Effectiveness of Cefotaxime in Gram-negative Meningitis

Abstract We treated 12 adult patients who had gram-negative bacillary meningitis with cefotaxime administered intravenously at a dose of 2 g every 4 hours. The etiological organisms included Haemophilus influenzae (3 cases), Serratia marcescens (3 cases), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3 cases), Escherichia coli (2 cases), and Enterobacter (1 case). The infection followed a neurosurgical procedure in 6 cases. The mean inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of cefotaxime for the isolates ranged from 0.125 to 0.25 ug/ml. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of cefotaxime ranged from 5.0 to 15.2 ug/ml, and the CSF bactericidal titers were 1:64 to 1:128. The CSF in all patients was sterilized within 96 hours. All 12 patients recovered, and there were no relapses.

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Postantibiotic Effect of Tigecycline against 14 Gram-Positive Organisms

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01122-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 782-784 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

G. A. Pankuch ◽

P. C. Appelbaum

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽

Enterobacter Cloacae ◽

Postantibiotic Effect ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Negative Organisms

ABSTRACT The in vitro postantibiotic effects (PAEs), postantibiotic sub-MIC effects (PA-SMEs), and sub-MIC effects of tigecycline were determined for 14 gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The pneumococcal, staphylococcal, and enterococcal PAEs were 1.9 to 5.1, 2.9 to 5.7, and 3.9 to 6.1 h, respectively, and those for Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Acinetobacter baumannii were 1.1 to 5.0, 1.9 to 2.1, 1.7 to 1.8, 1.0 to 1.7, and 0.7 to 3 h, respectively. The PA-SMEs (four times the MIC) ranged from 6.7 to >11 h for gram-positive organisms and from 2.3 to >11.3 h for gram-negative organisms.

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Evaluation of Ceftobiprole Activity against a Variety of Gram-Negative Pathogens, Including Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (β-Lactamase Positive and β-Lactamase Negative), and Klebsiella pneumoniae, in a Rabbit Meningitis Model

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01537-10 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 921-925 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A. Stucki ◽

M. Cottagnoud ◽

F. Acosta ◽

U. Egerman ◽

J. Läuffer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Animal Model ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Content Type ◽

Highly Active ◽

Clinical Pathogens

ABSTRACTCeftobiprole medocaril, a new cephalosporin, is highly active against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative clinical pathogens, including methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and penicillin-resistant pneumococci. In this study, we tested ceftobiprole against various Gram-negative pathogens in a rabbit meningitis model and determined its penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In this animal model, ceftobiprole produced an antibacterial activity similar to that of cefepime against anEscherichia colistrain, aKlebsiella pneumoniaestrain, and a β-lactamase-negativeHaemophilus influenzaestrain. Against a β-lactamase-positiveH. influenzaestrain, ceftobiprole was significantly superior. The penetration of ceftobiprole through inflamed meninges reached about 16% of serum levels compared to about 2% of serum levels through uninflamed meninges.

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Comparison of the Superpolymyxin and ChromID Colistin R Screening Media for the Detection of Colistin-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae from Spiked Rectal Swabs

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01618-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Delphine Girlich ◽

Thierry Naas ◽

Laurent Dortet

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Enterobacter Cloacae ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Content Type ◽

Rectal Swabs ◽

Stool Samples

ABSTRACT The dissemination of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) has led to the increased use of colistin, which has resulted in the emergence of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae worldwide. One of the most threatening scenarios is the dissemination of colistin resistance in CPE, particularly the plasmid-encoded resistance element MCR. Thus, it has now become mandatory to possess reliable media to screen for colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacterial isolates, especially Enterobacteriaceae. In this study, we evaluated the performances of the Superpolymyxin medium (ELITechGroup) and the ChromID Colistin R medium (bioMérieux) to screen for colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from spiked rectal swabs. Stool samples were spiked with a total of 94 enterobacterial isolates (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, Enterobacter cloacae), including 53 colistin-resistant isolates. ESwabs (Copan Diagnostics) were then inoculated with those spiked fecal suspensions, and culture proceeded as recommended by both manufacturers. The sensitivity of detection of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was 86.8% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 74.0% to 94.0%) using both the Superpolymyxin medium and the ChromID Colistin R plates. Surprisingly, the isolates that were not detected were not the same for both media. The specificities were high for both media, at 97.9% (95% CI = 87.3% to 99.9%) for the Superpolymyxin medium and 100% (95% CI = 90.4% to 100%) for the ChromID Colistin R medium. Both commercially available media, ChromID Colistin R and Superpolymyxin, provide useful tools to screen for colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from patient samples (rectal swabs) regardless of the level and mechanism of colistin resistance.

