scholarly journals Sustained Alterations of Hypothalamic Tanycytes During Posttraumatic Hypopituitarism in Male Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (5) ◽  
pp. 1887-1898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Osterstock ◽  
Taoufik El Yandouzi ◽  
Nicola Romanò ◽  
Danielle Carmignac ◽  
Fanny Langlet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Fluorescent Dextran

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of hypopituitarism, which compromises patients' recovery, quality of life, and life span. To date, there are no means other than standardized animal studies to provide insights into the mechanisms of posttraumatic hypopituitarism. We have found that GH levels were impaired after inducing a controlled cortical impact (CCI) in mice. Furthermore, GHRH stimulation enhanced GH to lower level in injured than in control or sham mice. Because many characteristics were unchanged in the pituitary glands of CCI mice, we looked for changes at the hypothalamic level. Hypertrophied astrocytes were seen both within the arcuate nucleus and the median eminence, two pivotal structures of the GH axis, spatially remote to the injury site. In the arcuate nucleus, GHRH neurons were unaltered. In the median eminence, injured mice exhibited unexpected alterations. First, the distributions of claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 between tanycytes were disorganized, suggesting tight junction disruptions. Second, endogenous IgG was increased in the vicinity of the third ventricle, suggesting abnormal barrier properties after CCI. Third, intracerebroventricular injection of a fluorescent-dextran derivative highly stained the hypothalamic parenchyma only after CCI, demonstrating an increased permeability of the third ventricle edges. This alteration of the third ventricle might jeopardize the communication between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. In conclusion, the phenotype of CCI mice had similarities to the posttraumatic hypopituitarism seen in humans with intact pituitary gland and pituitary stalk. It is the first report of a pathological status in which tanycyte dysfunctions appear as a major acquired syndrome.

scholarly journals Role of the Ventricular System in Neuroendocrine Processes: Synthesis and Distribution of Thyrotropin Releasing Factor (TRF) in the Hypothalamus and Third Ventricle

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M. Knigge ◽  
S.A. Joseph ◽  
D. Schock ◽  
A.J. Silverman ◽  
M.C.H. Ching ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hypothalamic Tissue ◽  
In Vitro Biosynthesis

SUMMARYIn vitro biosynthesis of thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF) by different regions of the hypothalamus of mink was examined. Homogenates of hypothalamic tissue were incubated in Krebs-Ringer medium containing 200 mg% glucose, 10-5M ATP, 0.1 mM histidine and glutamic acid and 0.15 μ c 3H-proline (40 Cilmmol) per mg. tissue. Extraction, purification and estimation of 3H-TRF biosynthesis involved several steps of charcoal extraction, carboxymethylcellulose and sephadex chromatography. 3H-TRF was synthesized throughout the entire antero-posterior extent of the hypothalamus in its dorsal and medial portions. 3H-TRF was synthesized also in a more discreet region, the arcuate nucleus. In vitro biosynthesis of 3H-TRF was stimulated significantly by thyroxine, but not by TSH, estradiol, corticosterone or melatonin. A method is described for collection of cerebrospinal fluid of the third ventricle of the rat brain; TRF concentration in this fluid was approximately in normal animals.The distribution of TRF-producing cells in the hypothalamus and presence of TRF in cerebrospinal fluid of the third ventricle is discussed with respect to the hypothesis that this releasing factor may be delivered to the median eminence and adenohypophysis in part, via the cerebrospinal fluid.

