Impact of US population demographic changes on projected incident cancer cases from 2019 to 2045 in three major cancer types.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e19044-e19044
Author(s):  
Jimmy Nguyen ◽  
Pavel Napalkov ◽  
Nicole Richie ◽  
Stella Arndorfer ◽  
Marko Zivkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Demographic Changes ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Us Census ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Population Demographic

e19044 Background: The United States (US) Census Bureau has forecasted an unprecedented shift in the US demographics by 2045, in which there will be no single majority race/ethnicity. Due to well-characterized health disparities among different races/ethnicities in oncology and projected demographic changes, it is of interest to assess changes in the burden of three most frequent cancers: breast cancer (BC) for women, prostate cancer (PC) for men, and colorectal cancer (CRC) for both genders between 2019 and 2045. Methods: Historical age-adjusted rates (AARs) for BC in women, PC in men, and CRC in patients of all ages and stratified by race/ethnicity were collected from the SEER 18 database for 2000-15 period. AARs for cancers of interest were analyzed in Joinpoint Regression Program to obtain an average annual percent change (AAPC) for 2000-15. AARs were then projected to 2045 by assuming the rate behavior is equal to the AAPC. Projected absolute cases per 100,000 were generated by multiplying projected AARs with the associated projected population, retrieved from the US Census Bureau 2017 National Population Projects, and dividing by 100,000. The absolute change in projected patient numbers of cancer cases by race/ethnicity were assessed between 2019 and 2045. Results: From 2019 to 2045, a decrease of 4% is expected in the White Non-Hispanic (WNH) population while the Black (B), Hispanic (H), and Asian/Pacific Islander (API) populations are projected to increase 24%, 54%, and 57%, respectively. In the same time period, the projected number of BC incident cases for women of all ages decreased by 1% in WNH while the B, WH, and API populations were projected to increase 72%, 98%, and 120%, respectively. In both genders of all ages, a 39% and 17% reduction in the number of CRC incident cases in the WNH and B is expected compared to a 61% and 11% increase in the WH and API populations, respectively. Given observed reduction in PC incidence, especially in men 65+, the number of incident PC cases is projected to decrease by 2045 for all included races/ethnicities. Conclusions: Among racial and ethnic minorities, an increase in the number of BC and CRC cases is expected between 2019 and 2045. Projected decrease in PC cases is likely a result of decrease in incidence rates between 2010 and 2015 and should be assessed as new data become available. Currently, racial and ethnic minorities comprise < 20% of patients enrolled in clinical trials, demonstrating the need to understand biologic and social underpinnings of disparities in clinical outcomes in underrepresented groups.

Choice and Conflict about Census Data Adjusting the American Census Count

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Census Count ◽  
Social Fact ◽  
The Us ◽  
Census Adjustment ◽  
Us Census

ABSTRACTThe census is a social fact, the outcome of a process that involves the interaction of public laws and institutions and citizens' responses to an official inquiry. However, it is not a ‘hard’ fact. Reasons for inevitable defects in the census count are listed in the first section; the second section reports efforts by the US Census Bureau to identify sources of error in census coverage, and make estimates of the size of the errors. The use of census data for policy purposes, such as political representation and allocating funds, makes these defects controversial. Errors may be removed by making adjustments to the initial census count. However, because adjustment reallocates resources between groups, it has become the subject of political conflict. The paper describes the conflict between statistical practices, laws and public policy about census adjustment in the United States, and concludes by considering the extent to which causes in America are likely to be found in other countries.

scholarly journals Disability Management: Key Concepts and Techniques for an Aging Workforce

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne M. Bruyère
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Disability Management ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Aging Workforce ◽  
Workplace Accommodation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Aging Worker ◽  
Us Census ◽  
Effective Case

AbstractThe aging workforce is likely to result in increasing numbers of workers with disabilities. The US Census Bureau projects that the 45- to 54- and 55- to 64-year-old population in the United States will grow by nearly 44.2 million (17%) and 35 million (39%) in the next 10 years (US Census Bureau, 2004). By the year 2010, this group will account for nearly half (44%) of the working age population (20–64), and the number of people with disabilities between the ages of 50 and 65 will almost double (Weathers, 2006). Disability management and accommodation policies and practices readily lend themselves to addressing the challenges employers will face with an aging workforce, and the increasing prevalence of disability that these demographics bring. Proactive education about ways to maximise the productivity of an aging workforce, effective case management, and workplace accommodation can significantly contribute to maximising aging worker retention.

