Social Factors and Comorbidity of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders

Differences in rates of depression across and between populations can be considerable and are largely determined by psychosocial factors. Such findings have important implications for comorbidity. On the basis of multiplying independent probabilities, the proportion of comorbid conditions increases as base rates of the disorders increase in a population. If such a chance combination has clinical implications, it would appear to be a “fact” of significance irrespective of biological underpinnings. In a recent survey of 404 women living with at least one child in an inner-city area, the rate of both anxiety and depression was highly related to the childhood experiences of neglect and abuse. However, adversity in adult life (e.g. widowhood or divorce), which might be expected to relate to current stressors, was only related to the rate of depression. The two risk factors had a considerable impact on comorbidity by increasing the rate of each disorder and thus the probability of their occurring together. They had a lesser impact as “common antecedents”. If both influences are considered, such adversity explains around half of the comorbidity. This is a conservative estimate of the impact of psychosocial factors.

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Covid, racism and Black Lives Matter: A deadly constellation

Developmental Child Welfare ◽

10.1177/2516103220959814 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 197-207

Author(s):

Graham Music

Keyword(s):

Social Factors ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Childhood Stress ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Minority Ethnic Groups ◽

Implicit Biases ◽

Adverse Childhood ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

Minority Ethnic

This paper looks at how people from Black and Minority Ethnic groups have been disproportionately affected by COVID. The paper links this with both psycho-social factors and childhood stress and trauma. It looks at the effects of unconscious racism on the minds and physiology of those affected. The relationship between the impact of stress, trauma, racism and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) is discussed, and how ACEs are linked with very poor later physical and mental health outcomes. The article suggests that these issues are highly over determined but that for change to occur we need interventions at a range of levels, from the macro-political, psychosocial, individual and economic, including unconscious implicit biases.

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The impact of social factors, especially psychological worries on anxiety and depression in patients with epilepsy

Epilepsy & Behavior ◽

10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108376 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 125 ◽

pp. 108376

Author(s):

Ping Li ◽

Jiahe Lin ◽

Chunmei Wu ◽

Shanshan Huang ◽

Suiqiang Zhu

Keyword(s):

Social Factors ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Patients With Epilepsy ◽

The Impact

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Perceived oral health needs in psychiatric in-patients: impact of a dedicated dental clinic

The Psychiatrist ◽

10.1192/pb.bp.109.029157 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 34 (12) ◽

pp. 518-521 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Tom Stevens ◽

Joanne Spoors ◽

Rob Hale ◽

Helen Bembridge

Keyword(s):

Health Promotion ◽

Oral Health ◽

Inner City ◽

Health Needs ◽

Clinical Implications ◽

Dental Clinic ◽

Oral Health Promotion ◽

Oral Health Behaviour ◽

Psychiatric Population ◽

The Impact

Aims and methodWe have audited the impact of a dedicated dental clinic on the oral health needs of an inner-city in-patient psychiatric population. A questionnaire assessing patient perception of oral health was undertaken on in-patient wards before opening a dental clinic on the hospital site and 5 months after.ResultsThe audit suggested improvements in patients' perception of oral health, behaviour directed at oral hygiene and knowledge of accessing services after initiation of a dedicated in-patient dental clinic.Clinical implicationsPsychiatric in-patient settings may provide important opportunities for oral health promotion and intervention. This is a neglected component of in-patient care.

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Aetiology of anxiety and depressive disorders in an inner-city population. 1. Early adversity

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291700038939 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 143-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 110

Author(s):

G. W. Brown ◽

T. O. Harris

Keyword(s):

Inner City ◽

Single Mothers ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Adult Life ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Early Adversity ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Adverse Experiences ◽

City Population

SynopsisA survey of an inner-city population of working-class and single mothers is described and the prevalence of anxiety and depression reported using two related diagnostic schemes, Bedford College caseness and DSM-III-R. This acts as an introduction to an analysis which indicates that adverse experiences in childhood and adolescence (involving parental indifference, and sexual and physical abuse) considerably raise risk of both depression and anxiety conditions (with the exception of mild agoraphobia and simple phobia) in adult life.

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Psychosocial factors associated with acute cervical radiculopathy

South African Journal of Physiotherapy ◽

10.4102/sajp.v61i1.166 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

Author(s):

M. Conradie ◽

M. M. Bester ◽

L. C. Crous

Keyword(s):

Pain Intensity ◽

Psychosocial Factors ◽

Emotional State ◽

Cervical Radiculopathy ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Functional Abilities ◽

Pain Experience ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Total Pain ◽

The Impact

Pain is an individual multi-dimensional experience, depending on contributions from the sensory, affective and cognitive dimensions. Only a few studies investigated the psychosocial factors associated with cervical radiculopathy (CR). These studies suggested that chronic CR affects functional abilities, emotional and cognitive states. This descriptive study determined (1) whether psychological factors were present, (2) the impact of pain on the ability to perform activities of daily living, and (3) the correlation between pain intensity, emotional state and functional abilities. The researcher, a physiotherapist, interviewed 21 subjects whose clinical diagnosis of acute CR made by a neurosurgeon [and confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)], to determine the cognitive dimension. Three standardized questionnaires, namely the Neck Disability Index (NDI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) Scale and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ long form) were administrated to assess the pain intensity, emotional state, total pain experience and functional abilities. Central tendencies were determined by calculating the mean andmedian. The Spearman rank order correlation coefficient test was performed to establish correlations between variables.Results suggested that radicular pain is not only a sensory experience since altered emotional and cognitive stateswere present, which frequently influenced functional abilities. Correlations existed between functional abilities, emotional state and total pain experience, as well as anxiety and depression levels. Higher anxiety than depression levels were found. Thoughts on beliefs and coping strategies were affected. We concluded that clinicians should also address the psychosocial factors and consider the functional impact of the disease, during the assessment and management of acute CR.

