Contemporary references to antiquity in political life and publicism are not free from abuses as far as the significance of important philosophical concepts is concerned. One of the reasons is the significant discontinuance of the tradition, for the most part caused by revolutions and the both world wars. In the current situation it is necessary to bring back to memory the crucial texts of the European culture, such as Aristotle's Politics. The present paper contains an outline of the essential contents of the work, concerning the notion of polis, its genesis, the reasons for its existence and the relation between a citizen and his political community, i.e. his rights and duties, as well as privileges in some peculiar situations, in which only an exclusive group can enjoy their civil rights. With the view better understanding, The outline places philosophical reflections on the background of substantial historical events helpful in their better understanding. Essential from the philosophical point of view is the concept of nature and of what is most closely associated with it. The natural environment of man is primarily the family, subsequently a larger human community which tends to develop to the state organism.