General concepts of hypothalamus-pituitary anatomy

2011 ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Ignacio Bernabeu ◽  
Monica Marazuela ◽  
Felipe F. Casanueva
Keyword(s):  
Median Eminence ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Optic Chiasm ◽  
Perivascular Space ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
The Third ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Central Grey Matter ◽  
Imaginary Line ◽  
The Brain

The hypothalamus is the part of the diencephalon associated with visceral, autonomic, endocrine, affective, and emotional behaviour. It lies in the walls of the third ventricle, separated from the thalamus by the hypothalamic sulcus. The rostral boundary of the hypothalamus is roughly defined as a line through the optic chiasm, lamina terminalis, and anterior commissure, and an imaginary line extending from the posterior commissure to the caudal limit of the mamillary body represents the caudal boundary. Externally, the hypothalamus is bounded rostrally by the optic chiasm, laterally by the optic tract, and posteriorly by the mamillary bodies. Dorsolaterally, the hypothalamus extends to the medial edge of the internal capsule (Fig. 2.1.1) (1). The complicated anatomy of this area of the central nervous system (CNS) is the reason why, for a long time, little was known about its anatomical organization and functional significance. Even though the anatomy of the hypothalamus is well established it does not form a well-circumscribed region. On the contrary, it is continuous with the surrounding parts of the CNS: rostrally, with the septal area of the telencephalon and anterior perforating substance; anterolaterally with the substantia innominata; and caudally with the central grey matter and the tegmentum of the mesencephalon. The ventral portion of the hypothalamus and the third ventricular recess form the infundibulum, which represents the most proximal part of the neurohypophysis. A bulging region posterior to the infundibulum is the tuber cinereum, and the zone that forms the floor of the third ventricle is called the median eminence. The median eminence represents the final point of convergence of pathways from the CNS on the peripheral endocrine system and it is supplied by primary capillaries of the hypophyseal portal vessels. The median eminence is the anatomical interface between the brain and the anterior pituitary. Ependymal cells lining the floor of the third ventricle have processes that traverse the width of the median eminence and terminate near the portal perivascular space; these cells, called tanycytes, provide a structural and functional link between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the perivascular space of the pituitary portal vessels. The conspicuous landmarks of the ventral surface of the brain can be used to divide the hypothalamus into three parts: anterior (preoptic and supraoptic regions), middle (tuberal region), and caudal (mamillary region). Each half of the hypothalamus is also divided into a medial and lateral zone. The medial zone contains the so-called cell-rich areas with well-defined nuclei. The scattered cells of the lateral hypothalamic area have long overlapping dendrites, similar to the cells of the reticular formation. Some of these neurons send axons directly to the cerebral cortex and others project down into the brainstem and spinal cord.

scholarly journals Extended Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of a Suprasellar and Third Ventricular Retrochiasmatic Craniopharyngioma with a Narrow Pituitary Gland–Optic Chiasm Interval: Techniques to Optimize Resection

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (S 03) ◽  
pp. S252-S253
Author(s):  
Tyler Kenning ◽  
Carlos Pinheiro-Neto
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Mass Effect ◽  
Optic Chiasm ◽  
Endoscopic Endonasal Approach ◽  
Endonasal Approach ◽  
Posterior Aspect ◽  
Endoscopic Endonasal ◽  
The Third ◽  
Extended Endoscopic Approach

AbstractThe extended endoscopic endonasal approach can be utilized to surgically treat pathology within the suprasellar space. This relies on a sufficient corridor and interval between the superior aspect of the pituitary gland and the optic chiasm. Tumors located in the retrochiasmatic space and within the third ventricle, however, may not have a widened interval through which to work. With mass effect on the superior and posterior aspect of the optic chiasm, the corridor between the chiasm and the pituitary gland might even be further narrowed. This may negate the possibility of utilizing the endoscopic endonasal approach for the management of pathology in this location. We present a case of a retrochiasmatic craniopharyngioma with a narrow resection corridor that was treated with the extended endoscopic approach and we review techniques to potentially overcome this limitation.The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/ogRZj-aBqeQ.

scholarly journals The secretion of inorganic phosphate by the kidney.—II. Influence of the pituitary gland and of the wall of the third ventricle

1925 ◽  
Vol 99 (694) ◽  
pp. 70-91 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Separate Study ◽  
The Third ◽  
Phosphate Excretion

In previous experiments on the diuretic properties of calcium and potassium ions (1), we tried the effect of removing various organs from the whole animal, in order to investigate whether they exert some influence on the secretory functions of the kidney. We were struck by the fact that after removal of the pituitary body, the kidney may lose in the following few hours its power of secreting inorganic phosphorus. Since in those experiments inorganic salts, which may have an influence on P secretion, were injected, we started a separate study of the action of the pituitary on phosphate excretion.

