Lymphatic System and Lymph Nodes

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Akheel Mohammad ◽  
Ashmi Wadhwania
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphatic System

Scanning electron microscopy of freeze-fractured prescapular lymph node of caprine

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 244-245
Author(s):  
O. Faroon ◽  
F. Al-Bagdadi ◽  
T. G. Snider ◽  
C. Titkemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Cellular Constituent ◽  
Scanning Electron

The lymphatic system is very important in the immunological activities of the body. Clinicians confirm the diagnosis of infectious diseases by palpating the involved cutaneous lymph node for changes in size, heat, and consistency. Clinical pathologists diagnose systemic diseases through biopsies of superficial lymph nodes. In many parts of the world the goat is considered as an important source of milk and meat products.The lymphatic system has been studied extensively. These studies lack precise information on the natural morphology of the lymph nodes and their vascular and cellular constituent. This is due to using improper technique for such studies. A few studies used the SEM, conducted by cutting the lymph node with a blade. The morphological data collected by this method are artificial and do not reflect the normal three dimensional surface of the examined area of the lymph node. SEM has been used to study the lymph vessels and lymph nodes of different animals. No information on the cutaneous lymph nodes of the goat has ever been collected using the scanning electron microscope.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF PREDNISOLONE AND ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE (ACTH) ON LYMPHATIC LUNG CLEARANCE AND ON EXPERIMENTAL SILICOSIS

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-337
Author(s):  
Carl-Johan Göthe
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lung Weight ◽  
Lung Clearance ◽  
Dust Transport ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Quartz Dust ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT The effect of three doses of prednisolone and ACTH respectively on the weight of the body, the lungs and the hilar lymph nodes was studied on rats killed one month after the intratracheal (i.t.) injection of 50 mg of fine-particulate quartz. The prednisolone was administered via the drinking water, and the ACTH was injected intraperitoneally during the period between the i.t. injection of quartz dust and the killing of the animals. Prednisolone causes the rats to become cachectic and reduces the weight of the hilar lymph nodes. It also retards the transport of quartz dust from the lungs via the lymphatics. All these effects increase with increasing doses of prednisolone. However, its effect on the lung weight is insignificant. ACTH does not affect the body weight, but retards the weight increase of the lungs and the hilar lymph nodes. These effects increase with increasing doses of ACTH, and seem to be connected with an ability of ACTH to promote the clearance of quartz dust from the lungs and hilar lymph nodes. The method used, however, does not make it possible to differentiate quantitatively between any ACTH effects on the bronchogenie and lymphatic lung-clearance mechanisms. Available data, however, indicate that the stimulation of the dust transport from the lungs and hilar lymph nodes is, at least to some extent, related to the lymphatic system.

Infrared fluorescence lymphography in experimental and clinical practice

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. V. Papayan ◽  
A. L. Akopov ◽  
P. A. Antonyan ◽  
A. A. Ilin ◽  
N. N. Petrishchev
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Peritumoral Injection ◽  
Intradermal Administration ◽  
Nir Fluorescence ◽  
Real Time Visualization

Introduction. Near infrared (NIR) fluorescent diagnostics is promising due to a deeper penetration into biological tissues. Material and methods. In experiments on rabbits and in clinical studies evaluation the lymphatic system with the use of the instrument complex FLUM-808 was analysed. Results. For visualization of the lymphatic vessels of the skin, the intradermal administration of ICG, dissolved in 20 % albumin in the order of 0.02 mg/ml, is optimal. Peritumoral injection of ICG allows visualizing sentinel lymph nodes in patients with lung cancer. Conclusions. The developed NIR fluorescence diagnostic system FLUM-808 allows to real time visualization of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.

scholarly journals Investigating the Lymphatic System by Dual-Color Elemental Mass Spectrometry Imaging

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ann-Christin Niehoff ◽  
Tim Klasen ◽  
Rebecca Schmidt ◽  
Daniel Palmes ◽  
Cornelius Faber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Contrast Agents ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Imaging ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Lymphatic Flow ◽  
Secondary Lymphedema ◽  
Inductively Coupled