The Shortage of Trauma Surgeons in the US

2021 ◽  
pp. 000313482098880
Author(s):  
Adel Elkbuli ◽  
Mason Sutherland ◽  
Carol Sanchez ◽  
Huazhi Liu ◽  
Darwin Ang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trauma Patient ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
State Level ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
The Us ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Trauma Surgeons ◽  
Us Census

Background As the United States (US) population increases, the demand for more trauma surgeons (TSs) will increase. There are no recent studies comparing the TS density temporally and geographically. We aim to evaluate the density and distribution of TSs by state and region and its impact on trauma patient mortality. Methods A retrospective cohort analysis of the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile (PM), 2016 US Census Bureau, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC’s) Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) to determine TS density. TS density was calculated by dividing the number of TSs per 1 000 000 population at the state level, and divided by 500 admissions at the regional level. Trauma-related mortality by state was obtained through the CDC’s WISQARS database, which allowed us to estimate trauma mortality per 100 000 population. Results From 2007 to 2014, the net increase of TS was 3160 but only a net increase of 124 TSs from 2014 to 2020. Overall, the US has 12.58 TSs/1 000 000 population. TS density plateaued from 2014 to 2020. 33% of states have a TS density of 6-10/1 000 000 population, 43% have a density of 10-15, 12% have 15-20, and 12% have a density >20. The Northeast has the highest density of TSs per region (2.95/500 admissions), while the Midwest had the lowest (1.93/500 admissions). Conclusion The density of TSs in the US varies geographically, has plateaued nationally, and has implications on trauma patient mortality. Future studies should further investigate causes of the TS shortage and implement institutional and educational interventions to properly distribute TSs across the US and reduce geographic disparities.

scholarly journals IRS County-to-County Migration Data, 1990-2010

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew Hauer ◽  
James Byars
Keyword(s):  
Computer Code ◽  
Data File ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Migration Flow ◽  
Migration Data ◽  
Public Data ◽  
The Us ◽  
Data Files ◽  
Us Census

BACKGROUND: The Internal Revenue Service's (IRS) county-to-county migration data are an incredible resource for understanding migration in the United States. Produced annually since 1990 in conjunction with the US Census Bureau, the IRS migration data represent 95 to 98 percent of the tax-filing universe and their dependents, making the IRS migration data one of the largest sources of migration data. However, any analysis using the IRS migration data must process at least seven legacy formats of these public data across more than 2000 data files -- a serious burden for migration scholars. OBJECTIVE: To produce a single, flat data file containing complete county-to-county IRS migration flow data and to make the computer code to process the migration data freely available. METHODS: This paper uses R to process more than 2,000 IRS migration files into a single, flat data file for use in migration research. CONTRIBUTION: To encourage and facilitate the use of this data, we provide a single, standardized, flat data file containing county-to-county 1-year migration flows for the period 1990-2010 (containing 163,883 dyadic county pairs resulting in 3.2 million county pair-year observations totaling over 343 million migrants) and provide the full R script to download, process, and flatten the IRS migration data.

scholarly journals Nancy Potok, PhD

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Policy Perspectives Editors
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
State University ◽  
University Of Alabama ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Chief Operating Officer ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Us ◽  
The University ◽  
Us Census

Nancy Potok, PhD, is currently the Chief Statistician of the United States and the Chief of Statistical and Science Policy at the US Office of Management and Budget. She previously served as the Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer of the US Census Bureau from 2012 to 2017. Her career spans more than 30 years of leadership in the public, non-profit, and private sectors. Dr. Potok has also been an adjunct professor at the Trachtenberg School since 2011. She received her BA from Sonoma State University, her MPA from the University of Alabama, and her PhD in public policy and administration from the Trachtenberg School.

scholarly journals Socio-economic disparities and COVID-19 in the USA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayan Paul ◽  
Philipp Englert ◽  
Melinda Varga
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Us Census

COVID-19 is not a universal killer. We study the spread of COVID-19 at the county level for the United States up until the 15th of August, 2020. We show that the prevalence of the disease and the death rate are correlated with the local socio-economic conditions often going beyond local population density distributions, especially in rural areas. We correlate the COVID-19 prevalence and death rate with data from the US Census Bureau and point out how the spreading patterns of the disease show asymmetries in urban and rural areas separately and is preferentially affecting the counties where a large fraction of the population is non-white. Our findings can be used for more targeted policy building and deployment of resources for future occurrence of a pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2. Our methodology, based on interpretable machine learning and game theory, can be extended to study the spread of other diseases.

scholarly journals Compounding Health Risks and Increased Vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 for Racial and Ethnic Minorities and Low Socioeconomic Status Individuals in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise M. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
The Us

