Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna: Its Relationship to Cerebral Atrophy

1941 ◽  
Vol 87 (369) ◽  
pp. 600-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Brain Atrophy ◽  
Cerebral Atrophy ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Osseous Change

In not a few of the recorded cases of hyperostosis frontalis interna there has been observed some degree of cortical atrophy, chiefly affecting the frontal poles, and its occurrence raises the question of its possible relationship to the osseous change.Three alternatives may be entertained: (1) Brain atrophy is caused by the encroachment and pressure of the hyperostotic area on the surface of the brain; (2) brain atrophy is primary, the shrinkage of the frontal convolutions in some way exciting a compensatory bony overgrowth ; (3) the two processes, osseous and neural, are entirely independent of each other.

Anti-GM1 antibodies are not associated with cerebral atrophy in patients with multiple sclerosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Valentino ◽  
A Labate ◽  
R Nisticò ◽  
D Pirritano ◽  
A Cerasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Brain Atrophy ◽  
Plasma Sample ◽  
Cerebral Atrophy ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Mri Study ◽  
Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
The Brain

Objectives The aim of this study was to correlate the brain atrophy with serum levels of anti-GM1 antibodies in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Methods Plasma sample from 52 patients with RRMS and 65 healthy controls were examined for anti-GM1 antibodies. Patients with RRMS underwent to MRI study with automated method called SIENAX that calculated an estimate of gray matter (GMV) and white matter (WMV) volumes. Results The percentage of RRMS patients with increased anti-GM1 was 37.8%. Elevated levels of anti-GM1 antibodies did not correlate with brain atrophy. Conclusions Anti-GM1 antibodies do not represent a marker of axonal damage in patients with RRMS.

scholarly journals Cranial imaging in children with malnutrition aged 6 to 60 months

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1235
Author(s):  
Kavita Tiwari ◽  
Suresh Goyal ◽  
Ravi Soni ◽  
Sunilkumar Devaraj ◽  
Saurabh Goyal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Cerebral Atrophy ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Interhemispheric Fissure ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Standard Software

Background: India has 57 million or more than a third of the world's 146 million undernourished children. Protein energy malnutrition is associated with cerebral atrophy 2 which may be detrimental to intellectual development. The aim and objective of this stusy was to study the changes in the brain by cranial imaging in children with malnutrition aged 6 months to 5 years and to correlate these changes with severity of malnutrition.Methods: It was a hospital based prospective study done in Bal Chikitsalay, Maharana Bhupal government hospital, Udaipur during the study period July 2015 to July 2016. Total 120 children were enrolled, out of which 80 were severely malnourished, 20 were moderately malnourished and 20 normally nourished children undergoing neuroimaging for some other reason taken as controls. All the cases were subjected to CT scan and the following parameters were noted. Central atrophy was evaluated by bifrontal index (BFR) and bicaudate index (BCR). Cortical atrophy was evaluated by width of sylvian fissure (SFW) and widening of interhemispheric fissure (IHD). These parameters were then compared with the severity of malnutrition and among controls. Data was analysed with standard software of biostatics using parametric tests, Pearson’s correlation analysis, ANOVA test and student’s t test.Results: On an average 80% of SAM and 10% of MAM had various degree of cerebral atrophy while none of the controls showed significant degree of cerebral atrophy.Conclusions: Effect of malnutrition on brain can be objectively assessed by CT indices, BFR, BCR, SFW and IHD to define the degree of cerebral atrophy in the malnourished population.

scholarly journals Computed Tomography Assessment of Brain Atrophy in Centenarians

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (19) ◽  
pp. 3659
Author(s):  
Robert Chrzan ◽  
Agnieszka Gleń ◽  
Amira Bryll ◽  
Andrzej Urbanik
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Brain Atrophy ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Frontal Horn ◽  
Computed Tomography Scans ◽  
Evans Index ◽  
The Brain

The aim of our study was to compare the degree of brain atrophy in centenarians and in seniors 70–99 years old. The study group consisted of 23 patients aged 100–106 years. The control group consisted of 90 patients, 30 in each age subgroup 90–99, 80–89, 70–79. In all the patients, the brain atrophy linear parameters were measured on computed tomography scans, in relation to both “subcortical atrophy”, evaluated as progressive widening of the ventricular system, and “cortical atrophy”, defined as widening of subarachnoid space. Secondary indices based on the parameters were calculated. Correlations between the above parameters/indices and age were tested. Significantly different values between the centenarians and the control group were found in the brain atrophy parameters: A, B, C, E, FI, ICR, ICL, SW, CFW, F/A ‘frontal horn index’, A/G ‘Evans index’, D/A ‘ventricular index’, H/E ‘cella media Schiersmann index’, A+B ‘Huckman number’. Correlations between parameter/index and age were found for: A, B, C, FI, ICR, ICL, SW, F/A ‘frontal horn index’, A/G ‘Evans index’, D/A ‘ventricular index’, H/E ‘cella media Schiersmann index’, A+B ‘Huckman number’. Brain atrophy associated with aging is a continuously advancing process, affecting centenarians even more than people before the “magic” threshold of 100 years.

scholarly journals Rapidly progressive global cerebral atrophy in the setting of anti-LGI1 encephalitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. e228428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anudeep Yelam ◽  
Elanagan Nagarajan ◽  
Pradeep C Bollu
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽  
Cerebral Atrophy ◽  
Ivig Therapy ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Hippocampal Atrophy ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

A 47-year-old man presented with complaints of breakthrough seizures, psychiatric and behavioural changes and catatonic features. MRI of the brain showed mild cerebral and right hippocampal atrophy, while the electroencephalogram showed intermittent right temporal slowing. With a presumed diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis, he was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and methylprednisolone, which significantly improved the symptoms. Serological testing later was positive for antileucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 antibody. Two months after the initial presentation, patient had a relapse of the symptoms without any further episodes of seizures. Repeat MRI of the brain showed a significant rapidly progressive diffuse cortical atrophy and hippocampal atrophy, more prominent on the right side along with hydrocephalus ex vacuo when compared with the initial MRI. He is currently on monthly IVIG therapy. At 4 months follow-up from the second imagining study, the patient had persistent MRI findings.

