scholarly journals Systematic Review of Privacy-Preserving Distributed Machine Learning From Federated Databases in Health Care

2020 ◽  
pp. 184-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadila Zerka ◽  
Samir Barakat ◽  
Sean Walsh ◽  
Marta Bogowicz ◽  
Ralph T. H. Leijenaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Distributed Learning ◽  
Medical Application ◽  
Patient Data ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Federated Databases ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
The Individual

Big data for health care is one of the potential solutions to deal with the numerous challenges of health care, such as rising cost, aging population, precision medicine, universal health coverage, and the increase of noncommunicable diseases. However, data centralization for big data raises privacy and regulatory concerns. Covered topics include (1) an introduction to privacy of patient data and distributed learning as a potential solution to preserving these data, a description of the legal context for patient data research, and a definition of machine/deep learning concepts; (2) a presentation of the adopted review protocol; (3) a presentation of the search results; and (4) a discussion of the findings, limitations of the review, and future perspectives. Distributed learning from federated databases makes data centralization unnecessary. Distributed algorithms iteratively analyze separate databases, essentially sharing research questions and answers between databases instead of sharing the data. In other words, one can learn from separate and isolated datasets without patient data ever leaving the individual clinical institutes. Distributed learning promises great potential to facilitate big data for medical application, in particular for international consortiums. Our purpose is to review the major implementations of distributed learning in health care.

Advocacy for a Digital Oral Health That Leaves No One Behind

2021 ◽  
pp. 238008442110266
Author(s):  
N. Giraudeau ◽  
B. Varenne
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
The Impact

During the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the lockdown enforced led to considerable disruption to the activities of dental services, even leading to closures. To mitigate the impact of the lockdowns, systems were quickly put in place in most countries to respond to dental emergencies, giving priority to distance screening, advice to patients by remote means, and treatment of urgent cases while ensuring continuous care. Digital health was widely adopted as a central component of this new approach, leading to new practices and tools, which in turn demonstrated its potential, limitations, and possible excesses. Political leaders must become aware of the universal availability of digital technology and make use of it as an additional, safe means of providing services to the public. In view of the multiple uses of digital technologies in health—health literacy, teaching, prevention, early detection, therapeutics, and public health policies—deployment of a comprehensive program of digital oral health will require the adoption of a multifaceted approach. Digital tools should be designed to reduce, not increase, inequalities in access to health care. It offers an opportunity to improve healthy behavior, lower risk factors common to oral diseases and others noncommunicable diseases, and contribute to reducing oral health inequalities. It can accelerate the implementation of universal health coverage and help achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, leaving no one behind. Digital oral health should be one of the pillars of oral health care after COVID-19. Universal access to digital oral health should be promoted globally. The World Health Organization’s mOralHealth program aims to do that. Knowledge Transfer Statement: This position paper could be used by oral health stakeholders to convince their government to implement digital oral health program.

Data Mining in Health Care Applications

Data Mining ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 350-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fay Cobb Payton
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Patient Data ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Health Care Applications ◽  
Community Data ◽  
The Individual

Recent attention has turned to the healthcare industry and its use of voluntary community health information network (CHIN) models for e-health and care delivery. This chapter suggests that competition, economic dimensions, political issues, and a group of enablers are the primary determinants of implementation success. Most critical to these implementations is the issue of data management and utilization. Thus, health care organizations are finding value as well as strategic applications to mining patient data, in general, and community data, in particular. While significant gains can be obtained and have been noted at the organizational level of analysis, much attention has been given to the individual, where the focal points have centered on privacy and security of patient data. While the privacy debate is a salient issue, data mining (DM) offers broader community-based gains that enable and improve healthcare forecasting, analyses, and visualization.

scholarly journals Pandemic Considerations on Essential Oral Health Care

2020 ◽  
pp. 002203452097983
Author(s):  
H. Benzian ◽  
E. Beltrán-Aguilar ◽  
M.R. Mathur ◽  
R. Niederman
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Oral Health Care ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Stakeholder Alignment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rehabilitative Services

