subject, but owing to the fact that the morphological relations of the gill lamellæ to the gill axis and to other parts of the body were not then understood, and owing to the somewhat wild and fantastic mode of argument affected by this author, they cannot claim to be seriously regarded as the first important contribution to the literature of the subject. The few remarks on the different types of Lamellibranch gills made by Leuckart in 1848 (p. 113), Hancock in 1853 (p. 290), and Duvernoy in 1854 (p. 37) are of interest only from an historical point of view, and do not come within the range of the modern treatment of the subject; and the excellent figures and remarks on gill structure made by Deshayes in 1844-1848 cannot claim to be considered in the present connection, being purely descriptive and not comparative. It was Posner who first attempted a systematic investigation of the subject, and in his memoir of 1875 he discussed, not very astutely, the minute structure of the gills of Anodonta and eleven other genera of bivalve Mollusca. Some fifteen months later Peck, who in 1875, independently of Posner’s work, had commenced a similar investigation, published his important observations on the gills of Area, Mytilus, Dreissensia and Anodonta . It was this paper which first placed the comparative study of the gills upon a sound basis. The investigation was conducted in the laboratory of Professor Ray Lankester and under his direction, and the working hypothesis around which the paper was written, and which has stood the test of time ever since, was, as the author explains, supplied by Professor Lankester. An adequate terminology was propounded for the grosser and finer parts of the gill, and this terminology remains in general use at the present day.

scholarly journals A difícil aritmética do corpo e da linguagem: reflexões sobre o input e a aquisição de linguagem

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 69-82
Author(s):  
Núbia Rabelo Bakker Faria
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
The Relationship

From the point of view of reflection on Language Acquisition, the thesis that inspires this article brings to discussion the impossibility of searching for reconciliation between two natures differently conceived for body and language – the body, as a sensitive organism is in the domain of biology, whereas language, with its structures and categories, is in the realms of linguistics. In this case, to the area of language acquisition is left the ungrateful and fruitless task of operating the relationship between those two different natures. That task limits itself to the operations of addition or subtraction. In order to conduct such reflection, two theories were called into play: Chomsky’s, whose research in linguistics was responsible for the consolidation of the area of language acquisition and Skinner’s, which is the trigger for Chomsky’s option for the rationalist principles in search for an answer to the question of how a child masters the complex structures of a language disclosed by means of formalization applied to linguistics which signals the entrance of that author in the area of linguistics.

scholarly journals Affective Disorders in The Elderly: The Risk of Sleep Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Eni Folendra Rosa ◽  
Nelly Rustiaty
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disturbance ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Psychological Disorders ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physical Disorder ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study is to look at the relationship of sleep disorders to the incidence of affective disorders. In addition, assess whether the relationship remains significant after controlled variable bullies that also affect the occurrence of sleep disorders and or affective disorders in elderly. Observational study with unmatched case control study design. Individual population age 60 years or older, sampling probability proportional to size, consist of case group that is experiencing sleep disturbance (n=165) and control group (n=330). Respondent sleep disturbance affective disorder 23.6%. There is a significant relationship of sleep disorders to affective disorders. Sleep disorders at risk 2.47 times affective disorder. Sleep disorders can be insomnia, awakening at night or waking up too early which can lead to psychological disorders such as psychological disorders such as anger, unstable emotions, sadness, distress, anxiety is also a physical disorder such as pain in the body. If not immediately addressed can continue to occur depression and even threaten psychiatric disorders. Further research needs to be done to overcome sleep disorders in the elderly.<p> </p>

scholarly journals Wittgenstein, the body, its metaphors

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (spe) ◽  
pp. 479-501
Author(s):  
Helena Martins
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Relationship

Contemporary theories of metaphor often give the body a foundational status, by claiming that it provides the universal ground upon which imagination engenders figurative thought. This paper goes against this idea, discussing the relationship between the body and metaphor from a non foundationalist point of view. Taking a Wittgensteinean stance on metaphor and on the body, it aims to provide elements to rethink the issue, exploring in particular the path open by the Austrian philosopher in his critique of traditional mental/ physical, inner/outer dichotomies.

scholarly journals Maurice Merleau-Ponty: Intertwining and Objectification

PhaenEx ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothea Olkowski
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Henri Bergson ◽  
Knowing How ◽  
Phenomenology Of Perception ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Invisible

In chapter four of The Visible and the Invisible, titled “The Intertwining -- The Chiasm,” Merleau-Ponty considers the relation between the body as sensible, which is to say “objective,” and the body as sentient, that is, as “phenomenal” body. He makes this inquiry in the context of interrogating the access of such a sensible-sentient or objective-phenomenal body to Being. “Objectivity” and the objective body, as Merleau-Ponty defines it in the Phenomenology of Perception, are to be determined in relation to experience. Objectivity requires knowing how it is possible for determinate shapes to be available for experience at all. But the possibility of determinate shapes is also called into question by Merleau-Ponty insofar as the body is experienced as a point of view on things; thus every body would experience a different point of view, even though things are given as abstract elements of one total world. Since the two elements form a system, an intertwining, in which each moment (that of a body with a particular point of view and that of things in the totality of their world) is immediately expressive of each other, objectivity would seem to be hard to achieve. The relationship between body and things, point of view and world, if the relata continually express one another, would appear to be anything but determinate and the question of how objectivity is possible remains unanswered. This essay will explore this question in the light of Merleau-Ponty’s (mis-) reading of Henri Bergson and from the point of view of Sartre’s original expression of the relation of intertwining.