Neurological and neuropsychological outcome after resection of craniopharyngiomas

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 1425-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Giese ◽  
Benjamin Haenig ◽  
Anna Haenig ◽  
Andreas Unterberg ◽  
Klaus Zweckberger
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Neuropsychological Deficits ◽  
Benign Tumors ◽  
Pituitary Insufficiency ◽  
Neuropsychological Outcome ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sf 36

OBJECTIVECraniopharyngiomas are rare and benign tumors of the sellar and/or parasellar region. Primary treatment involves resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. While the grade of resection was frequently analyzed following surgery, the neurological outcome and especially neuropsychological deficits and quality of life have been neglected for many decades. Therefore, the authors retrospectively analyzed their patient series and prospectively assessed neuropsychological outcome and quality of life following resection of craniopharyngiomas in adults.METHODSIn total, 71 patients (39 men and 32 women) with a mean age of 49 years were enrolled in the retrospective analysis. In addition, 36 of the 71 patients were included in the prospective arm of the study and underwent neurological and neuropsychological testing as well as quality of life (36-Item Short-Form Health Survey; SF-36) assessment. Factors influencing outcome were identified and correlations calculated.RESULTSResection was performed mostly using a pterional (41.6%, 47/113 surgical procedures) or bifrontal translamina terminalis (30.1%, 34/113 surgical procedures) approach. Following surgery, visual acuity was significantly improved (> 0.2 diopters) in 32.4% (23/71) of patients, or remained stable in 45.1% (32/71) of patients. During long-term follow up, 80.3% (57/71) of patients developed pituitary insufficiency, particularly involving the corticotropic and thyrotrophic axes. In total, 75% (27/36) of patients showed neuropsychological deviations in at least 1 test item. In particular, attentiveness, cognitive speed, and short-term memory were affected. Referring to the SF-36 score, quality of life was affected in both the mental and physical score in 19.4% (7/36) and 33.3% (12/36), respectively. The risk factors that were identified were a tumor volume larger than 9 cm3, tumor extension toward/into the third ventricle or the brainstem, and resection using a bifrontal translamina terminalis or left-sided approach.CONCLUSIONSThis study demonstrated that resection of craniopharyngiomas is frequently associated with postoperative neuropsychological deficits and hence an impaired quality of life. In addition to tumor size and extension toward/into the third ventricle or the brainstem, selection of the surgical approach may play a crucial role in the patient’s neuropsychological outcome and quality of life.

LOCALIZATION AND CONTENT OF THYROTROPHIN RELEASING FACTOR (TRF) IN MEDIAN EMINENCE OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley Anne Joseph ◽  
David E. Scott ◽  
Sharon S. Vaala ◽  
Karl M. Knigge ◽  
Gerda Krobisch-Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Rat Plasma ◽  
Pituitary Glands

ABSTRACT An in vitro assay for thyrotrophin releasing factor (TRF) is described which is based upon release of TSH from hemi-pituitary glands of normal rats. Pre-incubation of the pituitary gland in rat plasma results in considerable increase in sensitivity to approximately 35 pg of TRF. The content of TRF in median eminence of the hypothalamus of normal rats is estimated to be in the range of 102–140 pg. When median eminence is incubated in vitro with 3H-TRF or when radiolabelled hormone is infused intraventricularly, autoradiographic evidence indicates that the hormone is present in specialized ependyma (tanycytes) of the median eminence.

scholarly journals Improved visualization of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone pathways by immunocytochemical staining of thick vibratome sections.