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revealed a lack of consensus on the concept of essential oral health care. We propose a definition of essential oral health care that includes urgent and basic oral health care to initiate a broader debate and stakeholder alignment. We argue that oral health care must be part of essential health care provided by any health system. Essential oral health care covers the most prevalent oral health problems through an agreed-on set of safe, quality, and cost-effective interventions at the individual and community level to promote and protect oral health, as well as prevent and treat common oral diseases, including appropriate rehabilitative services, thereby maintaining health, productivity, and quality of life. By default, essential oral health care does not include the full spectrum of possible interventions that contemporary dentistry can provide. On the basis of this definition, we conceptualize a layered model of essential oral health care that integrates urgent and basic oral health care, as well as advanced/specialist oral health care. Finally, we present 3 key reflections on the essentiality of oral health care. First, oral health care must be an integral component of a health care system’s essential services, and by implication, oral health care personnel are part of the essential health care workforce. Second, not all dental care is essential oral health care, and not all essential care is also urgent, particularly under the specific risk conditions of the pandemic. Third, there is a need for criteria, evidence, and consensus-building processes to define which dental interventions are to be included in which category of essential oral health care. All stakeholders, including the research, academic, and clinical communities, as well as professional organizations and civil society, need to tackle this aspect in a concerted effort. Such consensus will be crucial for dentistry in view of the Sustainable Development Goal’s push for universal health coverage, which must cover essential oral health care.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and inequities in the Americas: lessons learned and implications for essential health services

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Anselm J.M. Hennis ◽  
Anna Coates ◽  
Sandra del Pino ◽  
Massimo Ghidinelli ◽  
Rodolfo Gomez Ponce de Leon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Health Service Delivery ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Child Health Services ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
The Sustainable Development

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated social, economic, and health-related disparities, which disproportionately affect persons living in conditions of vulnerability. Such populations include ethnic groups who face discrimination and experience barriers to accessing comprehensive health care. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed these health disparities, and disruptions of essential health services have further widened the gaps in access to health care. Noncommunicable diseases are more prevalent among groups most impacted by poor social determinants of health and have been associated with an increased likelihood of severe COVID-19 disease and higher mortality. Disruptions in the provision of essential health services for noncommunicable diseases, mental health, communicable diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria, and maternal and child health services (including sexual and reproductive health), are projected to also increase poor health outcomes. Other challenges have been an increased frequency of interpersonal violence and food insecurity. Countries in the Americas have responded to the disruptions caused by the pandemic by means of health service delivery through telemedicine and other digital solutions and stepping up social service support interventions. As vaccinations for COVID-19 create the opportunity to overcome the pandemic, countries must strengthen primary health care and essential health services with a view to ensuring equity, if the region is to achieve universal health coverage in fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals.

scholarly journals Scope of Management of Noncommunicable Diseases in India through Ayushman Bharat

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (02) ◽  
pp. 58-60
Author(s):  
Madhur Verma
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
State Level ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Rehabilitative Services ◽  
Universal Health ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Made In

AbstractIndia is a rapidly developing country, and has been going through a major epidemiological transition over the past 25 years. As per the India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative, every state of India now has a higher burden from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and injuries than from infectious diseases. Inspired by Sustainable Development Goal vision, mitigating the effect of NCDs will demand a comprehensive approach based on preventive, promotive, and curative cum rehabilitative services. Apart from the community-based approach, another key announcement made in the union budget of India, 2018–19, was the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (ABY) that intend to transform the primary, secondary, and tertiary health care system in India. In this article, we intend to analyze the scope of services offered through ABY at different levels of public health care, and possible constraints in realizing the goal of universal health coverage in terms of NCDs.

scholarly journals 誰應為醫療保健買單？——中國城鎮衛生籌資責任主體歷史演進的儒家反思

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-61
Author(s):  
Jingxian WU
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Health Care Financing ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Financing Policy ◽  
Financial Responsibility ◽  
The Individual

