scholarly journals Prevalence of MRI abnormalities in people with epilepsy in rural China

Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. e1236-e1243
Author(s):  
Indran Davagnanam ◽  
Zhibin Chen ◽  
Chandrashekar Hoskote ◽  
Ding Ding ◽  
Bin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Epileptogenic Lesion ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Active Epilepsy

ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of brain MRI abnormalities in people with epilepsy in rural China and to compare it with that of individuals in the United Kingdom.MethodsBrain MRI scans were obtained in people with epilepsy who participated in a rural community-based program in China between July 2010 and December 2012. Individual epileptogenic lesion types were reviewed and their associations with seizure control examined. The MRI findings were compared with 2 previous similar studies in the United Kingdom.ResultsAmong the 597 individuals (58% male, median age 38 years) with MRI scans analyzed, 488 (82%) had active epilepsy. The MRI was abnormal in 389 individuals (65%), with potentially epileptogenic lesion in 224 (38%) and nonspecific abnormalities in 165 (28%), and 108 (18%) were potentially resectable. The potentially epileptogenic lesions were less frequently detected in children (<18 years old, 12 of 68, 18%) than in adults (212 of 529, 40%; p < 0.001). In people with potentially epileptogenic lesions, 67% (150 of 224) had failed ≥2 antiseizure medications. They had higher risk of uncontrolled epilepsy than those with normal MRI (risk ratio [RR] 1.25; p < 0.001) and those with nonspecific abnormality (RR 1.15; p = 0.002) after adjustment for age and sex. The diagnostic yield of MRI was similar to that reported in community- and hospital-based studies in the United Kingdom.ConclusionsMore than one-third of people with chronic epilepsy in rural China have potentially epileptogenic lesions identifiable on brain MRI, with two-thirds fulfilling the definition of pharmacoresistance. These findings highlight the magnitude of the unmet needs for epilepsy surgery in China.

Wheat offals: their grading, composition and digestibility

1923 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Ernest Woodman
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
National Association ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Definition Of

In 1913 the National Association of Millers was invited by the Board of Agriculture to formulate a definition of the term “Millers' Offals.” After some discussion the Association forwarded the following resolution: “That millers' offals, or wheaten offals sold as such, are the products of wheat and of the vegetable substances extracted from the wheats of commerce in the process of cleaning; but the proportion of such extraneous matter shall not exceed the percentage found in the wheats imported into the United Kingdom.”

19. Breach of confidence: Trade secrets and private information

2019 ◽  
pp. 483-512
Author(s):  
Stavroula Karapapa ◽  
Luke McDonagh
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Trade Secrets ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

This chapter studies breach of confidence. In the United Kingdom, the area of breach of confidence has traditionally been used to protect ideas and information, including trade secrets. The doctrine of breach of confidence is judge-made law, rooted in equitable principles. In consequence, it has developed in a piecemeal, and sometimes contradictory fashion, so that the rationale for the action has not always been clear. Nevertheless, the law of confidence is broad enough in the United Kingdom to encompass: the common definition of a trade secret (commercial, usually technical information); personal, private information which may also have a commercial value (including information which may be protected under the right to privacy under Art. 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)); and information protected by the state. The chapter then looks at the role of trade secrets in intellectual property law and considers the EU Trade Secrets Directive.

scholarly journals Stakeholder-informed considerations for a food poverty definition

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Beacom ◽  
Sinéad Furey ◽  
Lynsey Elizabeth Hollywood ◽  
Paul Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Food Bank ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Context Data ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeA number of food poverty definitions have been identified by academics and various government organisations globally; however, there exists no government-endorsed definition of food poverty in the United Kingdom (UK), and there remains a gap regarding how relevant current food poverty definitions are in the Northern Ireland (NI)/UK contexts.Design/methodology/approachInterviews (n = 19) with a range of stakeholders (e.g. policymakers, politicians, community advice centre workers, consumer sub-group representatives, food bank and food redistribution organisation representatives) were conducted to examine (1) the usefulness of a food poverty definition, (2) what a food poverty definition should include and (3) the applicability of an existing definition (Radimer et al., 1992) in the NI/UK context. Data was thematically analysed using QSR NVivo (v.12).FindingsDefinition was considered important to increase awareness and understanding. Any consideration of revising the Radimer et al. (1992) definition, or of establishing a new standardised definition, should seek to reduce/remove ambiguity and subjectivity of terminology used (i.e. more clearly defining what the terms “adequate”, “sufficient”, “quality” and “socially acceptable ways” mean in this context).Practical implicationsThis research emphasises the importance of appropriately conceptually defining social phenomena such as food poverty, as a first step to constructing and reviewing measurement approaches and ultimately assessing predictors and recommending solutions.Originality/valueThis research addresses the gap relating to stakeholders’ opinion on food poverty definition and contributes recommendations for modifying the Radimer et al. (1992) definition in the NI/UK and present-day contexts.

A Comparison of Civil Liability for Defective Products in the United Kingdom and Germany

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Best
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
Product Liability ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Development Risks ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Domestic Law

The Product Liability Directive of 1985 (85/374/EEC) (“the Directive”), which sought to harmonise a strict liability regime for defective products across the European Union, has now been implemented into domestic law by all EU member states. In some countries the implementing legislation has been in force for more than 10 years. Nevertheless, until recently, there were few decided cases, both in the United Kingdom and across Europe generally, considering in detail the often critical provisions of articles 6 (definition of defectiveness) and 7(e) (the development risks defence).