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PERFIL DE SENSIBILIDADE A ANTIMICROBIANOS POR COMPONENTES DA MICROBIOTA BACTERIANA ORAL E RETAL DE PRIMATAS NÃO HUMANOS

Ciência Animal Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1089-6891v20e-47632 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

Author(s):

Marcone Helmer Silva ◽

Hilma Lúcia Tavares Dias ◽

Ednaldo da Silva Filho ◽

Sarah Raphaela Rocha de Azevedo Scalercio ◽

Wellington Bandeira da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Serratia Marcescens ◽

Proteus Mirabilis ◽

Enterobacter Cloacae ◽

Callithrix Jacchus ◽

E Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Xylosus

Resumo Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram identificar bactérias isoladas da cavidade oral e da ampola retal de Saimiri collinsi e Callithrix jacchus e determinar a sensibilidade a 16 antimicrobianos. Trinta indivíduos de cada espécie foram analisados e foram isoladas 136 bactérias em C. jacchus e 84 em S. collinsi. As bactérias isoladas em maior número em S. collinsi foram Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Raoutella ornithinolytica, Staphylococcus xylosus e Proteus mirabilis. As bactérias isoladas em C. jacchus foram K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, E. coli, Serratia marcescens e S. xylosus na cavidade oral e ampola retal. O teste de sensibilidade mostrou que, dentre as cepas isoladas, os maiores percentuais de resistência foram observados para ampicilina, amoxicilina, cefalotina e nitrofurantoína. Na cavidade oral de ambas as espécies as cepas foram sensíveis à ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, meropenem, amicacina, levofloxacina e a sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim. Na ampola retal, as isoladas foram sensíveis à cefoxitina, ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, ertapenem, meropenem, amicacina e levofloxacina. Conclui-se que as espécies de S. collinsi e C. jacchus apresentam sua microbiota oral e retal composta por várias espécies bacterianas e que a resistência pode ser um problema no criatório, uma vez que as cepas mostraram percentuais elevados de resistência a diferentes antimicrobianos.

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In Vivo Pharmacodynamic Characterization of a Novel Odilorhabdin Antibiotic, NOSO-502, against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Murine Thigh Infection Model

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01067-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (9) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Miao Zhao ◽

Alexander J. Lepak ◽

Karen Marchillo ◽

Jamie VanHecker ◽

David R. Andes

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Subcutaneous Administration ◽

Dose Fractionation ◽

Infection Model ◽

Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽

Time Curve ◽

Content Type ◽

The Mean

ABSTRACT NOSO-502 is a novel odilorhabdin antibiotic with potent activity against Enterobacteriaceae. The goal of these studies was to determine which pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices and magnitude best correlated with efficacy in the murine thigh infection model. Six Escherichia coli and 6 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were utilized. MICs were determined using CLSI methods and ranged from 1 to 4 mg/liter. A neutropenic murine thigh infection model was utilized for all treatment studies. Single-dose plasma pharmacokinetics were determined in mice after subcutaneous administration of 7.81, 31.25, 125, and 500 mg/kg of body weight. Pharmacokinetic studies exhibited peak concentration (Cmax) values of 1.49 to 84.6 mg/liter, area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to infinity (AUC0–∞) values of 1.94 to 352 mg · h/liter, and beta elimination half-lives of 0.41 to 1.1 h. Dose fractionation studies were performed using total drug doses of 7.81 mg/kg to 2,000 mg/kg fractionated into regimens of every 3 h (q3h), q6h, q12h, or q24h. Nonlinear regression analysis demonstrated that AUC/MIC was the PK/PD parameter that best correlated with efficacy (R2, 0.86). In subsequent studies, we used the neutropenic murine thigh infection model to determine the magnitude of NOSO-502 AUC/MIC needed for the efficacy against a diverse group of Enterobacteriaceae. Mice were treated with 4-fold-increasing doses (range, 3.91 to 1,000 mg/kg) of NOSO-502 every 6 h. The mean 24-h free-drug AUC/MIC (fAUC)/MIC) magnitudes associated with net stasis and 1-log kill endpoint for K. pneumoniae were 4.22 and 17.7, respectively. The mean fAUC/MIC magnitude associated with net stasis endpoint for E. coli was 10.4. NOSO-502 represents a promising novel, first-in-class odilorhabdin antibiotic with in vivo potency against Enterobacteriaceae.