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.一個道德上公正的醫療保健制度，不僅應該保障人人都可以均等地獲得基本的衛生保健服務，還應該是財務上可持續的。醫療保健制度籌資責任主體一般包括政府、個人、家庭等，各籌資主體責任大小對實現一國或一地區衛生資源的有效配置、為當地居民提供公平而又有效的醫療衛生服務至關重要。本文將建國以來中國城鎮地區醫療保健制度的發展演進劃分為四個階段，分別是計劃經濟時期、經濟制度轉軌時期、市場經濟初期、全民基本醫療保險時期，基於儒家生命倫理原則，對中國（內地）城鎮地區衛生籌資責任主體進行回顧、反思，分析認為中國衛生籌資責任主體發展經歷了「政府大包大攬、個人及家屬免費享受」——「政府財政逐漸退出、個人及家庭負擔加重」——「 政府責任回歸、個人負擔有所下降」——「政府、市場、個人責任逐漸趨於均衡」這一過程。基於儒家衛生正義觀，本文認為「仁政」不是絕對平均主義，也非個人全權負責；「家庭本位」的傳統文化在中國一直活躍至今，制度安排亟需家庭責任的回歸。在儒家看來，一個道德上合理的衛生籌資責任，應該是個人、家庭和政府的平衡與和諧。A morally justifiable health care system should not only ensure that everyone has equal access to basic health care services, but also be financially sustainable. It is normally supposed that governments, individuals and families take joint responsibility for health care in a certain country or region. Their levels of financial responsibility are a significant factor in the effective allocation of healthcare resources and fair delivery of health care services.This paper divides the historical evolution of health care financing responsibilities in urban China since 1949 into four periods: a planned economy period, an economic system transition period, an initial period of market economy and a universal health coverage period. Based on Confucian ethical principles, the author reflects on financing responsibilities in urban China. She determines that the financing responsibilities of different periods have changed from government- to individual-dominant, finally achieving a balance between government, the market and the individual. The author argues that from a moral standpoint, according to Confucian ethical appeals on health justice, a benevolent government should practice neither the doctrine of absolute equalization nor the principle of individual liberalism. As the idea that the family comprises the primary community is still active in contemporary China, family responsibility should be emphasized along with health care financing policy. According to Confucianism, a morally just health care financing responsibility requires a proper balance and harmony between individuals, families and governments.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 401 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

Questions and Answers on Prothrombin Time Standardisation in Oral Anticoagulant Control

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (02) ◽  
pp. 515-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
E A Loeliger ◽  
L Poller ◽  
M Samama ◽  
J M Thomson ◽  
A M H P Van den Besselaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Sample ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
International Normalised Ratio ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Reference Preparation ◽  
Tissue Thromboplastin ◽  
The Individual ◽  
International Sensitivity Index ◽  
New System

SummaryOne of the reasons why oral anticoagulants fell into disrepute is the absence of internationally accepted standardised procedures for controlling the level of anticoagulatiori. This deplorable situation resulted in over- and under-coagulation and uncertainty in the therapeutic range. International conformity can now be obtained by using an International Normalised Ratio (INR) which is derived from the individual result obtained in a given plasma sample and the International Sensitivity Index (ISI) of the tissue thromboplastin reagent used. Any thromboplastin reagent can be calibrated against an international primary or secondary W.H.O. reference preparation, so as to obtain its International Sensitivity Index. The new system of reporting the level of anticoagulation was designed and can only safely be applied in patients taking oral anticoagulants.

Navigating the health care system: perceptions of patients with chronic pain

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 162-168
Author(s):  
AL Dewar ◽  
K Gregg ◽  
MI White ◽  
J Lander
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Treatment Compliance ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Care System

A new framework is needed for patients with chronic pain and their primary care physicians that acknowledges the individual’s experiences and provides evidence-informed education and better linkages to community-based resources. This study describes the experience of 19 chronic-pain sufferers who seek relief via the health care system. Their experiences were recorded through in-depth semistructured interviews and analyzed through qualitative methods. The participants reported early optimism, then disillusionment, and finally acceptance of living with chronic pain. Both individuals with chronic pain and their health care professionals need evidence-informed resources and information on best practices to assist them to manage pain. Empathetic communication between health care professionals and individuals with chronic pain is crucial because insensitive communication negatively affects the individual, reduces treatment compliance and increases health care utilization.

Optimization of the care model for elderly in Poland

Physiotherapy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicja Lwow ◽  
Małgorzata Korzeniowska ◽  
Joanna Dadacz ◽  
Ewa Hladik ◽  
Agata Łukojko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Health Care Models ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe demographic situation of Poland as well as other developed countries shows a growing number of people at retirement age. According to the data from GUS (Central Statistical Office), their number reached 6.5 mln in Poland in 2011, and the prognosis for shows 8,3 mln by the year 2035. The consequence of this fact is a necessity of including the specificity of this age group in the functioning of Polish health care as well as in preventive medicine and health promotion. Unifying the health needs of this age group would be disadvantageous due to the diversification of physical efficiency level in the psychosomatic and social aspect. Nevertheless, the key problem is to distinguish the optimal health care models which include not only chronic conditions and dysfunctions but also the quality of life and socially independent life style that guarantee the lack of isolation and social exclusion. Distinguishing the four action models, namely people considered as healthy by the system, autonomously functioning people with chronic conditions, and people who need other people or institutional care to function in a society, seems to cover the individual needs of this group. Concluding, the National Health Care needs to work out some proceeding algorithms for these models. The optimal program adjustment for the needs of the target group would most certainly improve the effectiveness of the Health Care.

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