Origin and specification of type II sensory neurons in Drosophila

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (9) ◽  
pp. 2923-2936 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Brewster ◽  
R. Bodmer
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
Mutant Analysis

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) of Drosophila is a preferred model for studying the genetic basis of neurogenesis because its simple and stereotyped pattern makes it ideal for mutant analysis. Type I sensory organs, the external (bristle-type) sensory organs (es) and the internal (stretch-receptive) chordotonal organs (ch), have been postulated to derive from individual ectodermal precursor cells that undergo a stereotyped pattern of cell division. Little is known about the origin and specification of type II sensory neurons, the multiple dendritic (md) neurons. Using the flp/FRT recombinase system from yeast, we have determined that a subset of md neurons derives from es organ lineages, another subset derives from ch organ lineages and a third subset is unrelated to sensory organs. We also provide evidence that the genes, numb and cut, are both required for the proper differentiation of md neurons.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
M.V. Mashina ◽  
A.S. Nesterov ◽  
K.A. Korobochkina ◽  
A.V. Bylinkina ◽  
E.A. Kozyreva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Pain Sensitivity ◽  
Severe Psoriasis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Key Words Psoriasis ◽  
Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy ◽  
Inflammatory Dermatosis ◽  
Excessive Proliferation

Psoriasis is a chronic non-infectious inflammatory dermatosis characterized by excessive proliferation of epithelial cells, impaired differentiation, often involving the musculoskeletal system. Materials and Methods. The authors examined 60 patients with psoriasis, 39 men and 21 women, aged from 21 to 69 (the average subject age was 46.3±13.94). All patients underwent a standard dermatological and neurological examination. Motor function was assessed according to knee jerk, elbow jerk and Achilles jerk. Pain sensitivity was established after pricking the thumb dorsum with a special blunt-end needle. Nonparametric methods were used for statistical analysis. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to check the differences between independent groups of patients. The distribution of characteristic was assessed using a probability calculator. Differences were statistically significant at 95 % probability (p<0.05). Results. Mild psoriasis was found in 8 patients (13.3 %), moderate-to-severe psoriasis – in 14 patients (23 %) (PASI=11–30), severe psoriasis – in 38 patients (63.7 %) (PASI>30). Type I psoriasis was detected in 32 patients (53.2 %), type II – in 28 patients (46.8 %). Dysfunctions of the peripheral nervous system were found in 30 patients (50 %). In 12 subjects (20 %) symmetrical sensory and motor disturbances were observed in the distal parts of all four limbs. In 9 patients (15 %) symmetrical decrease in knee and Achilles jerks was observed. Symmetrical decrease in tactile and temperature sensitivity in the distal parts of the lower extremities was noted in 9 patients with psoriasis (15 %). Conclusion. Distal symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy is common in patients with psoriasis. Severe psoriasis is accompanied by distal symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Key words: psoriasis, comorbidity, demyelination, polyneuropathy. Псориаз – это хронический неинфекционный воспалительный дерматоз, характеризующийся избыточной пролиферацией эпителиоцитов, нарушением их дифференциации, нередко вовлекающий в процесс опорно-двигательный аппарат. Материалы и методы. Обследовано 60 больных псориазом, из них 39 мужчин и 21 женщина в возрасте от 21 до 69 лет (средний возраст обследуемых 46,3±13,94 года). Всем больным проводился стандартный дерматологический и неврологический осмотр. Двигательная функция исследовалась с помощью оценки коленного, локтевого и ахиллова рефлексов. Болевая чувствительность устанавливалась после укола тыльной поверхности большого пальца специальной иглой с притупленным концом. Для статистического анализа использовались непараметрические методы. Для проверки отличий между независимыми группами больных применялся Mann – Whitney U-test. Распределение признака оценивалось с помощью вероятностного калькулятора. Статистические значимыми считались отличия при уровне вероятности более 95 % (p<0,05). Результаты. Легкая степень псориаза установлена у 8 (13,3 %) больных, умеренно тяжелый псориаз – у 14 (23 %) пациентов (индекс PASI 11–30 баллов), тяжелая форма псориаза – у 38 (63,7 %) больных (индекс PASI более 30 баллов). Псориаз I типа определялся у 32 (53,2 %) больных, II типа – у 28 (46,8 %). У 30 (50 %) больных обнаружены нарушения функции периферической нервной системы. У 12 (20 %) чел. наблюдались симметричные сенсорные и двигательные нарушения в дистальных отделах всех четырех конечностей. У 9 (15 %) чел. отмечалось симметричное снижение коленного и ахиллова рефлексов. Девять (15 %) больных псориазом имели симметричное снижение тактильной и температурной чувствительности в дистальных отделах нижних конечностей. Выводы. У больных псориазом часто встречается дистальная симметричная сенсорно-моторная полинейропатия. Тяжелое течение псориаза сопровождается дистальной симметричной сенсорно-моторной полинейропатией. Ключевые слова: псориаз, коморбидность, демиелинизация, полинейропатия.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

