scholarly journals Rab7 is required for mesoderm patterning and gastrulation in Xenopus

Biology Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Kreis ◽  
Fee M. Wielath ◽  
Philipp Vick
Keyword(s):  
Small Gtpase ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Growth Factor Signaling ◽  
Cellular Behavior ◽  
Late Endosomes ◽  
Tailbud Stage ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Mesoderm Patterning

Early embryogenesis requires tightly controlled temporal and spatial coordination of cellular behavior and signaling. Modulations are achieved at multiple levels, from cellular transcription to tissue-scale behavior. Intracellularly, the endolysosomal system emerges as an important regulator at different levels – but in vivo studies are rare. In the frog Xenopus, little is known about developmental roles of endosomal regulators, or their potential involvement in signaling, especially true for late endosomes. Here, we chose to analyze a hypothesized role of Rab7 in this context, a small GTPase known for its role as a late endosomal regulator. First, rab7 showed strong maternal expression. Following localized zygotic transcript enrichment in the mesodermal ring and neural plate, it was found in tailbud stage neural ectoderm, notochord, pronephros, eyes and neural crest tissues. Inhibition resulted in strong axis defects caused by a requirement of rab7 for mesodermal patterning and correct gastrulation movements. To test a potential involvement in growth factor signaling, we analyzed early Wnt-dependent processes in the mesoderm. Our results suggest a selective requirement for ligand-induced Wnt activation, implicating a context-dependent role of Rab7.

The deficiency of miR-214-3p exacerbates cardiac fibrosis via miR-214-3p/NLRC5 axis

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (17) ◽  
pp. 1845-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Yang ◽  
Jiaran Shi ◽  
Zhujun Hu ◽  
Xiaosheng Hu
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Fibrosis ◽  
Cardiac Fibroblasts ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Pathological Feature ◽  
Important Regulator

Abstract Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathological feature of many cardiovascular diseases. The regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in cardiac fibrosis are still unknown. Previous studies on miR-214-3p in cardiac fibroblasts reached contradictory conclusions. Thus the role of miR-214-3p in cardiac fibrosis deserves further exploration. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies, we identified miR-214-3p as an important regulator of cardiac fibrosis, and the proliferation and activation of cardiac fibroblasts. We demonstrated that the expression of miR-214-3p is down-regulated in TGF-β1-treated myofibroblasts and transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced murine model. Additionally, miR-214-3pflox/flox/FSP1-cre mice and miR-214-3pwt/wt/FSP1-cre mice were subjected to TAC operation or sham operation, and the conditional knockout of miR-214-3p in cardiac fibroblasts aggravates TAC-induced cardiac fibrosis. In vitro, our results indicate that miR-214-3p is an important repressor for fibroblasts proliferation and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition by functionally targeting NOD-like receptor family CARD domain containing 5 (NLRC5). In conclusion, our findings show that the deficiency of miR-214-3p exacerbates cardiac fibrosis and reveal a novel miR-214-3p/NLRC5 axis in the regulation of cardiac fibrosis.

scholarly journals Rab7 mediates Wnt-dependent mesoderm patterning and gastrulation in Xenopus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Kreis ◽  
Fee M. Wielath ◽  
Philipp Vick
Keyword(s):  
Wnt Signaling ◽  
Small Gtpase ◽  
Growth Factor Signaling ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Late Endosomes ◽  
Pathway Activation ◽  
Early Endosomes ◽  
Axis Elongation ◽  
Summary Statement ◽  
Mesoderm Patterning

