scholarly journals Postantibiotic Effect of Tigecycline against 14 Gram-Positive Organisms

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 782-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Pankuch ◽  
P. C. Appelbaum
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Postantibiotic Effect ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms

ABSTRACT The in vitro postantibiotic effects (PAEs), postantibiotic sub-MIC effects (PA-SMEs), and sub-MIC effects of tigecycline were determined for 14 gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The pneumococcal, staphylococcal, and enterococcal PAEs were 1.9 to 5.1, 2.9 to 5.7, and 3.9 to 6.1 h, respectively, and those for Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Acinetobacter baumannii were 1.1 to 5.0, 1.9 to 2.1, 1.7 to 1.8, 1.0 to 1.7, and 0.7 to 3 h, respectively. The PA-SMEs (four times the MIC) ranged from 6.7 to >11 h for gram-positive organisms and from 2.3 to >11.3 h for gram-negative organisms.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activity of Difloxacin against Canine Bacterial Isolates

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Hoven ◽  
J. A. Wagenaar ◽  
R. D. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Postantibiotic Effect ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Neutral Ph ◽  
Staphylococcus Intermedius

The in vitro activity of difloxacin against canine bacterial isolates from clinical cases was studied in the United States and The Netherlands. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), the postantibiotic effect, the effect of pH on antimicrobial activity, and the bacterial killing rate tests were determined according to standard techniques. The MICs of American and Dutch isolates agreed in general. The MICs of the American gram-negative isolates ranged from 0.06 to 2.0 μg/ml, and the MICs of the Dutch gram-negative isolates ranged from 0.016 to 8.0 μg/ml. A few European strains of Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae had relatively high MICs. Bordetella bronchiseptica also was less susceptible to difloxacin. The MICs of the American gram-positive cocci ranged from 0.125 to 4.0 μg/ml, and the MICs of Dutch isolates ranged from 0.125 to 2.0 μg/ml. Difloxacin induced a concentration-dependent postantibiotic effect that lasted 0.2–3 hours in cultures with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus canis, Proteus spp., and Klebsiella pneumoniae. There was no postantibiotic effect observed against canine Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Decreasing the pH of the medium increased the MIC of Proteus mirabilis for difloxacin. The MICs of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were lowest at neutral pH and were slightly increased in acid or alkaline media. At a neutral pH, most tested bacterial species were killed at a difloxacin concentration of 4 times the MIC. Similar results were obtained when these same bacteria were tested against enrofloxacin. A Klebsiella pneumoniae strain in an acidic environment was readily killed at difloxacin or enrofloxacin MIC, but at neutral pH the drug concentration had to be raised to 4 times the MIC for a bactericidal effect. After 24 hours of incubation at pH 7.1, difloxacin and enrofloxacin had similar bactericidal activity for all bacteria tested except Staphylococcus intermedius. Against S. intermedius, difloxacin was more bactericidal than enrofloxacin.

scholarly journals In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Studies of L-749,345 in Comparison with Imipenem and Ceftriaxone against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 2365-2370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Odenholt ◽  
Elisabeth Löwdin ◽  
Otto Cars
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Postantibiotic Effect ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms

ABSTRACT L-749,345 is a new parenteral carbapenem with a very long half-life similar to that of ceftriaxone. The aim of the present study was to investigate different pharmacodynamic parameters of L-749,345 in comparison with those of ceftriaxone and imipenem. The following studies were performed: (i) comparative studies of the MICs of L-749,345, imipenem, and ceftriaxone for 70 strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; (ii) comparative studies of the rate of killing of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by L-749,345, imipenem, and ceftriaxone; (iii) studies of the postantibiotic effects of L-749,345, imipenem, and ceftriaxone; and (iv) studies of the postantibiotic sub-MIC effects of L-749,345, imipenem, and ceftriaxone. Significantly lower MICs of L-749,345 compared with those of ceftriaxone were found for all gram-negative organisms except Haemophilus influenzae. The MICs of L-749,345 were similar to those of imipenem for all organisms except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, for which the MICs of L-749,345 were higher. A concentration-dependent killing of methicillin-resistant S. aureus but not methicillin-susceptible strains was noted for both L-749,345 and imipenem. All three of the investigated drugs exhibited a postantibiotic effect against the gram-positive strains but exhibited no postantibiotic effect against the gram-negative strains.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Superpolymyxin and ChromID Colistin R Screening Media for the Detection of Colistin-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae from Spiked Rectal Swabs