scholarly journals A Gain-of-Function Screen for Genes That Affect the Development of the Drosophila Adult External Sensory Organ

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 733-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salim Abdelilah-Seyfried ◽  
Yee-Ming Chan ◽  
Chaoyang Zeng ◽  
Nicholas J Justice ◽  
Susan Younger-Shepherd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
P Element ◽  
External Support ◽  
Sensory Organ ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
Gain Of Function ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Single Precursor

Abstract The Drosophila adult external sensory organ, comprising a neuron and its support cells, is derived from a single precursor cell via several asymmetric cell divisions. To identify molecules involved in sensory organ development, we conducted a tissue-specific gain-of-function screen. We screened 2293 independent P-element lines established by P. Rørth and identified 105 lines, carrying insertions at 78 distinct loci, that produced misexpression phenotypes with changes in number, fate, or morphology of cells of the adult external sensory organ. On the basis of the gain-of-function phenotypes of both internal and external support cells, we subdivided the candidate lines into three classes. The first class (52 lines, 40 loci) exhibits partial or complete loss of adult external sensory organs. The second class (38 lines, 28 loci) is associated with increased numbers of entire adult external sensory organs or subsets of sensory organ cells. The third class (15 lines, 10 loci) results in potential cell fate transformations. Genetic and molecular characterization of these candidate lines reveals that some loci identified in this screen correspond to genes known to function in the formation of the peripheral nervous system, such as big brain, extra macrochaetae, and numb. Also emerging from the screen are a large group of previously uncharacterized genes and several known genes that have not yet been implicated in the development of the peripheral nervous system.

Some fly sensory organs are gliogenic and require glide/gcm in a precursor that divides symmetrically and produces glial cells

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (17) ◽  
pp. 3735-3743 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Van De Bor ◽  
R. Walther ◽  
A. Giangrande
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Sensory Organ ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Glial Precursor

In flies, the choice between neuronal and glial fates depends on the asymmetric division of multipotent precursors, the neuroglioblast of the central nervous system and the IIb precursor of the sensory organ lineage. In the central nervous system, the choice between the two fates requires asymmetric distribution of the glial cell deficient/glial cell missing (glide/gcm) RNA in the neuroglioblast. Preferential accumulation of the transcript in one of the daughter cells results in the activation of the glial fate in that cell, which becomes a glial precursor. Here we show that glide/gcm is necessary to induce glial differentiation in the peripheral nervous system. We also present evidence that glide/gcm RNA is not necessary to induce the fate choice in the peripheral multipotent precursor. Indeed, glide/gcm RNA and protein are first detected in one daughter of IIb but not in IIb itself. Thus, glide/gcm is required in both central and peripheral glial cells, but its regulation is context dependent. Strikingly, we have found that only subsets of sensory organs are gliogenic and express glide/gcm. The ability to produce glial cells depends on fixed, lineage related, cues and not on stochastic decisions. Finally, we show that after glide/gcm expression has ceased, the IIb daughter migrates and divides symmetrically to produce several mature glial cells. Thus, the glide/gcm-expressing cell, also called the fifth cell of the sensory organ, is indeed a glial precursor. This is the first reported case of symmetric division in the sensory organ lineage. These data indicate that the organization of the fly peripheral nervous system is more complex than previously thought.

