Ultrastructure of Blood Vessels of the Area Pellucida of Control and X-irradiated Chick Embryos

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
Margaret H. Sanderson ◽  
S. Phyllis Steamer
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Mesenchyme Cells ◽  
Area Pellucida

The chick embryo exposed to lethal doses of ionizing radiations develops a fatal circulatory failure within a few hours. This report describes the blood vessels of the area pellucida (a part of the extra-embryonic membranes of the chick embryo) and the effect of 250 kVp x-radiation upon them.Three-day chick embryos, x-irradiated in ovo with 1000-1200 R, were fixed 1-2 hours after exposure. The area pellucida is a multi-layered membrane consisting of ectoderm, somatic and splanchnic mesoderm, and endoderm (Fig. 1). The vascular system arises from the splanchnic mesoderm. The walls of small and medium-sized vessels are composed of endothelial cells, an occasional pericyte and processes of adjacent mesenchyme cells. Types of vessels cannot be distinguished at this stage of development; a basement membrane is seen only in isolated areas. The wall appears double or triple-layered, but the endothelium is frequently less than 0.1 micron thick (Fig. 2). Endothelial cells contain a large complement of polyribosomes, mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a Golgi complex, pinocytotic vesicles and several kinds of inclusion bodies. The nucleus has a well-defined nucleolus.

Primordial germ cells in normal and transected duck blastoderms

Development ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-260
Author(s):  
Teresa Rogulska
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Suggestive Evidence ◽  
Area Pellucida

Suggestive evidence for the extragonadal origin of germ cells in birds was first presented by Swift (1914), who described primordial germ cells in the chick embryo at as early a stage as the primitive streak. According to Swift, primordial germ cells are originally located extra-embryonically in the anterior part of the blastoderm and occupy a crescent-shaped region (‘germinal crescent’) on the boundary between area opaca and area pellucida. Swift also found that primordial germ cells later enter into the blood vessels, circulate together with the blood throughout the whole blastoderm and finally penetrate into the genital ridges, where they become definitive germ cells. Swift's views have been confirmed in numerous descriptive and experimental investigations. Among the latter, the publications of Willier (1937), Simon (1960) and Dubois (1964a, b, 1965a, b, 1966) merit special attention. Dubois finally proved that the genital ridges exert a strong chemotactic influence on the primordial germ cells.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION OF THE CHICK EMBRYO

1939 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 485-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. John Buddingh ◽  
Alice D. Polk
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Serial Passage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Stage Of Development

1. A strain of meningococci obtained directly from the spinal fluid of a patient has been propagated in serial passage in 10 to 12 day old chick embryos without change in its essential characteristics. 2. The chick embryo is susceptible to infection with the meningococcus, and, depending on its stage of development, reacts to the infection with more or less specific lesions. 3. In chick embryos of 15 days incubation, following the utilization of definite portals of entry, such as the nasopharynx, or by inoculation of the amniotic fluid or by inoculation of the body wall, the meningococcus is localized in specific areas, namely in the cranial sinuses, the lungs or meninges, or in all of these areas. 4. The lesions of the meningococcus infection in man, a septicemia, sinusitis, pneumonia and meningitis can be reproduced in the chick embryo by choosing embryos at the proper state of development and utilizing the various portals of entry experimentally available.

scholarly journals THE DEPENDENCE OF HEAD CURVATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEART IN THE CHICK EMBRYO

1937 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. WADDINGTON
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Brain Region ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Blood System ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Aortic Arches ◽  
The Brain

1. The heart was removed from chick embryos of seven to twelve somites, and the embryos cultivated in vitro. The operation abolished the normal twisting of the anterior part of the embryo on to its left side and the general bending of the brain region into an arc. These two processes therefore seem to be dependent on the normal development of the heart. 2. The embryos showed a bending of the forebrain relative to the midbrain, which is therefore independent of the development of the heart. 3. The embryonic blood system, including the aortic arches, developed normally in many cases, but the blood vessels became enormously dilated. 4. The lateral evaginations of the foregut and the visceral arch mesenchyme underwent the first stages of differentiation in atypical positions, seemingly independently of each other or of any other structures.