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine Girlich ◽  
Thierry Naas ◽  
Laurent Dortet
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rectal Swabs ◽  
Stool Samples

ABSTRACT The dissemination of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) has led to the increased use of colistin, which has resulted in the emergence of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae worldwide. One of the most threatening scenarios is the dissemination of colistin resistance in CPE, particularly the plasmid-encoded resistance element MCR. Thus, it has now become mandatory to possess reliable media to screen for colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacterial isolates, especially Enterobacteriaceae. In this study, we evaluated the performances of the Superpolymyxin medium (ELITechGroup) and the ChromID Colistin R medium (bioMérieux) to screen for colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from spiked rectal swabs. Stool samples were spiked with a total of 94 enterobacterial isolates (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, Enterobacter cloacae), including 53 colistin-resistant isolates. ESwabs (Copan Diagnostics) were then inoculated with those spiked fecal suspensions, and culture proceeded as recommended by both manufacturers. The sensitivity of detection of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was 86.8% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 74.0% to 94.0%) using both the Superpolymyxin medium and the ChromID Colistin R plates. Surprisingly, the isolates that were not detected were not the same for both media. The specificities were high for both media, at 97.9% (95% CI = 87.3% to 99.9%) for the Superpolymyxin medium and 100% (95% CI = 90.4% to 100%) for the ChromID Colistin R medium. Both commercially available media, ChromID Colistin R and Superpolymyxin, provide useful tools to screen for colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from patient samples (rectal swabs) regardless of the level and mechanism of colistin resistance.

Rifampicin

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-12
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Resistant Mutants ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms

Rifampicin (Rifadin-Lepetit; Rimactane-Ciba) is a semi-synthetic antibiotic derived from Streptomyces mediterranei which inhibits the synthesis of bacterial messenger-RNA. In vitro it is active against Gram-positive organisms and mycobacteria in low concentrations (0.0002 – 0.5 mcg/ml); and against Gram-negative organisms in higher concentrations (1 – 10 mcg/ml). Drug-resistant mutants readily emerge if rifampicin is used alone.1 It is already established as an important agent in the treatment of tuberculosis. Its usefulness in other bacterial and in viral infections is uncertain.

scholarly journals Different Modes of Action of Naphthyridones in Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 385-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed T. Buurman ◽  
Kenneth D. Johnson ◽  
Roxanne K. Kelly ◽  
Kathy MacCormack
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Modes Of Action

ABSTRACT Naphthyridones that were recently described as a class of translation inhibitors in gram-positive bacteria mediate their mode of action via GyrA in Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli. These are the first examples of compounds in which modes of action in different bacterial pathogens are mediated through widely different targets.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and microbiology of Gram-negative bloodstream infections in a tertiary-care hospital in Beijing, China: a 9 -year retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhixin Liang ◽  
Qiang Zhu ◽  
Minghui Zhu ◽  
Chunyan Li ◽  
Lina Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Beijing China

Abstract Background Gram-negative bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs) are serious diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality. The following study examines the incidence, clinical characteristics and microbiological features, drug resistance situations and mortality associated with gram-negative BSIs at a large Chinese tertiary-care hospital in Beijing, China. Methods A retrospective cohort study of patients with gram-negative BSIs was performed between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2018, at the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital. The patients’ data were collected and included in the reviewing electronic medical records. Results A total of 6867 episodes of gram-negative BSIs occurred among 3199 patients over 9 years, and there were 3032 significant BSI episodes 77% of these cases were healthcare-associated, while 23% were community-associated. The overall incidence of gram-negative BSIs fluctuated from 2.30 to 2.55 episodes per 1000 admissions over 9 years. Malignancy was the most common comorbidity and indwelling central intravenous catheter was the most common predisposing factor for gram-negative BSI. Escherichia coli were the major pathogen (34.3%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.3%) and other bacterial pathogens (9.9%). The resistance rates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to penicillins were more than 90%. and the resistance rates of Acinetobacter baumannii to the most antibiotic were more than 70% include the Carbapenem. The resistance of ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli to the most antibiotic was higher than non-ESBLs producing Escherichia coli but to Carbapenems(0.7% VS 5.1%). The rates of Carbapenems resistance of ESBLs-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and non-ESBLs producing Klebsiella pneumoniae were 32.8% and 8.1%. The rates of Carbapenems resistance of Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 1.4% and 27.8% respectively. Between 2010 and 2018, the overall mortality of gram-negative BSIs decreased from 11.41–9.05%(X2 = 6.95, P = 0.434). Moreover, the mortality in the ICU decreased from 27.03–14.93%(X2 = 9.61, P = 0.212), while in the general ward fluctuated from 8.85–8.13% that without obvious decrease change(X2 = 9.29, P = 0.232). Conclusions The mortality of gram-negative BSIs have showed downward trends. carbapenem antibiotics is still consider the best treatment for patients with Gram-negative BSIs except Acinetobacter baumannii.