AbstractEarly embryogenesis requires tightly controlled temporal and spatial activity of growth factors. Modulation is achieved at multiple levels, from cellular transcription to tissue-scale propagation, concerning activation, maintenance, or termination of signaling. Intracellularly, the endolysosomal system emerged as important factor for such regulations. Endocytosis and early endosomes mainly orchestrate activation and transduction of signals, while late endosomes are thought to mediate lysosome-based termination. Only few reports attributed activating roles to late endosomes, mainly for Wnt pathway activation. In Xenopus, few is known about developmental roles of endosomal regulators, or their function for signaling, especially true for late endosomes. Therefore, we chose to analyze a hypothesized positive role of Rab7 in this context, a small GTPase mainly known for its role as a late endosomal regulator. We analyzed if Rab7 participates in early activation of growth factor signaling, focusing on Wnt signaling. We found rab7 expressed very localized throughout development, and inhibition resulted in strong gastrulation defects. Concomitantly, Rab7 was strictly required for both, exogenous activation and endogenous Wnt-mediated patterning of the mesoderm.Summary StatementThe late endosomal regulator Rab7 is required for gastrulation movements and axis elongation in Xenopus by positively regulating Wnt signaling-mediated mesoderm patterning.

Magnesium Chloride is an Effective Therapeutic Agent for Prostate Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianna Maria Santos ◽  
Fazle Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Chromatin Condensation ◽  
Myosin Ii ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Migration Speed ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition

Background: Reduced levels of magnesium can cause several diseases and increase cancer risk. Motivated by magnesium chloride’s (MgCl2) non-toxicity, physiological importance, and beneficial clinical applications, we studied its action mechanism and possible mechanical, molecular, and physiological effects in prostate cancer with different metastatic potentials.Methods: We examined the effects of MgCl2, after 24 and 48 hours, on apoptosis, cell migration, expression of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, and V-H+-ATPase, myosin II (NMII) and the transcription factor NF Kappa B (NFkB) expressions.Results: MgCl2 induces apoptosis, and significantly decreases migration speed in cancer cells with different metastatic potentials.  MgCl2 reduces the expression of V-H+-ATPase and myosin II that facilitates invasion and metastasis, suppresses the expression of vimentin and increases expression of E-cadherin, suggesting a role of MgCl2 in reversing the EMT. MgCl2 also significantly increases the chromatin condensation and decreases NFkB expression.Conclusions: These results suggest a promising preventive and therapeutic role of MgCl2 for prostate cancer. Further studies should explore extending MgCl2 therapy to in vivo studies and other cancer types.Keywords: Magnesium chloride, prostate cancer, migration speed, V-H+-ATPase, and EMT.

scholarly journals The role of anti-endothelial cell antibodies in Kawasaki disease -in vitro and in vivo studies

2002 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. GRUNEBAUM ◽  
M. BLANK ◽  
S. COHEN ◽  
A. AFEK ◽  
J. KOPOLOVIC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
In Vivo Studies

scholarly journals Potential Role of Birds in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Zoonotic Transmission and Genotype Shift

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
Muddassar Hameed ◽  
Abdul Wahaab ◽  
Mohsin Nawaz ◽  
Sawar Khan ◽  
Jawad Nazir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Zoonotic Transmission ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Genotype Iii

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vaccine-preventable disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which is primarily prevalent in Asia. JEV is a Flavivirus, classified into a single serotype with five genetically distinct genotypes (I, II, III, IV, and V). JEV genotype III (GIII) had been the most dominant strain and caused numerous outbreaks in the JEV endemic countries until 1990. However, recent data shows the emergence of JEV genotype I (GI) as a dominant genotype and it is gradually displacing GIII. The exact mechanism of this genotype displacement is still unclear. The virus can replicate in mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts to maintain its zoonotic life cycle; pigs and aquatic wading birds act as an amplifying/reservoir hosts, and the humans and equines are dead-end hosts. The important role of pigs as an amplifying host for the JEV is well known. However, the influence of other domestic animals, especially birds, that live in high abundance and close proximity to the human is not well studied. Here, we strive to briefly highlight the role of birds in the JEV zoonotic transmission, discovery of birds as a natural reservoirs and amplifying host for JEV, species of birds susceptible to the JEV infection, and the proposed effect of JEV on the poultry industry in the future, a perspective that has been neglected for a long time. We also discuss the recent in vitro and in vivo studies that show that the newly emerged GI viruses replicated more efficiently in bird-derived cells and ducklings/chicks than GIII, and an important role of birds in the JEV genotype shift from GIII to GI.