scholarly journals Drug-induced accumulation of uroporphyrin in chicken hepatocyte cultures. Structural requirements for the effect and role of exogenous iron

1984 ◽  
Vol 224 (3) ◽  
pp. 769-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Ferioli ◽  
C Harvey ◽  
F De Matteis
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Molecular Target ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Structural Requirements ◽  
Binding Characteristics ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Do So

The ability of drugs to cause uroporphyria in hepatocytes from 17-day-old chick embryos has been investigated and the response of the cells in culture compared with that of the intact liver of the embryos in ovo. In this chick-embryo system, drugs that cause accumulation of uroporphyrin within 19-24 h can only do so in culture; in contrast, 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide and 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine, which stimulate production of protoporphyrin, are effective both in culture and in ovo. A role of exogenous iron in worsening drug-induced uroporphyria was demonstrated in cultures of hepatocytes; iron also caused preferential accumulation of uroporphyrin from added 5-aminolaevulinate in the absence of a porphyrogenic chemical. Uroporphyria was induced in cultures of hepatocytes by drugs of widely different structures, suggesting that the primary molecular target with which they interact may be relatively aspecific in its binding characteristics. These results are briefly discussed, and two alternative hypotheses for the drug-induced effect in uroporphyrinogen metabolism are considered.

scholarly journals Endothelial cells on the move: dynamics in vascular morphogenesis and disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. H29-H43
Author(s):  
Catarina G Fonseca ◽  
Pedro Barbacena ◽  
Claudio A Franco
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Endothelial Cell Migration ◽  
Network Stability ◽  
Cell Dynamics ◽  
Vascular Morphogenesis ◽  
Endothelial Cell Differentiation ◽  
Shape Changes

The vascular system is a hierarchically organized network of blood vessels that play crucial roles in embryogenesis, homeostasis and disease. Blood vessels are built by endothelial cells – the cells lining the interior of blood vessels – through a process named vascular morphogenesis. Endothelial cells react to different biomechanical signals in their environment by adjusting their behavior to: (1) invade, proliferate and fuse to form new vessels (angiogenesis); (2) remodel, regress and establish a hierarchy in the network (patterning); and (3) maintain network stability (quiescence). Each step involves the coordination of endothelial cell differentiation, proliferation, polarity, migration, rearrangements and shape changes to ensure network integrity and an efficient barrier between blood and tissues. In this review, we highlighted the relevance and the mechanisms involving endothelial cell migration during different steps of vascular morphogenesis. We further present evidence on how impaired endothelial cell dynamics can contribute to pathology.

The origin and movement of nephrogenic cells in the chick embryo as determined by radioautographic mapping

Development ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-380
Author(s):  
Glenn C. Rosenquist
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lateral Plate ◽  
Intermediate Mesoderm ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Stage Embryo ◽  
Area Pellucida

The origin of the presumptive nephrogenic cells in the epiblast of the chick embryo was traced by radioautographic analysis of the movements of tritiated thymidine-labelled grafts excised from medium-streak to 5-somite stage embryos and transplanted to epiblast, streak, and the endoderm-mesoderm layer of similarly staged recipient embryos. The nephrogenic cells originate near the area pellucida margin of the medium-streak-stage embryo, migrate toward the streak, and are invaginated about one-third to one-half the distance from the anterior to the posterior end of the streak, between the definitive-streak and I - to 4-somite stages. Their route into mesoderm is along a relatively narrow pathway between the cells migrating to the paraxial or presomite mesoderm on one side, and those destined for the proximal limbs of the lateral plate on the other. The cells which will form the anterior part of the intermediate mesoderm are the most medially placed cells in epiblast, reach the streak at an earlier stage of development, and are the first nephrogenic cells to migrate into mesoderm. After about the 17– to 19-somite stage, cells from this group which have formed the pronephric cord or duct begin to move posteriorly in relation to the rest of the intermediate mesoderm, toward the future cloaca. The last nephrogenic cells to leave epiblast and enter the streak and mesoderm are those destined for the posterior end of the intermediate mesoderm. This group of cells surrounds the posteriorly migrating pronephric (Wolffian) duct and differentiates into mesonephros.