The Inter-Relationships of Mental Disorders and Diabetes Mellitus

1935 ◽  
Vol 81 (333) ◽  
pp. 332-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Menninger
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Mental Symptoms ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between mental disorders and diabetes is studied as shown by 30 cases of mental disorder associated with diabetes, 93 cases of uncomplicated diabetes and 400 uncomplicated cases of mental disorder. This study covers, first, the psychological picture in diabetes; second, the types and courses of mental disorder associated with diabetes; and third, the mental symptoms with hypoglycæmia.

scholarly journals Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. The Principle of Complementarity.docx

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim Chistyakov
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Unified Model ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Niels Bohr ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Process ◽  
Internal Logic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Principle Of Complementarity

<p> This report considers the differences between the medical psychiatric and the psychotherapeutic (in particular, the psychodynamic) approaches to the diagnostics and treatment of mental disorders, and it describes a generalized model of the psychotherapeutic process. It traces the development of the relationship between the medical psychiatric and the psychotherapeutic approaches, which has resulted in different models of the interrelatedness of these paradigms in different countries (a unified model encompassing both the psychiatric and the psychotherapeutic approaches, and a model of two relatively independent approaches). Examples are provided of the difficulties and inconsistencies which have arisen from attempts to employ different variants of the unified model that purports to unify the two different approaches into a single whole. It is proposed that the medical psychiatric and the psychotherapeutic approaches should each be considered to have their own internal logic, independent from and simultaneously complementary to that of the other, in accordance with the principle of complementarity formulated by the physicist Niels Bohr in quantum mechanics for the systematization of irreconcilable data obtained by observers with differing perspectives. The author proposes that each patient with a mental disorder should be examined simultaneously and independently from the point of view of each of these systems of coordinates (the medical psychiatric paradigm and the psychotherapeutic paradigm).<br></p><p></p>

Mental Disorders dependent on Toxæmia

1901 ◽  
Vol 47 (197) ◽  
pp. 226-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sir Dyce Duckworth
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Diabetic Coma ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Anaesthetic Agents ◽  
Mental Symptoms

I propose in this address to call your attention to some phases of mental disorder which depend on toxæmic states These are now differentiated by the alienist, and it is only in recent times that their true nature has been unfolded. They have been long recognised as clinical features of disease, and the sources of them are as varied as are the separate toxic elements which induce them. Progress in physiological chemistry and bacteriology has now furnished us with the means to explain these conditions. The origin of these toxins is at least threefold. They may be generated in the body (auto-intoxicants), or by the malign working of microbes introduced from without, or they may arise by impregnation with organic poisons, or yet again result from the habits of alcoholism, chloralism, cocainism, and morphinism. In the majority of cases of insanity I suppose it will be conceded that there is a hereditary or inborn predisposition to the disorder, an instability or a tendency to this cerebral degeneration which may remain latent until conditions arise which are potent to elicit the breakdown. In the class of mental disorders we are now to consider there may or may not be this inherited fault of brain tissue. In many instances of toxic insanity we have to deal with persons who are already predisposed to mental instability, but in other cases a previously normal brain may be so damaged by toxic influences as to manifest aberration. We have long recognised the toxic effects on the nervous system of the altered metabolism induced by renal inadequacy in Bright's disease in the varied forms of uræmia, in that strange variety of autotoxy due to inability of the hepatic and muscular tissues to hold carbohydrate in reserve, resulting in diabetic coma, and that variety which depends on acute atrophy of the liver. We can now understand how these auto-intoxications act in disturbing the harmony of intimate brain-cell metabolism. Their effects are as certain as are those of poisons directly introduced by the mouth or under the skin. The chemical functions of the brain cell are disordered in precisely the same manner. In the ordinary practice of medicine we are familiar with states of delirium and mental aberration in the course of the various fevers and in pneumonia. Recognising these as infective disorders we now know that we are dealing with the toxic effects of invading parasites, and that amongst the manifold expressions of their presence are nervous or brain symptoms. These are frequent in pneumonia, and strangely so when the pulmonary apex is involved. The reason for this is to me inscrutable, and I can only conceive that it results from some special local nervous relations which have hitherto escaped the recognition of the physiologists. With respect both to pneumonia(1) and the various fevers, I have to add that a careful inquiry in cases where grave nervous or mental symptoms have supervened, has almost always revealed the existence of personal or family neuropathic taint. Puerperal insanity occupies precisely the same position, and inquiries in these cases show that about one half of them occur in women of neurotic or insane proclivity. Toxic influences naturally affect them more readily and with greater gravity.(2) The insanity of lactation probably owns a different cause, and may be attributed to debility and imperfect nutrition, acting probably in many cases upon an originally unstable brain. What has been termed “post-operative insanity,” due to infective influence, together with shock or exhaustion, and occurring within a few days after operation, may be similarly classified, although Mr. T. C. Dent is of the opinion that heredity of brain weakness plays but a small part in these cases, and that some of them apparently result from the influences of the anæsthetic agents employed or from iodoform impregnation.

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