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
B J Burchanowski ◽  
L A Sternberger
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Anterior Commissure ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Immunocytochemical Staining ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone ◽  
Bed Nucleus ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Third ◽  
Diagonal Band

Using 100-micron thick Vibratome sections and a modification of the peroxidase--antiperoxidase method of immunocytochemical staining we achieve a Golgi-like image of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) cells and fibers in mouse brain. Five LHRH pathways are described: 1) A dense projection of fibers from LHRH cells in the medial preoptic and septal areas to the wall of the third ventricle; 2) a projection of fibers from neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the nucleus of the anterior commissure to the subfornical organ; 3) projections of fibers from neurons in the medial septal nucleus and the diagonal band of Broca to the olfactory bulb; 4) fibers which travel within or just lateral to the wall of the third ventricle from the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis to the median eminence; 5) cells and fibers located just dorsal to the optic tracts which project rostrally to the preoptic area and caudally to the level of the median eminence where they course medially to converge and enter the median eminence.

scholarly journals Leptin in the hindbrain facilitates phosphorylation of STAT3 in the hypothalamus

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (5) ◽  
pp. E351-E361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavna N. Desai ◽  
Ruth B. S. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Ventromedial Hypothalamus ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Brain Nuclei ◽  
Dorsomedial Hypothalamus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Integrated Response

Leptin receptors (ObRs) in the forebrain and hindbrain have been independently recognized as important mediators of leptin responses. We recently used low-dose leptin infusions to show that chronic activation of both hypothalamic and hindbrain ObRs is required to reduce body fat. The objective of the present study was to identify the brain nuclei that are selectively activated in rats that received chronic infusion of leptin in both the forebrain and hindbrain. Either saline or leptin was infused into third and fourth ventricles (0.1 μg/24 h in the third ventricle and 0.6 μg/24 h in the fourth ventricle) of male Sprague-Dawley rats for 6 days using Alzet pumps. Rats infused with leptin into both ventricles (LL rats) showed a significant increase in phosphorylated (p)STAT3 immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, and posterior hypothalamus compared with other groups. No differences in pSTAT3 immunoreactivity were observed in midbrain or hindbrain nuclei despite a sixfold higher infusion of leptin into the fourth ventricle than the third ventricle. ΔFosB immunoreactivity, a marker of chronic neuronal activation, showed that multiple brain nuclei were chronically activated due to the process of infusion, but only the arcuate nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, and ventral tuberomamillary nucleus showed a significant increase in LL rats compared with other groups. These data demonstrate that low-dose leptin in the hindbrain increases pSTAT3 in areas of the hypothalamus known to respond to leptin, supporting the hypothesis that leptin-induced weight loss requires an integrated response from both the hindbrain and forebrain.

scholarly journals Treatment of BRAF V600E mutated ganglioglioma of the third ventricle with dabrafenib

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 529
Author(s):  
Ethan John Kilmister ◽  
Bridget Robinson ◽  
Claudio De Tommasi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Endoscopic Biopsy ◽  
Braf V600e ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Case Description ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Third

Background: Ganglioglioma (GG) of the third ventricle is rare. Surgical excision of tumors in this location is associated with high morbidity due to nearby eloquent brain centers. Alternative treatments, when available, should be considered to reduce risks of surgical treatment. Case Description: We present the case of a 21-year-old female diagnosed with a BRAF V600E mutated GG of the third ventricle. After an endoscopic biopsy and insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, the patient was started on the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib, as an alternative to surgery or radiation. Nearly 2 years after starting dabrafenib, her tumor appearance on serial magnetic resonance imaging is stable, and she has maintained a good quality of life with no new neurological symptoms. Conclusion: The disease control thus far suggests targeted medical therapy of GG of the third ventricle with BRAF inhibitors may have efficacy and should be a considered treatment modality.

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