Analysis of the gooseberry locus in Drosophila embryos: gooseberry determines the cuticular pattern and activates gooseberry neuro

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Gutjahr ◽  
N.H. Patel ◽  
X. Li ◽  
C.S. Goodman ◽  
M. Noll
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
P Element ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Segment Polarity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Characteristic Segment ◽  
Drosophila Embryos

The segment-polarity class of segmentation genes in Drosophila are primarily involved in the specification of sub-segmental units. In addition, some of the segment-polarity genes have been shown to specify cell fates within the central nervous system. One of these loci, gooseberry, consists of two divergently transcribed genes, gooseberry and gooseberry neuro, which share a paired box as well as a paired-type homebox. Here, the expression patterns of the two gooseberry gene products are described in detail. The gooseberry protein appears in a characteristic segment-polarity pattern of stripes at gastrulation and persists until head involution. It is initially restricted to the ectodermal and neuroectodermal germ layer, but is later detected in mesodermal and neuronal cells as well. The gooseberry neuro protein first appears during germ band extension in cells of the central nervous system and also, much later, in epidermal stripes and in a small number of muscle cells. P-element-mediated transformation with the gooseberry gene has been used to demonstrate that gooseberry transactivates gooseberry neuro and is sufficient to rescue the gooseberry cuticular phenotype in the absence of gooseberry neuro.

scholarly journals Molecular cloning and analysis of l(1)ogre, a locus of Drosophila melanogaster with prominent effects on the postembryonic development of the central nervous system.

Genetics ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Watanabe ◽  
D R Kankel
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
P Element ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Highly Hydrophobic ◽  
Conceptual Translation

Abstract Previous genetic studies have shown that wild-type function of the l(1)ogre (lethal (1) optic ganglion reduced) locus is essential for the generation and/or maintenance of the postembryonic neuroblasts including those from which the optic lobe is descended. In the present study molecular isolation and characterization of the l(1)ogre locus was carried out to study the structure and expression of this gene in order to gain information about the nature of l(1)ogre function and its relevance to the development of the central nervous system. About 70 kilobases (kb) of genomic DNA were isolated that spanned the region where l(1)ogre was known to reside. Southern analysis of a l(1)ogre mutation and subsequent P element-mediated DNA transformation mapped the l(1)ogre+ function within a genomic fragment of 12.5 kb. Northern analyses showed that a 2.9-kb message transcribed from this 12.5-kb region represented l(1)ogre. A 2.15-kb portion of a corresponding cDNA clone was sequenced. An open reading frame (ORF) of 1,086 base paris was found, and a protein sequence of 362 amino acids with one highly hydrophobic segment was deduced from conceptual translation of this ORF.

Postembryonic patterns of expression of cut, a locus regulating sensory organ identity in Drosophila

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Blochlinger ◽  
L.Y. Jan ◽  
Y.N. Jan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Wing Margin ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Organ Identity ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The cut locus is both necessary and sufficient to specify the identity of a class of sensory organs in Drosophila embryos. It is also expressed in and required for the development of a number of other embryonic tissues, such as the central nervous system, the Malpighian tubules and the tracheal system. We here describe the expression of cut in the precursors of adult sensory organs. We also show that cut is expressed in cells of the prospective wing margin and correlate the wing margin phenotype caused by two cut mutations with altered cut expression patterns. Finally, we observe cut-expressing cells in other adult tissues, including Malpighian tubules, muscles, the central nervous system and ovarian follicle cells.