scholarly journals The Novel Role of PGC1α in Bone Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4670
Author(s):  
Cinzia Buccoliero ◽  
Manuela Dicarlo ◽  
Patrizia Pignataro ◽  
Francesco Gaccione ◽  
Silvia Colucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Osteoblastic Differentiation ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Sirtuin 3 ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Increased Risk

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) is a protein that promotes transcription of numerous genes, particularly those responsible for the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Evidence for a key role of PGC1α in bone metabolism is very recent. In vivo studies showed that PGC1α deletion negatively affects cortical thickness, trabecular organization and resistance to flexion, resulting in increased risk of fracture. Furthermore, in a mouse model of bone disease, PGC1α activation stimulates osteoblastic gene expression and inhibits atrogene transcription. PGC1α overexpression positively affects the activity of Sirtuin 3, a mitochondrial nicotinammide adenina dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylase, on osteoblastic differentiation. In vitro, PGC1α overexpression prevents the reduction of mitochondrial density, membrane potential and alkaline phosphatase activity caused by Sirtuin 3 knockdown in osteoblasts. Moreover, PGC1α influences the commitment of skeletal stem cells towards an osteogenic lineage, while negatively affects marrow adipose tissue accumulation. In this review, we will focus on recent findings about PGC1α action on bone metabolism, in vivo and in vitro, and in pathologies that cause bone loss, such as osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Novel Insights on the Role of Nitric Oxide in the Ovary: A Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 980
Author(s):  
Maria Cristina Budani ◽  
Gian Mario Tiboni
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Peripheral Neurons ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
Oocyte Meiotic Maturation

Nitric oxide (NO) is formed during the oxidation of L-arginine to L-citrulline by the action of multiple isoenzymes of NO synthase (NOS): neuronal NOS (nNOS), endotelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS). NO plays a relevant role in the vascular endothelium, in central and peripheral neurons, and in immunity and inflammatory systems. In addition, several authors showed a consistent contribution of NO to different aspects of the reproductive physiology. The aim of the present review is to analyse the published data on the role of NO within the ovary. It has been demonstrated that the multiple isoenzymes of NOS are expressed and localized in the ovary of different species. More to the point, a consistent role was ascribed to NO in the processes of steroidogenesis, folliculogenesis, and oocyte meiotic maturation in in vitro and in vivo studies using animal models. Unfortunately, there are few nitric oxide data for humans; there are preliminary data on the implication of nitric oxide for oocyte/embryo quality and in-vitro fertilization/embryo transfer (IVF/ET) parameters. NO plays a remarkable role in the ovary, but more investigation is needed, in particular in the context of human ovarian physiology.

scholarly journals The pathophysiologic role of the protein kinase Cδ pathway in the intervertebral discs of rabbits and mice: In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1950-1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Ellman ◽  
Jae-Sung Kim ◽  
Howard S. An ◽  
Jeffrey S. Kroin ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Protein Kinase Cδ

scholarly journals The Act of Controlling Adult Stem Cell Dynamics: Insights from Animal Models

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 667
Author(s):  
Meera Krishnan ◽  
Sahil Kumar ◽  
Luis Johnson Kangale ◽  
Eric Ghigo ◽  
Prasad Abnave
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Organ Systems

Adult stem cells (ASCs) are the undifferentiated cells that possess self-renewal and differentiation abilities. They are present in all major organ systems of the body and are uniquely reserved there during development for tissue maintenance during homeostasis, injury, and infection. They do so by promptly modulating the dynamics of proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration. Any imbalance in these processes may result in regeneration failure or developing cancer. Hence, the dynamics of these various behaviors of ASCs need to always be precisely controlled. Several genetic and epigenetic factors have been demonstrated to be involved in tightly regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal of ASCs. Understanding these mechanisms is of great importance, given the role of stem cells in regenerative medicine. Investigations on various animal models have played a significant part in enriching our knowledge and giving In Vivo in-sight into such ASCs regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we have discussed the recent In Vivo studies demonstrating the role of various genetic factors in regulating dynamics of different ASCs viz. intestinal stem cells (ISCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and epidermal stem cells (Ep-SCs).

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