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In Vitro Activity of Difloxacin against Canine Bacterial Isolates

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation ◽

10.1177/104063870001200304 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 218-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R. van den Hoven ◽

J. A. Wagenaar ◽

R. D. Walker

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Proteus Mirabilis ◽

In Vitro Activity ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Postantibiotic Effect ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Neutral Ph ◽

Staphylococcus Intermedius

The in vitro activity of difloxacin against canine bacterial isolates from clinical cases was studied in the United States and The Netherlands. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), the postantibiotic effect, the effect of pH on antimicrobial activity, and the bacterial killing rate tests were determined according to standard techniques. The MICs of American and Dutch isolates agreed in general. The MICs of the American gram-negative isolates ranged from 0.06 to 2.0 μg/ml, and the MICs of the Dutch gram-negative isolates ranged from 0.016 to 8.0 μg/ml. A few European strains of Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae had relatively high MICs. Bordetella bronchiseptica also was less susceptible to difloxacin. The MICs of the American gram-positive cocci ranged from 0.125 to 4.0 μg/ml, and the MICs of Dutch isolates ranged from 0.125 to 2.0 μg/ml. Difloxacin induced a concentration-dependent postantibiotic effect that lasted 0.2–3 hours in cultures with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus canis, Proteus spp., and Klebsiella pneumoniae. There was no postantibiotic effect observed against canine Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Decreasing the pH of the medium increased the MIC of Proteus mirabilis for difloxacin. The MICs of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were lowest at neutral pH and were slightly increased in acid or alkaline media. At a neutral pH, most tested bacterial species were killed at a difloxacin concentration of 4 times the MIC. Similar results were obtained when these same bacteria were tested against enrofloxacin. A Klebsiella pneumoniae strain in an acidic environment was readily killed at difloxacin or enrofloxacin MIC, but at neutral pH the drug concentration had to be raised to 4 times the MIC for a bactericidal effect. After 24 hours of incubation at pH 7.1, difloxacin and enrofloxacin had similar bactericidal activity for all bacteria tested except Staphylococcus intermedius. Against S. intermedius, difloxacin was more bactericidal than enrofloxacin.

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National Surveillance of Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacteremic Gram-Negative Bacteria with Emphasis on Community-Acquired Resistant Isolates: Report from the 2019 Surveillance of Multicenter Antimicrobial Resistance in Taiwan (SMART)

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01089-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Po-Yu Liu ◽

Yu-Lin Lee ◽

Min-Chi Lu ◽

Pei-Lan Shao ◽

Po-Liang Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

National Surveillance ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Content Type ◽

E Coli ◽

Carbapenem Resistant

ABSTRACT A multicenter collection of bacteremic isolates of Escherichia coli (n = 423), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 372), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 300), and Acinetobacter baumannii complex (n = 199) was analyzed for susceptibility. Xpert Carba-R assay and sequencing for mcr genes were performed for carbapenem- or colistin-resistant isolates. Nineteen (67.8%) carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (n = 28) and one (20%) carbapenem-resistant E. coli (n = 5) isolate harbored blaKPC (n = 17), blaOXA-48 (n = 2), and blaVIM (n = 1) genes.

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Phenotypic Detection of Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.01555-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Edgar Gonzales Escalante ◽

Katherine Yauri Condor ◽

Jose A. Di Conza ◽

Gabriel O. Gutkind

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Serratia Marcescens ◽

Bacterial Growth ◽

Screening Test ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

Content Type ◽

E Coli

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate an easy-to-perform assay based upon inhibition of mobile colistin resistance (MCR) activity by EDTA. We included 92 nonrelated isolates of Enterobacteriaceae (74 Escherichia coli, 17 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 1 Serratia marcescens). Our proposed method is based on a modification of the colistin agar-spot screening test (CAST), a plate containing 3 μg/ml colistin, by adding an extra plate of colistin agar-spot supplemented with EDTA (eCAST). Bacterial growth was evaluated after 24 h of incubation at 35°C. All the colistin-resistant isolates showed development on the CAST plates. Colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae without mcr-1 and S. marcescens also grew on the eCAST plates. In contrast, colistin-resistant MCR-producing E. coli was not able to grow in eCAST plates. The combined CAST/eCAST test could provide a simple and easy-to-perform method to differentiate MCR-producing Enterobacteriaceae from those in which colistin resistance is mediated by chromosomal mechanisms.