Ectopic expression of either the Drosophila gooseberry-distal or proximal gene causes alterations of cell fate in the epidermis and central nervous system

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 1151-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zhang ◽  
A. Ungar ◽  
C. Fresquez ◽  
R. Holmgren
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Cell Fate Specification ◽  
Single Function ◽  
Independent Functions ◽  
Segment Polarity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common

Previous studies have shown that the segment polarity locus gooseberry, which contains two closely related transcripts gooseberry-proximal and gooseberry-distal, is required for proper development in both the epidermis and the central nervous system of Drosophila. In this study, the roles of the gooseberry proteins in the process of cell fate specification have been examined by generating two fly lines in which either gooseberry-distal or gooseberry-proximal expression is under the control of an hsp70 promoter. We have found that ectopic expression of either gooseberry protein causes cell fate transformations that are reciprocal to those of a gooseberry deletion mutant. Our results suggest that the gooseberry-distal protein is required for the specification of naked cuticle in the epidermis and specific neuroblasts in the central nervous system. These roles may reflect independent functions in neuroblasts and epidermal cells or a single function in the common ectodermal precursor cells. The gooseberry-proximal protein is also found in the same neuroblasts as gooseberry-distal and in the descendants of these cells.

scholarly journals Gap junction coding innexin in Lymnaea stagnalis: sequence analysis and characterization in tissues and the central nervous system

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany A. Mersman ◽  
Sonia N. Jolly ◽  
Zhenguo Lin ◽  
Fenglian Xu
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gene Duplication ◽  
Gap Junction ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Pond Snail ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractConnections between neurons called synapses are the key components underlying all nervous system functions of animals and humans. However, important genetic information on the formation and plasticity of one type, the electrical (gap junction-mediated) synapse, is severely understudied, especially in invertebrates. In the present study, we set forth to identify and characterize the gap junction-encoding gene innexin in the central nervous system (CNS) of the mollusc pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L. stagnalis). With PCR, 3’ and 5’ RACE, and BLAST searches, we identified eight innexin genes in the L. stagnalis nervous system named Lst Inx1-8. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the L. stagnalis innexin genes originated from a single copy in the common ancestor of molluscan species by multiple gene duplication events and have been maintained in L. stagnalis since they were generated. The paralogous innexin genes demonstrate distinct expression patterns among tissues. In addition, one paralog, Lst Inx1, exhibits heterogeneity in cells and ganglia, suggesting the occurrence of functional diversification after gene duplication. These results introduce possibilities to study an intriguing potential relationship between innexin paralog expression and cell-specific functional outputs such as heterogenic ability to form channels and exhibit synapse plasticity. The L. stagnalis CNS contains large neurons and a functionally defined network for behaviors; with the introduction of L. stagnalis in the gap junction field, we are providing novel opportunities to combine genetic research with direct investigation of functional outcomes at the cellular, synaptic, and behavioral levels.Summary StatementBy characterizing the gap junction gene innexin in Lymnaea stagnalis, we open opportunities for novel studies on the regulation, plasticity, and evolutionary function of electrical synapses throughout the animal kingdom.

scholarly journals Drp1 is widely, yet heterogeneously, distributed in the mouse central nervous system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-Ting Luo ◽  
Chun-Qiu Dai ◽  
Jia-Qi Wang ◽  
Zheng-Mei Wang ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Malignant Glioma ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Human Malignant Glioma ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mouse Central Nervous System

Abstract Objectives: Drp1 is widely expressed in the mouse central nervous system and plays a role in inducing the mitochondrial fission process. Many diseases are associated with Drp1 and mitochondria. However, since the exact distribution of Drp1 has not been specifically observed, it is difficult to determine the impact of anti-Drp1 molecules on the human body. Clarifying the specific Drp1 distribution could be a good approach to targeted treatment or prognosis. Methods: We visualized the distribution of Drp1 in different brain regions and explicated the relationship between Drp1 and mitochondria. GAD67-GFP knock-in mice were utilized to detect the expression patterns of Drp1 in GABAergic neurons. We also further analyzed Drp1 expression in human malignant glioma tissue. Results : Drp1 was widely but heterogeneously distributed in the central nervous system. Further observation indicated that Drp1 was highly and heterogeneously expressed in inhibitory neurons. Under transmission electron microscopy, the distribution of Drp1 was higher in dendrites than other areas in neurons, and only a small amount of Drp1 was localized in mitochondria. In human malignant glioma, the fluorescence intensity of Drp1 increased from grade I-III, while grade IV showed a declining trend. Conclusion: In this study, we observed a wide heterogeneous distribution of Drp1 in the central nervous system, which might be related to the occurrence and development of neurologic disease. We hope that the relationship between Drp1 and mitochondria may will to therapeutic guidance in the clinic.