scholarly journals In-vitro activity of levofloxacin against bacterial pathogens collected in China：A ten-year（2009-2018） retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
LU GAN ◽  
Yun Li ◽  
Yuan Lv ◽  
Bo Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Icu Patients ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Resistance Rates

Abstract Background： This study was designed to evaluate the in-vitro activity of levofloxacin against bacterial pathogens collected from Chinese hospitalized patients between 2009 and 2018, and analysis the trends of levofloxacin resistance in China.Methods In this analysis, antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) experiments with levofloxacin and controls against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria collected from 2009 to 2018. MICs were determined using the agar dilution method according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)，2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using CLSI breakpoints. Statistical tests were analysed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), calculating the MIC90.Results In the past decade，the antibacterial activities of levofloxacin against Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, which were common gram-negative bacteria, were stable; the resistance rates of these bacteria had no significant changes or decreased slightly. The levofloxacin resistance rates of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, which were gram positive bacteria, decreased from 48.4% and 36.9% in 2009-2010 to 22.8% and 25.7% in 2017-2018, respectively, respectively. The levofloxacin resistance rate among Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, the common pathogens of community acquired pneumonia (CAP), were less than 3%. The levofloxacin resistance rates for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii increased. No difference in the levofloxacin resistance rates by age group (18-64, 65-74, ≥75 years old age groups) was observed. The resistance rate of strains isolated from ICU patients was usually 10-20% higher than that of non-ICU patients.Conclusion In recent ten years, levofloxacin has continued to be active in-vitro against the strains in its antibacterial spectrum. No significant change of resistance rates was observed and it still has a good antibacterial effect on the main pathogenic bacteria of community-acquired pneumonia, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and MSSA.

scholarly journals Profil Penggunaan Antibiotik dan Peta Kuman pada Pasien Gangren Diabetes Melitus di Sebuah RSUD di Kabupaten Gresik

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Isna Romadhona ◽  
Fauna Herawati ◽  
Rika Yulia
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Proteus Vulgaris ◽  
Diabetes Melitus

Antibiotik merupakan obat yang digunakan untuk mengatasi dan mencegah infeksi bakteri. Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat dapat menimbulkan berbagai masalah, diantaranya pengobatan akan lebih mahal dan juga risiko terjadinya resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil penggunaan antibiotik dan profil peta kuman pada pasien gangren diabetes melitus di sebuah RSUD di Kabupaten Gresik serta untuk mengetahui kesesuaian penggunaan antibiotik dengan mengacu pada Permenkes Republik Indonesia No. 2406/Menkes/PER/XII/2011. Data penggunaan antibiotik diperoleh dari catatan Rekam Medis pada periode Januari – November 2017. Data penggunaan antibiotik dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus DDD/100 pasien-hari rawat. Hasil perhitungan DDD/100 pasien-hari rawat menunjukkan hasil sebesar 470,11 DDD/100 pasien-hari rawat. Peta kuman pada pasien gangren, melaporkan adanya bakteri Enterobacter cloacae 24%, Escherichia coli 18%, Staphylococcus aureus 15%, Acinetobacter baumannii 9%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6%, Citrobacter youngae 6%, Enterobacter aerogenes 6%, Proteus vulgaris 6%, Staphylococcus schleiferi 6%, Klebsiella pneumoniae 3%, dan Proteus mirabilis 3% . Penggunaan antibiotik seftriakson dan metronidazol pada pasien gangren diabetes melitus di sebuah RSUD di Kabupaten Gresik pada periode Januari – November 2017 telah sesuai dengan pedoman penggunaan antibiotik berdasarkan Permenkes Republik Indonesia No. 2406/Menkes/PER/ XII/2011, yaitu antibiotik golongan sefalosporin generasi III yang lebih aktif terhadap Enterobacteriaceae dan antibiotik golongan nitroimidazol yang dapat mengobati infeksi bakteri basil anerob Gram-Negatif.

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