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The effect of multimorbidity patterns, and the impact of comorbid anxiety and depression, on primary health service use: the Men Androgen Inflammation Lifestyle Environment and Stress (MAILES) Study

10.21203/rs.2.21302/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shu Kay Ng ◽

Sean A Martin ◽

Robert J Adams ◽

Peter O'Loughlin ◽

Gary A Wittert

Keyword(s):

Health Service ◽

Health Services ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Comorbid Conditions ◽

Adjusted Risk ◽

Primary Health ◽

Adjusted Risk Ratio ◽

Gp Visits ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background: Multimorbidity has been identified as a serious challenge on global health system, closely associated with lower quality of life, poorer health outcomes, and higher utilisation of health services. However, there are major gaps in our knowledge around multimorbidity, especially its effect on primary care services and the burden of comorbid mental health conditions on multimorbidity patterns. This study sought to determine patterns of multimorbidity and quantify their impact on use of primary health services in the presence and absence of anxiety and depression among a cohort of urban community-dwelling men. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study with Australian population. The study population consisted of 2,039 men aged ≥40, who were enrolled either in the Florey Adelaide Male Ageing Study (FAMAS) Stage 2 between 2007-2010 or in the North-West Adelaide Health Study (NWAHS) Stage 3 between 2008-2010. Data have been collected on the prevalence of 8 chronic conditions and linked Medicare data about individual health service utilization information on annual GP visits. Multinomial logistic regression was adopted to quantify the impact of anxiety and depression on the frequencies of GP visits, with adjustment for participant’s demographic and lifestyle characteristics. Results: Obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) were associated with the highest number of comorbid conditions. Two non-random multimorbidity “clusters” emerged: (CVD, Obesity, Diabetes) and (CVD, Obesity, Osteoarthritis). Participants with conditions comorbid with CVD were more likely to have 10 or more annual GP visits, compared to multimorbidity involving other conditions. Comparing to participants without CVD, the presence of CVD increased the chance of having 10 or more annual GP visits (adjusted risk ratio: 3.7; 95% CI: 2.8-4.8). When CVD was comorbid with anxiety and depression having 10 or more annual GP visits was more common (adjusted risk ratio: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.5). Conclusions: In Australian, community-dwelling men, multimorbidity is associated with a high use of GP services; especially for multimorbidity that includes CVD with comorbid anxiety and depression. Multimorbidity patterns involving CVD should be considered in developing clinical trials to better inform medical decision making and care for patients with CVD and comorbid conditions.

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Childhood experiences pursue adulthood for better and worse: a qualitative study of adults' experiences after growing up with a severely mentally ill parent in a small-scale society

Journal of Research in Nursing ◽

10.1177/1744987120942272 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (6-7) ◽

pp. 579-591

Author(s):

Kristianna Dam ◽

Elisabeth OC Hall

Keyword(s):

Mentally Ill ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Adult Life ◽

Small Scale ◽

Growing Up ◽

Normal Behaviour ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Severely Mentally Ill ◽

The Impact ◽

Mentally Ill Parents

Background Growing up with a severely mentally ill parent can impact on subsequent adult life, and it can be extra challenging in a society with a small population, known as a small-scale society. Life in a small-scale society is characterised by multiple close relationships, lack of anonymity and a conservative attitude towards normal behaviour. Aims To look at the impact of growing up with a mentally ill parent on adult life in a small-scale society. Methods Data from semistructured interviews with 11 adult children of severely mentally ill parents were reanalysed and subjected to secondary analysis. Results The additional analysis resulted in four central themes: ‘becoming open and courageous’, ‘seeking and giving help’, ‘feeling uncertain and different’ and ‘being resilient and sensitive’. These were conflated into an overarching theme: ‘childhood experiences track into adulthood for better and worse’. The themes elucidate a diverse big picture and encompass positive and challenging features of adult life in a small-scale society. Conclusions The study ends with recommendations for the early establishment of collaboration and family-focused interventions with mentally ill parents and their children.

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Impact of Psycho-Social Factors on Fatigue among Breast Cancer Patients Who Are Currently Undergoing Radiotherapy

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17176092 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (17) ◽

pp. 6092

Author(s):

Hyesun Park ◽

Kisook Kim

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Stress Reduction ◽

Social Factors ◽

Symptom Assessment ◽

Outpatient Setting ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Breast Cancer Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

Fatigue in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy has been studied less comprehensively than fatigue from chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to test the impact of psycho-social factors on the fatigue among breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. This was a cross-sectional correlational study and participants were 210 breast cancer patients currently undergoing radiotherapy in an outpatient setting in Korea. Data collection was carried out from 22 July to 30 September 2019. The results of this study showed that symptom assessment, anxiety and depression, uncertainty, and perceived stress had a direct effect on the fatigue of breast cancer patients receiving radiotherapy, while social support had an indirect effect. These factors explained 67.2% of the fatigue among the participants. This study confirmed that various interventions for symptom assessment, anxiety and depression, uncertainty, and stress reduction need to be developed to reduce fatigue of breast cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. The present results form the basis for developing such interventions.

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