Secondary lymphedema accompanied with strong restrictions in quality of life is still major side effects in cancer therapy. Therefore, dedicated diagnostic tools and further investigation of the lymphatic system are crucial to improve lymphedema therapy. In this pilot study, a method for quantitative analysis of the lymphatic system in a rat model by laser ablation (LA) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry imaging (ICP-MSI) is presented. As a possible lymph marker, thulium(III)(1R,4R,7R,10R)-α,α′,α′′,α′′′-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate (Tm-DOTMA) is introduced and compared to the clinically used magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent gadolinium(III)2,2′,2′′-(10-((2R,3S)-1,3,4-trihydroxybutan-2-yl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triyl)triacetate (Gd-DO3A-butrol). Gadobutrol functioned as standard contrast media in MRI lymphangiography to detect lymphatic flow qualitatively. Thus, Tm-DOTMA was investigated as lymphatic marker to detect lymphatic flow quantitatively. Both contrast agents were successfully used to visualize the lymphatic flow in successive lymph nodes in LA-ICP-MS due to lower limits of detection compared to MRI. Furthermore, the distribution of contrast agents by multicolored imaging showed accumulation in specific areas (sectors) of the lymph nodes after application of contrast agents in different areas.

Lymphangiogenesis in development and disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (08) ◽  
pp. 304-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruediger Liersch ◽  
Michael Detmar
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Transplant Rejection ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Lipid Uptake ◽  
Molecular Control

SummaryThe lymphatic vascular system plays an important role in the maintenance of fluid homeostasis, in the afferent immune response, in the intestinal lipid uptake and in the metastatic spread of malignant cells. The recent discovery of specific markers and growth factors for lymphatic endothelium and the establishment of genetic mouse models with impairment of lymphatic function have provided novel insights into the molecular control of the lymphatic system in physiology and in embryonic development. They have also identified molecular pathways whose mutational inactivation leads to human diseases associated with lymphedema. Moreover, the lymphatic system plays a major role in chronic inflammatory diseases and in transplant rejection. Importantly, malignant tumors can directly promote lymphangiogenesis within the primary tumor and in draining lymph nodes, leading to enhanced cancer metastasis to lymph nodes and beyond. Based upon these findings, novel therapeutic strategies are currently being developed that aim at inhibiting or promoting the formation and function of lymphatic vessels in disease.

scholarly journals Lymphatic Targeting of Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Nucleosides: Pharmacokinetics of G′-Deoxy-2′,3′-Didehydrothymidine after Intravenous and Oral Administration of Dipalmitoylphosphatidyl Prodrug to Mice

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
KK Manouilov ◽  
Z-S Xu ◽  
LS Manouilova ◽  
FD Boudinot ◽  
RF Schinazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Extended Release ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Equimolar Dose ◽  
Lipophilic Prodrug ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Intravenous And Oral Administration ◽  
Therapy Strategies

The lymphatic system is a primary target for early anti-human immunodeficiency virus drug therapy. Strategies are currently being sought to enhance the delivery of nucleoside analogues such as 3′-deoxy-2′,3′-didehydrothymidine (stavudine; d4T) toward the lymph and lymph nodes. The purpose of this study was to synthesize dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-d4T (DPP-d4T) as a lipophilic prodrug of d4T and to evaluate the lymphatic distribution of d4T following administration of d4T and DPP-d4T to mice. The pharmacokinetics of d4T were characterized following administration of a single intravenous or oral dose of 50 mg kg−1 d4T and an equimolar dose (214 mg kg−1) of DPP-d4T. Concentrations of d4T in serum and lymph nodes were determined by HPLC. Following administration of d4T, the distribution of d4T into lymph nodes was rapid with maximum concentrations observed within 5 min after dosing. The AUC and half-life values of d4T in three groups of lymph nodes were similar to those in serum. Administration of DPP-d4T resulted in significantly lower concentrations of d4T in serum and lymph nodes. Approximately 67% of the intravenously administered DPP-d4T was biotransformed to parent compound. The apparent oral bioavailability of DPP-d4T was low. While the phospholipid prodrug did not increase d4T concentrations in the lymph nodes, it did provide an extended release of the parent nucleoside, resulting in sustained concentrations of d4T.