Recent clinical SARS-CoV-2 studies link diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension to increased disease severity. In the US, racial and ethnic minorities and low socioeconomic status (SES) individuals are more likely to have increased rates of these comorbidities, lower baseline health, limited access to care, increased perceived discrimination, and limited resources, all of which increase their vulnerability to severe disease and poor health outcomes from SARS-CoV-2. Previous studies demonstrated the disproportionate impact of pandemic and seasonal influenza on these populations, due to these risk factors. This paper reviews increased health risks and documented health disparities of racial and ethnic minorities and low SES individuals in the US. Pandemic response must prioritize these marginalized communities to minimize the negative, disproportionate impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on them and manage spread throughout the entire population. This paper concludes with recommendations applicable to healthcare facilities and public officials at various government levels.

Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Justice

Criminology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramiro Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact

The study of race, ethnicity, crime, and justice usually involves research on racial and ethnic differences in crime and justice patterns or the overrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities in the criminal justice system. Despite recognition that racial and ethnic variations in crime and justice exist, our knowledge on the sources and consequences of this linkage is incomplete. In part this is because the categories of race and ethnicity are evolving. Also, some of the racial and ethnic categories reported by criminal justice agencies are limited or require refinement. For example, some agencies do not always use the same racial and ethnic categories, particularly with respect to Latinos/Hispanics, and code victims or offenders as either white or black. Nevertheless, although current knowledge is limited, there is still a large body of research on the relationships among race, ethnicity, crime, and justice. Criminologists tend to favor examining the impact of racial or ethnic composition, net of other social and economic factors, on violent crimes such as homicide across cities, or they will examine racial- or ethnic-specific outcomes across communities. Some social scientists also examine the effects of race and ethnicity by examining the relationship between the police and racial and ethnic minorities, or perhaps variations in sentencing and incarceration in prisons, jails, and halfway houses. However one chooses to examine race, ethnicity, crime, and justice, there are considerable racial and ethnic disparities concerning this topic across the United States.

scholarly journals Delinquency and Default in USA Student Debt as a Proportional Response to Unemployment and Average Debt per Borrower

Economies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
José Alberto Fuinhas ◽  
Victor Moutinho ◽  
Estefano Silva
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Binomial Model ◽  
Student Debt ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Specification Tests ◽  
Relevant Variable ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Census

We research the response of the proportion of student borrowers with ninety or more days of delinquency or in default to variables such as unemployment and the average debt per borrower after the financial crisis of 2007–2008, in the United States, using panel data of 50 states from 2008 to 2015. The proportion of borrowers with delinquency or default was modelled as a function of unemployment, the average debt per borrower, consumer sentiment, and financial stress, using a logit and probit binomial model. The specification tests support that no relevant variable was omitted. Unemployment and the average debt per borrower are statistically significant and contribute to increasing delinquency or default in the 50 states of the panel sample. The results also reveal a differential impact of unemployment among the four regions considered by the US Census Bureau.

scholarly journals Population Age-Ineligible for COVID-19 Vaccine in the United States: Implications for State, County, and Race/Ethnicity Vaccination Targets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B. Pathak ◽  
Janelle Menard ◽  
Rebecca Garcia
Keyword(s):  
American Indians ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Us Census ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACTBackgroundWe examined the geographic and racial/ethnic distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine age-ineligible population (0-15 years old) in the U.S., and calculated the proportion of the age-eligible population that will need to be vaccinated in a given geo-demographic group in order to achieve either 60% or 75% vaccine coverage for that population as a whole.MethodsUS Census Bureau population estimates for 2019 were used to calculate the percent vaccine ineligible and related measures for counties, states, and the nation as a whole. Vaccination targets for the 30 largest counties by population were calculated. Study measures were calculated for racial/ethnic populations at the national (n=7) and state (n=6) levels.ResultsPercent of population ineligible for vaccine varied widely both geographically and by race/ethnicity. State values ranged from 15.8% in Vermont to 25.7% in Utah, while percent ineligible of the major racial/ethnic groups was 16.4% of non-Hispanic whites, 21.6% of non-Hispanic Blacks, and 27.5% of Hispanics. Achievement of total population vaccine coverage of at least 75% will require vaccinating more than 90% of the population aged 16 years and older in 29 out of 30 of the largest counties in the U.S.ConclusionsThe vaccine-ineligibility of most children for the next 1-2 years, coupled with reported pervasive vaccine hesitancy among adults, especially women and most minorities, means that achievement of adequate levels of vaccine coverage will be very difficult for many vulnerable geographic areas and for several racial/ethnic minority groups, particularly Hispanics, Blacks, and American Indians.

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