Development of the Intestinal Tract during the Larval Period of Drosophila

Development ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
H. H. El Shatoury ◽  
C. H. Waddington
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Lethal Mutant ◽  
Lymph Glands ◽  
Periodic Processes ◽  
Drosophila Larvae ◽  
Hind Gut

This paper is concerned with certain aspects of the development of the mid-gut (stomach), hind-gut, and salivary glands of Drosophila larvae. Attention will be particularly concentrated on two types of phenomenon, firstly, on periodic processes of hypertrophy and regression which affect certain of the larval tissues comprising these organs, and, secondly, on the development of groups of imaginal cells which, at metamorphosis, produce the tissues from which the adult organs are built up. There is evidence that in the control of both these processes an important part is played by the lymph glands. This evidence is derived primarily from the study of certain lethal mutant types which will be described in a later communication (Shatoury & Waddington, 1957b). In these lethals it is found that abnormality of the lymph glands is associated with and appears to be the cause of excessive hypertrophy of the larval cells composing the gut.

The Development of Gastric Tumours in Drosophila Larvae

Development ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
H. H. El Shatoury ◽  
C. H. Waddington
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Lymph Glands ◽  
Drosophila Larvae ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Formation Of Groups

It has been shown that in the normal development of wild-type Drosophila larvae, a process of hypertrophy or proliferation leading to the formation of groups of non-nucleated cellular masses occurs in the mid-gut (stomach) and at the imaginal primordia of the hind-gut and the salivary glands in both the first and second instars (Shatoury & Waddington, 1957b). The process takes place just at the time when the lymph glands hypertrophy and release cells into the body-cavity and the excessive growths of the organs of the alimentary tract regress and are resorbed as soon as the lymph glands become regenerated. The appearances strongly suggest that there is a causal connexion between the proliferation of the lymph glands cells and the hypertrophy which occurs in the gut and salivary glands.

scholarly journals Rate of passage of digesta in sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Grovum† ◽  
J. F Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Peak Concentration ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Similar Measurement ◽  
Mathematical Equation ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
The Times ◽  
Limited Usefulness

1. A simple two-compartment physical model was assembled with the aim of simulating passage of marker through the reticulo-rumen, small intestine, and caecum and proximal colon of sheep. Passage of marker through the whole digestive tract and the hind-gut were also simulated with a computer and methods of describing such results were compared.2. The same mathematical equation applied equally well to the passage of a single injection of marker through the model and whole digestive tract of sheep. The magnitude of a rate-constant, reflecting in theory the retention time of marker in the caecum and proximal colon, was accurate for the model but larger than expected for the sheep. Modifications of the model are discussed which might account for the greater complexity in the biological system.3. The average time available for digestion in the entire gut can be described with R or t and that for the intestinal tract distal to the abomasum with Ri or with a similar measurement ti. The magnitudes of these values and of rate-constants and a transit time of marker in the intestines, derived from the concentration curve of marker excretion in faeces, are closely related. The times for peak concentration of marker in faeces, for 5 and 50% excretion and the 80–5 % excretion time were found to be of limited usefulness in describing the results of rate of passage experiments with sheep.

The embryology of Dacus tryoni (Diptera). 3. Origins of imaginal rudiments other than the principal discs

Development ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
D. T. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Cerebral Ganglia ◽  
Developmental Relationship ◽  
Hind Gut

In addition to the principal imaginal discs (cephalic, labial, wing, haltere, leg and genital), the larva in Cyclorrhapha carries as discrete components the rudiments of the imaginal segmental abdominal hypodermis, salivary glands, fore-, mid- and hind-gut, lateral cerebral ganglia and segmental tracheal system (Snodgrass, 1924; Bodenstein, 1950; Shatoury, 1956b; Anderson, 1964, etc.). The embryonic origins of these rudiments have never been firmly established. The present paper describes their origins in the embryo and larva of Dacus tryoni (Frogg.) (Trypetidae), taking a further step in the elucidation of the developmental relationship between the cyclorrhaphan larva and adult. Material and Methods The embryonic origins of the rudiments in question were traced in serial sections of embryos and larvae prepared by the methods described by Anderson (1962a, 1963b). The reader is referred to these papers for details of the methods employed.

scholarly journals Observations on the occurrence of Salmonella cholerae-suis and other salmonellas in two herds of feeder pigs

1981 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Williams ◽  
D. Hunter ◽  
Jeannette Binder ◽  
Elaine Hough
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Salmonella Choleraesuis ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
The Media ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

SUMMARYModified brilliant green agar (BGA), Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate, Rappaport's and selenite F broths were compared for their efficiency in isolating salmonellas from pigs and their excreta. It was concluded that BGA and Rappaport's broth were the media of choice. Where searches were made for Salmonella choleraesuis alone, the use of a trehalose McConkey agar provided a rapid method of differentiating S. cholerae-suis, which does not ferment trehalose, from the majority of other salmonellas, which do ferment trehalose.Casualties were collected from two farms where infection with S. cholerae-suis was endemic. The isolation rates of S. cholerae-suis from different carcase sites were compared in order to determine the relative importance of the salivary, upper respiratory and faecal routes of excretion. S. cholerae-suis was isolated from numerous carcase sites in carriers including the salivary glands, tonsils, trachea and lungs. However, isolations from the nasal passages, mouth, pharynx and gastro-intestinal tract of carriers were either infrequent or absent. When, in a further study, S. cholerae-suis was isolated from only 3/414 faeces, 1/170 nasal swabs and not at all from 170 oral swabs taken from live pigs, it was concluded that there must be more significant modes of transmission than from the salivary glands, upper respiratory or gastro-intestinal tracts. Cannibalism was considered to be a possibility.In contrast to S. cholerae-suis, other salmonellas were frequently isolated from randomly collected faeces and from the gastro-intestinal tract as well as other sites in casualties.