Homeotic genes have specific functional roles in the establishment of the Drosophila embryonic peripheral nervous system

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Heuer ◽  
T.C. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Homeotic Genes ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
Sex Combs Reduced ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Visceral Mesoderm ◽  
Control Segment

The Drosophila embryonic peripheral nervous system (PNS) contains segment-specific spatial patterns of sensory organs which derive from the ectoderm. Many studies have established that the homeotic genes of Drosophila control segment specific characteristics of the epidermis, and more recently these genes have also been shown to control gut morphogenesis through their expression in the visceral mesoderm (Tremml, G. and Bienz, M. (1989), EMBO J. 8, 2677–2685). We report here the roles of homeotic genes in establishing the spatial patterns of sensory organs in the embryonic PNS. The PNS was examined in embryos homozygous for mutations in the homeotic genes Sex combs reduced (Scr), Antennapedia (Antp), Ultrabithorax (Ubx), abdominal-A (abd-A) and Abdominal-B (Abd-B) with antibodies that label specific subsets of sensory organs. Our results suggest that the homeotic genes have specific roles in establishing the correct spatial patterns of sensory organs in their normal domains of expression. In addition, we also report the effects of ectopic expression of the homeotic genes labial (lab), Deformed (Dfd), Scr, Antp or Ubx on the normal development of sensory organs in the embryonic PNS. Interestingly, while previous studies have concluded that ectopic expression of the homeotic genes Dfd, Scr and Antp has no effect on the segmental identity of the abdominal segments, our results demonstrate that this is not true. We show that ectopic expression of these genes does result in the disruption of the developing PNS in the abdomen. Our results are suggestive of a role for the homeotic gene products in regulating genes which are necessary for generating sensory progenitor cells in the developing PNS.

scholarly journals Acid-sensing ion channels in sensory signaling

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (3) ◽  
pp. F531-F543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo D. Carattino ◽  
Nicolas Montalbetti
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Acid Sensing Ion Channels ◽  
Genetically Modified Mice ◽  
Sensory Processes

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are cation-permeable channels that in the periphery are primarily expressed in sensory neurons that innervate tissues and organs. Soon after the cloning of the ASIC subunits, almost 20 yr ago, investigators began to use genetically modified mice to assess the role of these channels in physiological processes. These studies provide critical insights about the participation of ASICs in sensory processes, including mechanotransduction, chemoreception, and nociception. Here, we provide an extensive assessment of these findings and discuss the current gaps in knowledge with regard to the functions of ASICs in the peripheral nervous system.

scholarly journals Differential Effects of Three CanonicalToxoplasmaStrains on Gene Expression in Human Neuroepithelial Cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 1363-1373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianchun Xiao ◽  
Lorraine Jones-Brando ◽  
C. Conover Talbot ◽  
Robert H. Yolken
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nucleotide Metabolism ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Neuroepithelial Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System

ABSTRACTStrain type is one of the key factors suspected to play a role in determining the outcome ofToxoplasmainfection. In this study, we examined the transcriptional profile of human neuroepithelioma cells in response to representative strains ofToxoplasmaby using microarray analysis to characterize the strain-specific host cell response. The study of neural cells is of interest in light of the ability ofToxoplasmato infect the brain and to establish persistent infection within the central nervous system. We found that the extents of the expression changes varied considerably among the three strains. Neuroepithelial cells infected withToxoplasmatype I exhibited the highest level of differential gene expression, whereas type II-infected cells had a substantially smaller number of genes which were differentially expressed. Cells infected with type III exhibited intermediate effects on gene expression. The three strains also differed in the individual genes and gene pathways which were altered following cellular infection. For example, gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that type I infection largely affects genes related to the central nervous system, while type III infection largely alters genes which affect nucleotide metabolism; type II infection does not alter the expression of a clearly defined set of genes. Moreover, Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) suggests that the three lineages differ in the ability to manipulate their host; e.g., they employ different strategies to avoid, deflect, or subvert host defense mechanisms. These observed differences may explain some of the variation in the neurobiological effects of different strains ofToxoplasmaon infected individuals.