Mela in the UK: A ‘travelled and habituated’ festival

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh Kaushal ◽  
Chris Newbold
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Rural Culture ◽  
Event Management ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
The Core ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Religious Festivals ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk

Mela in the United Kingdom has become, in its short thirty year history, one of the most popular forms of festival entertainment. The word ‘mela’ itself, is based on the Sanskrit, meaning a community gathering or meeting, and in its many forms mela in the UK has remained true to this broad sense of people, families and communities congregating together in an atmosphere of festivity. At its roots, mela in the UK has evolved out of South Asian religious rites and rituals, and can also be seen to be built on South Asian folk and rural culture and traditions. However, at the core of the definition of mela is the notion of a gathering. This is most appropriate here in that it does not necessarily refer to any mono-cultural or religious focus, and is important when we observe how mela has ‘travelled’ and become ‘habituated’ in the UK. Carnegie and Smith (2006) identify Edinburgh Mela as having travelled but in this chapter, whilst recognising the travelled nature of mela that they refer to, we indicate that it is the habituated nature of mela that more clearly identifies its nature and existence in the UK. Therefore, this chapter will document that, after 25 to 30 years, mela in the UK can be seen to be adopting its own traditions and connotations. Moreover, by the very nature of the modern diverse British population, mela is now largely urbanised and many continue to reflect South Asian religious festivals, be they Boishakhi Melas (Brick Lane London), Holi Hai Melas (Oxford) or Eid Melas (Birmingham), but others have lost touch with these roots as the demands of festival and cultural event management and venue availability have led to other requirements taking priority. The focus of the research presented here is concerned with the manifestation of mela in the UK and, in particular, how it has adapted to the various town and city locations in which it is now a fundamental part of the cultural events calendar. The importance of mela in terms of economic impact and tourism may be one reason why mela is popular with local authorities.

Products in Maritime and Costal Tourism

2020 ◽  
pp. 187-203
Author(s):  
Francisco António dos Santos da Silva ◽  
Maria do Céu Almeida ◽  
Bárbara Pereira Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Adventure Tourism ◽  
Tourism Product ◽  
Tourist Experience ◽  
Tourism Activity ◽  
Analysis Of Cases ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Emotional Value

Coasteering is a recent nautical, nature, and adventure tourism activity with prospects for both services providers and regions of practice. In coastal settings with promising natural features, coasteering allows diversifying the supply of activities and experiences with large emotional value. Knowledge about this product, together with key aspects for structuring the tourist experience and its commercialization, are relevant to regions where coasteering can add value for both tourism and leisure. The main objectives of this chapter are to characterize coasteering and to analyze its potential as a tourism product. The analysis of cases in the United Kingdom and in Portugal supports the definition of proposals for the evaluation of this product in diverse coastal settings in these countries.

Design in Practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 161-195
Author(s):  
Michael Saward
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Citizen Engagement ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Challenge ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Illustrative Case Study ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter pulls together the different forms of rationale for the democratic design framework, and offers a detailed summary of its core components and their provenance. This summary includes a practical step-by-step guide to democratic design, from definition of the specific political challenge at hand to consideration of the life of specific democratic designs or models. The bulk of the chapter sets out an illustrative case study of the application of the framework and its guide, focused on democratic challenges and change in the United Kingdom in the light of the principles of equality, resources, citizen engagement, and citizen participation.

scholarly journals A large outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 associated with eggs from overseas

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stevens ◽  
C. Joseph ◽  
J. Bruce ◽  
D. Fenton ◽  
M. O'Mahony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Unusual Feature ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Definition Of

SUMMARYIn February 1989 the largest reported outbreak to date in the United Kingdom of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4) infection occurred following a wedding reception at a hotel. One hundred and seventy-three people met the case definition of illness of whom 118 had the organism isolated from their stools. A further 17 were found to be S. enteritidis PT4 positive, but were asymptomatic. Lightly-cooked, egg-based sauces were the epidemiologically proven vehicles of infection. Investigations showed this outbreak to be the first to implicate imported European eggs as the source of infection. An unusual feature of this outbreak was a reported incubation period of less than 3 h for some of the confirmed cases of salmonellosis.

The Need for a Constitution in the United Kingdom

1979 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-285
Author(s):  
Wilberforce
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Flexible Instrument ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

I was not surprised when, from several alternative subjects, you chose, as the title of my Lecture, the need for a Constitution in Britain. Those of us without a written constitution are indeed, a select club—New Zealand, Israel, the United Kingdom.I will start with a quotation from Lord Salmon. In a recent lecture, he said: In this country [U.K.] we have an unwritten constitution. I have always regarded this as a blessing and never agreed with the theoretical objections to it. It is superbly flexible and above all it has stood the test of time. It works—and works admirably. But I am beginning to wonder whether it might not be wise to evolve, not an elaborate written constitution but perhaps the equivalent of a modern Bill of Rights. A statute which should lay down our basic freedoms, provide for their preservation and enact that it could not be repealed save by, say, a 75% majority of both Houses of Parliament.One can recognize in this passage the views of an eminent common lawyer, believing in the strength and potentialities of the common law as a flexible instrument, in, of course, the right hands: of one who believes deeply in human freedom, and who is concerned about the threat to it: who desires an explicit definition of the basic liberties and who believes that these can be protected by a sufficiently strong, entrenched, legal system. In this he undoubtedly reflects the views of many people, probably of the majority of ordinary men.

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