scholarly journals Paclitaxel induces lymphatic endothelial cells autophagy to promote metastasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Zamora ◽  
Melinda Alves ◽  
Charlotte Chollet ◽  
Nicole Therville ◽  
Tiffany Fougeray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Locally Advanced Breast Cancer ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Sentinel Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Lymphatic Endothelium ◽  
Primary Tumors

AbstractCytotoxic therapy for breast cancer inhibits the growth of primary tumors, but promotes metastasis to the sentinel lymph nodes through the lymphatic system. However, the effect of first-line chemotherapy on the lymphatic endothelium has been poorly investigated. In this study, we determined that paclitaxel, the anti-cancer drug approved for the treatment of metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer, induces lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) autophagy to increase metastases. While paclitaxel treatment was largely efficacious in inhibiting LEC adhesion, it had no effect on cell survival. Paclitaxel inhibited LEC migration and branch point formation by inducing an autophagy mechanism independent of Akt phosphorylation. In vivo, paclitaxel mediated a higher permeability of lymphatic endothelium to tumor cells and this effect was reversed by chloroquine, an autophagy-lysosome inhibitor. Despite a strong effect on reducing tumor size, paclitaxel significantly increased metastasis to the sentinel lymph nodes. This effect was restricted to a lymphatic dissemination, as chemotherapy did not affect the blood endothelium. Taken together, our findings suggest that the lymphatic system resists to chemotherapy through an autophagy mechanism to promote malignant progression and metastatic lesions. This study paves the way for new combinative therapies aimed at reducing the number of metastases.

scholarly journals Melatonin Treatment Enhances Aβ Lymphatic Clearance in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Amyloidosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 637-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Pappolla ◽  
E. Matsubara ◽  
R. Vidal ◽  
J. Pacheco-Quinto ◽  
B. Poeggeler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Transgenic Mouse ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Transgenic Mouse Model ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Prior Report ◽  
Aβ Aggregation ◽  
Aβ Clearance ◽  
The Brain

Background: It has been postulated that inadequate clearance of the amyloid β protein (Aβ) plays an important role in the accumulation of Aβ in sporadic late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). While the blood brain barrier (BBB) has taken the center stage in processes involving Aβ clearance, little information is available about the role of the lymphatic system. We previously reported that Aβ is cleared through the lymphatic system. We now assessed lymphatic Aβ clearance by treating a mouse model of AD amyloidosis with melatonin, an Aβ aggregation inhibitor and immuno-regulatory neurohormone. Objective: To confirm and expand our initial finding that Aβ is cleared through the lymphatic system. Lymphatic clearance of metabolic and cellular “waste” products from the brain into the peripheral lymphatic system has been known for a long time. However, except for our prior report, there is no additional experimental data published about Aβ being cleared into peripheral lymph nodes. Methods: For these experiments, we used a transgenic mouse model (Tg2576) that over-expresses a mutant form of the Aβ precursor protein (APP) in the brain. We examined levels of Aβ in plasma and in lymph nodes of transgenic mice as surrogate markers of vascular and lymphatic clearance, respectively. Aβ levels were also measured in the brain and in multiple tissues. Results: Clearance of Aβ peptides through the lymphatic system was confirmed in this study. Treatment with melatonin led to the following changes: 1-A statistically significant increase in soluble monomeric Aβ40 and an increasing trend in Aβ42 in cervical and axillary lymph nodes of treated mice. 2- Statistically significant decreases in oligomeric Aβ40 and a decreasing trend Aβ42 in the brain. Conclusion: The data expands on our prior report that the lymphatic system participates in Aβ clearance from the brain. We propose that abnormalities in Aβ clearance through the lymphatic system may contribute to the development of cerebral amyloidosis. Melatonin and related indole molecules (i.e., indole- 3-propionic acid) are known to inhibit Aβ aggregation although they do not reverse aggregated Aβ or amyloid fibrils. Therefore, these substances should be further explored in prevention trials for delaying the onset of cognitive impairment in high risk populations.

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