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Species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of gram-negative bacteria in hospitalized cancer patients

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e20730 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e20730-e20730

Author(s):

H. M. Ashour ◽

A. El-Sharif

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Solid Tumor ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Tumor Patients ◽

Acinetobacter Species ◽

Gram Negative

e20730 Background: Nosocomial infections pose significant threats to hospitalized patients, especially the immunocompromised ones, such as cancer patients. Methods: This study examined the microbial spectrum of gram-negative bacteria in various infection sites in patients with leukemia and solid tumors. The antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolated bacteria were studied. Results: The most frequently isolated gram-negative bacteria were Klebsiella pneumonia (31.2%) followed by Escherichia coli (22.2%). We report the first-time isolation and identification of a number of less-frequent gram negative bacteria (Chromobacterium violacum, Burkholderia cepacia, Kluyvera ascorbata, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Salmonella arizona). Most of the gram-negative isolates from RTI, GITI, UTI, and BSI were obtained from leukemic patients. All gram-negative isolates from SI were obtained from solid-tumor patients. In both leukemic and solid-tumor patients, gram-negative bacteria causing UTI were mainly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, while gram-negative bacteria causing RTI were mainly Klebsiella pneumoniae. Escherichia coli was the main gram-negative pathogen causing BSI in solid-tumor patients and GITI in leukemic patients. Isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter species were resistant to most antibiotics tested. There was significant imipenem-resistance in Acinetobacter (40.9%), Pseudomonas (40%), and Enterobacter (22.2%) species, and noticeable imipinem-resistance in Klebsiella (13.9%) and Escherichia coli (8%). Conclusions: This is the first study to report the evolution of imipenem-resistant gram-negative strains in Egypt. Mortality rates were higher in cancer patients with nosocomial Pseudomonas infections than any other bacterial infections. Policies restricting antibiotic consumption should be implemented to avoid the evolution of newer generations of antibiotic resistant-pathogens. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Antimicrobial activity of soft and purified propolis extracts

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina44120122 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 44 (12) ◽

pp. 977 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Alvydas Pavilonis ◽

Algirdas Baranauskas ◽

Ligita Puidokaitė ◽

Žaneta Maželienė ◽

Arūnas Savickas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Propolis Extract

Objective. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of soft and purified propolis extracts. Study object and methods. Antimicrobial activity of soft and purified propolis extracts was determined with reference cultures of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 33499, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 12459, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Bacillus cereus ATCC 8035, and fungus Candida albicans ATCC 60193. Microbiological tests were performed under aseptic conditions. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) – the highest dilution of preparation (the lowest concentration of preparation) that suppresses growth of reference microorganisms – was determined. Results. Concentration of phenolic compounds in soft propolis extract that possesses antimicrobial activity against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis) is 0.587±0.054 mg and 0.587±0.054–0.394±0.022 mg (P>0.05) and in purified propolis extract – 0.427±0.044 mg and 0.256±0.02 mg (P>0.05). Klebsiella pneumoniae is most resistant to soft propolis extract when the concentration of phenolic compounds is 1.119± 0.152 mg and to purified propolis extract when the concentration of phenolic compounds is 1.013±0.189 mg (P>0.05). Spore-forming Bacillus subtilis bacteria are more sensitive to soft and purified propolis extracts when the concentration of phenolic compounds is 0.134±0.002 mg and 0.075±0.025 mg, respectively, and Bacillus cereus – when the concentration is 0.394±0.022 mg and 0.256±0.02 mg (P>0.05). Sensitivity of fungus Candida albicans to soft and purified propolis extracts is the same as Bacillus subtilis. Encapsulated bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae is most resistant to antimicrobial action of soft and purified propolis extracts as compared with gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria (P<0.05), gram-negative Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis (P<0.05), sporeforming Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus bacteria (P<0.05), and fungus Candida albicans (P<0.05). There is no statistically significant difference between antimicrobial effect of soft propolis extract and purified propolis extract on gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, spore-forming bacteria, encapsulated bacteria, and Candida fungus. Conclusions. Soft and purified propolis extracts possess antimicrobial activity. They could be recommended as natural preservatives in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products.

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