scholarly journals Distribution of the Sex combs reduced Gene Products in Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
James W Mahaffey ◽  
Thomas C Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Sex Combs Reduced ◽  
Sex Combs ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Differential Timing

ABSTRACT The spatial and temporal distribution of RNA and protein encoded by the homeotic Sex combs reduced (Scr) gene were examined during Drosophila development. The gene products are present in the epidermis of both the labial and first thoracic segments as would be predicted from prior genetic studies. However, the pattern in the central nervous system (CNS) and mesoderm is further restricted; the major expression located in the labial neuromere of the CNS and the mesoderm of the first thoracic segment. The spatial restriction within the CNS is correlated with and may be due to a differential timing of expression in the labial and first thoracic ectoderm. The labial ectoderm accumulates the Scr RNA prior to segregation of the neuroblasts while expression in the first thoracic ectoderm occurs after neuroblast segregation. The protein is also observed in the subesophageal ganglia of both larvae and adults, as well as in the labial and first thoracic imaginal discs. Surprisingly, the protein is also present to a lesser extent in second and third thoracic leg discs.

scholarly journals Molecular biology of the apteronotus NMDA receptor NR1 subunit

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (10) ◽  
pp. 1319-1326
Author(s):  
R.J. Dunn ◽  
D. Bottai ◽  
L. Maler
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Alternative Splice ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Weakly Electric Fish ◽  
Hybridization Technique ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Splice Isoform

The complete sequences and expression patterns of the NR1 (aptNR1) subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and its alternative splice isoforms have been determined for the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. The deduced amino acid sequence of aptNR1 is approximately 88 % identical to the NR1 sequences of other vertebrate. Two of the three alternative splice cassettes previously described for mammalian NR1s, N1 and C1, are present in aptNR1, but the third cassette, C2, is not found. In addition, two teleost-specific splice cassettes occur on the N-terminal side of the C1 sequence. The cellular patterns of aptNR1 expression, including the patterns of N1 and C1 splicing, have been mapped using the in situ hybridization technique. High levels of aptNR1 mRNA were detected throughout the central nervous system including most neurons of the electrosensory system, with the highest levels in electrosensory lateral line lobe pyramidal cells. Expression of the N1 splice isoform was higher in more caudal regions of the brain, and expression of the C1 splice isoform was higher in more rostral regions. The N1 splice isoform was present in almost all NR1-positive cells, in contrast to the C1 splice isoform which was restricted to a subset of NR1-positive cells. These results demonstrate that the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor is evolutionarily conserved across species and that regulation of alternative RNA splicing modulates the properties of NR1 in different neurons of the central nervous system of A. leptorhynchus.

Expression of en and wg in the embryonic head and brain of Drosophila indicates a refolded band of seven segment remnants

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Schmidt-Ott ◽  
G.M. Technau
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Germ Band ◽  
Segment Polarity Genes ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Head Formation ◽  
Segment Polarity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic Head

Based on the expression pattern of the segment polarity genes engrailed and wingless during the embryonic development of the larval head, we found evidence that the head of Drosophila consists of remnants of seven segments (4 pregnathal and 3 gnathal) all of which contribute cells to neuromeres in the central nervous system. Until completion of germ band retraction, the four pregnathal segment remnants and their corresponding neuromeres become arranged in an S-shape. We discuss published evidence for seven head segments and morphogenetic movements during head formation in various insects (and crustaceans).

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