scholarly journals A FURTHER STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL PAROTITIS

1918 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Wollstein
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Lymph Glands ◽  
Military Forces ◽  
Epidemic Parotitis ◽  
Made In ◽  
Infective Agent

A new series of inoculations into cats of the filtered sterile salivary secretions derived from cases of parotitis has been described. They confirm the observations made in 1915–1916 and extend them to include the epidemic parotitis occurring in our military forces. Incidentally confirmatory evidence of the filterable nature of the causative agent of mumps has been obtained. It has been determined that the saliva of man and of inoculated cats, and the inoculated glands of the latter animals, contain the filterable, infective agent. The lesions present in the inoculated organs conform to those described in our first publication. In addition, the lymph glands adjacent to the salivary glands on the uninoculated side were sometimes found to be swollen and to exhibit microscopic lesions. Probably the involvement resulted from salivary and lymphatic infection. The "virus" of parotitis was detected most readily in the saliva during the first 3 days of the disease, less easily on the 6th day, and not at all on the 9th day. It was detected also in the blood of patients showing marked constitutional symptoms, and in the saliva of a case of recurrent mumps at the periods of enlargement of the parotid glands, but not 2 weeks after the swelling had subsided. It was not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Reduction of intestinal viscosity in barley-fed broilers by β-glucanase: Site of action and effect on bird performance

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 86-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Bedford ◽  
H.L. Classen
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Viscosity Reduction ◽  
Reduced Viscosity ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Feed Addition ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
High Set ◽  
Enzyme Source

The objective of this research was to determine the site of dissolution of viscous polysaccharides in the intestinal tract of birds fed a barley-based diets and the site of action of enzymes designed to degrade such polymers. A barley-based diet (60% Condor variety, 4.58% β-glucan) was fed with and without β-glucanase supplementation to broilers from 1-21 days of age (4 replicate pens of 5 birds per pen), at which time weight gain, feed intake and viscosity of digesta supernatant (12,500 x g, 5 min) from the gizzard, first and last half of the small intestine was measured. Two β-glucanase sources were tested, a commercial multienzyme product, blended from several microbial and fungal fermentations containing β-glucanase, xylanase and amylase activities (Avizyme Sx, Finnfeeds International Ltd., BG1) and a single Trichoderma fermentation source of β-glucanase (BG2). Each enzyme was added at 250 β-glucanase U/g (pH 6.8) feed. Addition of BG1 and BG2 improved weight gain by 28 and 28% respectively (p<0.0001) and FCE by 23% and 18% respectively (p<0.0001). Viscosity in the gizzard, first and last half of the small intestine was 10, 88 and 270 cp respectively in control broilers, an unacceptably high set of values, particularly in the hind-gut. Addition of either enzyme source significantly reduced viscosity in all gut sections and prevented the increase in viscosity noted in control fed birds. Foregut intestinal viscosity correlated well with weight gain (R2=0.907, p<0.0001) and FCE (R2=0.871, p<0.0001). The variance associated with weight gain and FCE was substantially reduced with enzyme addition, but particularly so with BG1. BG1 tended to reduce gizzard viscosity to a greater extent than BG2 suggesting that it is either more active at acid pH or that undefined associated activities (eg glucosidase) are necessary for optimum viscosity reduction.

The Drosophila Pax gene eye gone is required for embryonic salivary duct development

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (21) ◽  
pp. 4163-4174 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Jones ◽  
Y.M. Kuo ◽  
Y.H. Sun ◽  
S.K. Beckendorf
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Egf Receptor ◽  
Common Duct ◽  
Salivary Duct ◽  
Sex Combs Reduced ◽  
Fork Head ◽  
Sex Combs ◽  
Drosophila Larvae ◽  
Duct Development

What are the developmental mechanisms required for conversion of an undifferentiated, two-dimensional field of cells into a patterned, tubular organ? In this report, we describe the contribution of the Drosophila Pax gene eye gone to the development of the embryonic salivary glands and ducts. eye gone expression in salivary tissues is controlled by several known regulators of salivary fate. After the initial establishment of the salivary primordium by Sex combs reduced, fork head excludes eye gone expression from the pregland cells so that its salivary expression is restricted to the posterior preduct cells. trachealess, in contrast, activates eye gone expression in the posterior preduct cells. We have previously described the process by which fork head and the EGF receptor pathway define the border between the gland and duct primordia. Here we show that eye gone is required for the subdivision of the duct primordium itself into the posterior individual duct and the anterior common duct domains. In the absence of eye gone, individual ducts as well as the precursor of the adult salivary glands, the imaginal ring, are absent. We took advantage of this ductless phenotype to show that Drosophila larvae do not have an obligate requirement for salivary glands and ducts. In addition to its role in the salivary duct, eye gone is required in the embryo for the development of the eye-antennal imaginal disc and the chemosensory antennal organ.

scholarly journals ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE

1940 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Theiler ◽  
Sven Gard
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Animal Organism ◽  
Lymph Glands ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

1. In the feces of approximately two-thirds of normal mice 6 weeks of age an agent in all respects similar to the virus of mouse encephalomyelitis can be recovered. 2. In isolated mice, fed on sterile food and water, excretion of virus has been shown to persist up to 53 days after isolation. 3. In normal mice known to be virus carriers virus has been demonstrated in the gastro-intestinal tract but not in the central nervous system, thoracic or abdominal viscera, or any organs of the head. 4. The source of the virus excreted in the feces has been shown to be located in all probability in the intestinal wall. 5. Evidence is presented that the virus can invade the animal organism, as virus has been demonstrated in the mesenteric lymph glands.

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