SUBDURAL FLUID AS A CONSEQUENCE OF PNEUMOENCEPHALOGRAPHY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-389
Author(s):  
HONOR V. SMITH ◽  
BRONSON CROTHERS
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Cerebral Atrophy ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Subdural Space ◽  
Suitable Treatment ◽  
Superior Longitudinal Sinus ◽  
The Brain

When lumbar or cisternal pneumoencephalography is carried out on children with nonprogressive brain lesions causing mental deficiency, cerebral palsy or epilepsy, air is seen in the subdural space in at least a third of cases. This proportion is much larger in children 2 years of age or under. The roentgenographic appearances of subdural air are described and the importance of not attributing these appearances to cerebral atrophy or hypoplasia is emphasized. In approximately one third of cases in which air enters the subdural space, that is, in from 10% to 15% of all cases, recovery from pneumoencephalography is delayed by the development of signs and symptoms suggesting a rise in intracranial pressure. In such cases fluid can usually be found by needling the subdural space. Typically this fluid is characteristic of that found in subdural hematoma. There is no evidence that such a collection of fluid was present before pneumoencephalography. It is therefore suggested that as air enters the subdural space and the brain falls away from the dura, vessels may be torn as they cross this space to reach the superior longitudinal sinus, with the formation of what may be termed subdural hematoma artefacta. Although the incidence of this complication is moderately high, its effects are seldom serious, provided the situation is appreciated and suitable treatment given. The length of time the child spends in the hospital is, however, often greatly prolonged and occasionally operation proves necessary for removal of a subdural membrane. Since the subdural hematoma is an artefact occurring in the course of treatment, its removal does not influence the ultimate prognosis.

scholarly journals Physical activity and brain plasticity in late adulthood

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Late Adulthood ◽  
Biological Basis ◽  
Emotional Function ◽  
The Brain

The human brain shrinks with advancing age, but recent research suggests that it is also capable of remarkable plasticity, even in late life. In this review we summarize the research linking greater amounts of physical activity to less cortical atrophy, better brain function, and enhanced cognitive function, and argue that physical activity takes advantage of the brain's natural capacity for plasticity. Further, although the effects of physical activity on the brain are relatively widespread, there is also some specificity, such that prefrontal and hippocampal areas appear to be more influenced than other areas of the brain. The specificity of these effects, we argue, provides a biological basis for understanding the capacity for physical activity to influence neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. We conclude that physical activity is a promising intervention that can influence the endogenous pharmacology of the brain to enhance cognitive and emotional function in late adulthood.

Novel Multi-Linear Quantitative Brain Volume Formula For Manual Radiological Evaluation Of Brain Atrophy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Erasto Sungura ◽  
Emmanuel Abraham Mpolya ◽  
JM Spitsbergen ◽  
Callen Kwamboka Onyambu ◽  
Elingarami Sauli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Atrophy ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Northern Tanzania ◽  
Alternative Formula ◽  
Evans Index ◽  
Radiological Measurements ◽  
Technical Simplicity ◽  
Radiological Methods ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background The brain is a dynamic organ that develops and involutes in volume. The process of volume loss known as brain atrophy commonly occurs in elderly. However, some conditions have been implicated to provoke this paradoxical process in childhood and making it important to have methods and techniques of quantifying brain volume. Automated quantitative methods are very important in brain atrophy assessment but these tools have limited availability in developing countries. The simplified linear radiological methods are poorly reproducible and hence there is a need to develop an alternative formula that is reproducible and applicable at all healthcare levels. Methods The multi-linear diagonal brain fraction formula (DBF) was designed from dimensions of brain relative to skull. To test a developed formula, a total of 347 subjects aged between 0 and 18 years who had brain CT scans performed at the health facilities in Northern Tanzania were recruited and subjected to a systematic measurement of their brains in a diagonal brain fashion. Results Out of 347 patients evaluated, 62 subjects (17.8%) were found to be cases of brain atrophy. The three radiological measurements which included sulcal width (SW), ventricular width (VW) and Evans Index (EI) were concurrently performed. SW and VW showed good age correlation while EI showed no significant correlation with age. Similar tests were extended to diagonal brain fraction (DBF) and skull vertical horizontal ratio (VHR) in which DBF showed significant correlation. Conclusions The DBF formula shows significant ability of differentiating changes of brain volume suggesting that it can be utilized as an alternative brain fraction quantification method bearing technical simplicity in assessing gross brain volume with the ability to classify degrees of brain atrophy into mild, moderate, severe and very severe stages.

Fractal Dimension of the EEG in Alzheimer's Disease

2008 ◽  
pp. 603-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Abásolo ◽  
Javier Escudero ◽  
Roberto Hornero ◽  
Pedro Espino ◽  
Carlos Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Senile Plaques ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Definite Diagnosis ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Brain Scans ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia in western countries, and is characterized by progressive impairments in cognition and memory, whose course lasts several years prior to death (Jeong, 2004). These clinical features are accompanied by histological changes in the brain, which include widespread cortical atrophy, intracellular deposition of neurofibrillary tangles, and extracellular deposition of senile plaques, particularly in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Although a definite diagnosis is only possible by necropsy, a differential diagnosis with other types of dementia and with major depression should be attempted. Magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography can be normal in the early stages of AD, but a diffuse cortical atrophy is the main sign in brain scans. Mental status tests are also useful.

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