Vascular endothelial cell–specific phosphotyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) activity is required for blood vessel development

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 107 (12) ◽  
pp. 4754-4762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Bäumer ◽  
Linda Keller ◽  
Astrid Holtmann ◽  
Ruth Funke ◽  
Benjamin August ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Vascular Malformations ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Cell ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase Receptor ◽  
Phosphotyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Fibronectin Type Iii ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Vessel Development

AbstractVE-PTP, a receptor-type phosphotyrosine phosphatase, associates with the tyrosine kinase receptor Tie-2 and VE-cadherin and enhances the adhesive function of the latter. Here, VE-PTP was found to be restricted to endothelial cells, with a preference for arterial endothelium. Mutant mice expressing a truncated, secreted form of VE-PTP lacking the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains and the most membrane-proximal extracellular fibronectin type III repeat, showed severe vascular malformations causing lethality at 10 days of gestation. Although blood vessels were initially formed, the intraembryonic vascular system soon deteriorated. Blood vessels in the yolk sac developed into dramatically enlarged cavities. In explant cultures of mutant allantoides, endothelial cells were found next to vessel structures growing as cell layers. No signs for enhanced endothelial apoptosis or proliferation were observed. Thus, the activity of VE-PTP is not required for the initial formation of blood vessels, yet it is essential for their maintenance and remodeling.

Effects of L-phenylalanine on somite formation in the early chick embryo

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-190
Author(s):  
K. Palén ◽  
L. Thörneby
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Vitelline Membrane ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Yolk Granule ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Somite Formation ◽  
Early Developmental

Chick embryos were treated in ovo and in vitro with L-phenylalanine from the intermediate streak stage (Hamburger & Hamilton stage 3, 12–13 h of incubation) to the 7-somite stage (H & H stage 9, 29–33 h of incubation). Treatment in ovo resulted in a large number of embryos developing somite blocks, i.e. imperfectly segmented somites. In embryos treated at an early developmental stage (12–21 h of incubation), the blocks of unsegmented somite mesoderm occurred mostly in the somite pairs 1–5, whereas treatment that began at a later stage (24–30 h of incubation) caused blocks in the somite pairs 5–10, i.e. the appearance of blocks of unsegmented somite mesoderm is correlated in time with the onset of the treatment. No difference regarding mitotic indices could be distinguished between normally segmented somites and blocks of unsegmented somite mesoderm. Autoradiography based on tritiated L-phenylalanine showed no regional differences in labelling of the chick embryo body. Electronmicroscopical observations indicate a slightly suppressed formation of microvilli in the cells of the unsegmented mesoderm blocks compared with cells in normally segmented somites. The observed disturbances are probably caused by a suppressed yolk granule decomposition in the developing somite cells. The experiments in vitro support the findings in the in ovo material; at the same time, they reveal an unexpectedly slow diffusion of L-phenylalanine through the vitelline membrane.

scholarly journals Monoclonal antibodies specific to quail embryo tissues: their epitopes in the developing quail embryo and their application to identification of quail cells in quail-chick chimeras.

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1769-1777 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Aoyama ◽  
K Asamoto ◽  
Y Nojyo ◽  
M Kinutani
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Quail Embryo ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Cartilage Cells ◽  
Preliminary Application ◽  
And Cartilage

Quail-chick chimeras have been used extensively in the field of developmental biology. To detect quail cells more easily and to detect cellular processes of quail cells in quail-chick chimeras, we generated four monoclonal antibodies (MAb) specific to some quail tissues. MAb QCR1 recognizes blood vessels, blood cells, and cartilage cells, MAb QB1 recognizes quail blood vessels and blood cells, and MAb QB2 recognizes quail blood vessels, blood cells, and mesenchymal tissues. These antibodies bound to those tissues in 3-9-day quail embryos and did not bind to any tissues of 3-9-day chick embryos. MAb QSC1 is specific to the ventral half of spinal cord and thymus in 9-day quail embryo. No tissue in 9-day chick embryo reacted with this MAb. This antibody binds transiently to a small number of brain vesicle cells in developing chick embryo as well as in quail embryo. A preliminary application of two of these MAb, QCR1 and QSC1, on quail-chick chimeras of neural tube and somites is reported here.

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