scholarly journals The adaptor protein GULP promotes Jedi-1–mediated phagocytosis through a clathrin-dependent mechanism

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1925-1936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea S. Sullivan ◽  
Jami L. Scheib ◽  
Zhong Ma ◽  
Rajan P. Dang ◽  
Johanna M. Schafer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Npxy Motif ◽  
Mammalian Homologue ◽  
Glial Precursor ◽  
Dependent Mechanism

During the development of the peripheral nervous system, the large number of apoptotic neurons generated are phagocytosed by glial precursor cells. This clearance is mediated, in part, through the mammalian engulfment receptor Jedi-1. However, the mechanisms by which Jedi-1 mediates phagocytosis are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that Jedi-1 associates with GULP, the mammalian homologue of CED-6, an adaptor protein required for phagocytosis mediated by the nematode engulfment receptor CED-1. Silencing GULP or mutating the NPXY motif in Jedi-1, which is required for GULP binding, prevents Jedi-1–mediated phagocytosis. How GULP promotes engulfment is not known. Of interest, we find that Jedi-1–induced phagocytosis requires GULP binding to clathrin heavy chain (CHC). During engulfment, CHC is tyrosine phosphorylated, which is required for Jedi-mediated engulfment. Both phosphoclathrin and actin accumulate around engulfed microspheres. Furthermore, knockdown of CHC in HeLa cells prevents Jedi-1–mediated engulfment of microspheres, and knockdown in glial precursors prevents the engulfment of apoptotic neurons. Taken together, these results reveal that Jedi-1 signals through recruitment of GULP, which promotes phagocytosis through a noncanonical phosphoclathrin-dependent mechanism.

Review of the Toxicology of Mineral Spirits

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie A. Amoruso ◽  
John F. Gamble ◽  
Richard H. McKee ◽  
Arlean M. Rohde ◽  
Andrew Jaques
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Systemic Effects ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Class A ◽  
Boiling Range ◽  
Class C ◽  
Mineral Spirits

This review of the toxicology of mineral spirits covers studies of the major classes of mineral spirits and several toxicologically important mineral spirit constituents. This review cites data from numerous previously unpublished animal toxicology studies conducted on mineral spirits during the past 30 years, expanding the existing database on the toxicology of this group of hydrocarbon solvents. The data can be used to better evaluate the potential effects associated with exposure to these materials, including health and environmental reviews such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency High Production Volume (HPV) chemical program and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) HPV Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) program. The majority of animal toxicology studies in the available literature were conducted on mineral spirits categorized as ASTM D235 Type I Class A (149°C to 213°C boiling range; 8% to 22% aromatics) and demonstrate that Type I Class A mineral spirits have a low order of acute toxicity and do not produce significant systemic effects. Some additional studies conducted with ASTM D235 Type II Class C mineral spirits (177°C to 213°C boiling range; <2% aromatics) suggest that Type II Class C mineral spirits have similar toxicity to Type I Class A mineral spirits, though there is some evidence that Type II, Class C mineral spirits have a lesser degree of central nervous system (CNS) effects than the higher aromatic containing Type I Class A materials. In addition, toxicity data on selected chemical constituents of mineral spirits (e.g., n-nonane, n-decane, n-undecane) indicate that these chemicals have similar toxicological properties to mineral spirits. Overall, the data showed that mineral spirits have a low order of acute toxicity and do not appear to produce toxicologically relevant systemic effects. Ongoing studies are evaluating the concerns associated with chronic low-level exposure and central nervous system effects.

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