scholarly journals Rate of passage of digesta in sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Grovum† ◽  
J. F Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Peak Concentration ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Similar Measurement ◽  
Mathematical Equation ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
The Times ◽  
Limited Usefulness

1. A simple two-compartment physical model was assembled with the aim of simulating passage of marker through the reticulo-rumen, small intestine, and caecum and proximal colon of sheep. Passage of marker through the whole digestive tract and the hind-gut were also simulated with a computer and methods of describing such results were compared.2. The same mathematical equation applied equally well to the passage of a single injection of marker through the model and whole digestive tract of sheep. The magnitude of a rate-constant, reflecting in theory the retention time of marker in the caecum and proximal colon, was accurate for the model but larger than expected for the sheep. Modifications of the model are discussed which might account for the greater complexity in the biological system.3. The average time available for digestion in the entire gut can be described with R or t and that for the intestinal tract distal to the abomasum with Ri or with a similar measurement ti. The magnitudes of these values and of rate-constants and a transit time of marker in the intestines, derived from the concentration curve of marker excretion in faeces, are closely related. The times for peak concentration of marker in faeces, for 5 and 50% excretion and the 80–5 % excretion time were found to be of limited usefulness in describing the results of rate of passage experiments with sheep.

The digestive tract and digestive function in the North American porcupine and beaver

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 967-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad Vispo ◽  
Ian D. Hume
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Castor Canadensis ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
The North ◽  
Winter Diet ◽  
Hind Gut

The morphology and function of the digestive tract of the largely arboreal porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) and the semiaquatic beaver (Castor canadensis) were compared in relation to the similarly woody winter diet of these animals. Digesta particle sizes and Ca concentrations were consistently greater along the digestive tract of the beaver than along that of the porcupine. The small intestine of the beaver is 70% longer than that of the porcupine (P < 0.05 by ANCOVA). Both rodents are hind-gut fermenters and there was selective retention of small digesta particles (< 45 μm) in the cecum of both species. Hind-gut fermentation is confined to the cecum in the porcupine, but in the beaver the cecum and proximal colon function together as a fermentation chamber; the two anatomies appear to yield similar amounts of energy from the volatile fatty acids produced by fermentation, equivalent to 18–19% of the basal metabolic rate. A longer distal colon in the porcupine (P < 0.01 by ANCOVA) is related to greater resorption of water than in the beaver; dry matter content of the digesta increased from 13% in the cecum to 40% in the distal colon of the porcupine (P < 0.001 by ANOVA), but only from 20 to 33% in the beaver (P < 0.01 by ANOVA). High levels of Na accumulate in the porcupine cecum, presumably as a result of effective Na-conservation mechanisms.

scholarly journals Rate of passage of digesta in sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Grovum ◽  
V. J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Transit Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Mean Transit Time ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Half Time ◽  
Gut Function ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Concentration Curves

1. The rates of passage of markers of fluid and particulate digesta through the sheep alimentary tract have been described mathematically in single-injection experiments by analysing the concentration curves of marker excretion in faecal dry matter and then predicting these concentrations by means of an equation containing two exponential terms. Three components related to this equation are a transit time for digesta in the intestines, a half-time of marker in the reticulo-rumen and a half-time tentatively associated with the passage of marker through the caecum and proximal colon. With this approach no surgical interference with an animal is required to obtain meaningful information about gut function.2. Abomasal cannulation did not affect the rate of passage of 51Cr EDTA through the gut.3. The mean half-times (T1/2) for 51Cr EDTA in the reticulo-rumen and hind-gut, respectively, were 646 and 236 min for a roughage diet and 890 and 607 min for a diet consisting mainly of wheat grain, both diets providing approximately the same amounts of digestible dry matter. These results indicated that the changes in half-times were proportionately much greater in the caecum and proximal colon than in the reticulo-rumen. The mean transit time of marker through the digestive tract also increased from 721 to 1345 min when the concentrate diet was given.4. The complex of chromium-51 with EDTA was excreted faster in faeces than cerium-144–praseodymium-144 when both were given together as a single injection into the reticulorumen. This was caused mainly by differential rates of elimination of water and particulate matter from the reticulo-rumen.

GASTROINTESTINAL HYPOMOTILITY IN MAGNESIUM-DEFICIENT SHEEP

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. BUENO ◽  
J. FIORAMONTI ◽  
E. GEUX ◽  
Y. RAISSIGUIER
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Slow Waves ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Intravenous Infusions ◽  
Spiking Activity

The electrical activity of the gastrointestinal tract and gallbladder was recorded in four sheep fed a Mg-deficient diet during 10 to 15 days. The mitigating effect of intravenous infusions of MgCl2 was tested at the end of the experimental period in animals presenting hypomagnesemia. Motility of the reticulo-rumen remained unchanged in Mg-deficient sheep except that there was no postprandial increased frequency of contractions. By contrast, the contractions of gallbladder, cecum and proximal colon were reduced in both amplitude and frequency. The amplitude but not the frequency of the antro-duodenal slow-waves was reduced. The amplitude of the regular spiking activity of the small intestine was reduced as well as the number of complexes produced per day. The activity of the spiral colon was correlated to the blood magnesium concentrations but Mg infusion was unable to restore immediately the motor profile of the rest of the gut to its intitial level. This was done within 2–3 days by changes in the diet in three of the four animals. It is concluded that the motility of the whole digestive tract, including the reticulo-rumen, is modified on a Mg-deficient diet and that hypomagnesemia, involved in the atony of the spiral colon, is only one of the factors responsible for the hypomotility.

Development of the Intestinal Tract during the Larval Period of Drosophila

Development ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
H. H. El Shatoury ◽  
C. H. Waddington
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Lethal Mutant ◽  
Lymph Glands ◽  
Periodic Processes ◽  
Drosophila Larvae ◽  
Hind Gut

This paper is concerned with certain aspects of the development of the mid-gut (stomach), hind-gut, and salivary glands of Drosophila larvae. Attention will be particularly concentrated on two types of phenomenon, firstly, on periodic processes of hypertrophy and regression which affect certain of the larval tissues comprising these organs, and, secondly, on the development of groups of imaginal cells which, at metamorphosis, produce the tissues from which the adult organs are built up. There is evidence that in the control of both these processes an important part is played by the lymph glands. This evidence is derived primarily from the study of certain lethal mutant types which will be described in a later communication (Shatoury & Waddington, 1957b). In these lethals it is found that abnormality of the lymph glands is associated with and appears to be the cause of excessive hypertrophy of the larval cells composing the gut.

scholarly journals Studies of the large intestine of sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Dixon ◽  
J. V. Nolan ◽  
L. P. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Tracer Techniques ◽  
Unbiased Estimates ◽  
Brome Grass ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Best Fit

1. Experiments were undertaken to examine the errors associated with the use of indigestible markers, the 51Cr-labelled complex of chromium ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (51Cr-EDTA) and 103Ru-labelled tris-(1,10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium(II) chloride (103Ru-P), to measure liquid- and solid-phase digesta kinetics in the caecum and proximal colon of sheep.2. First-order kinetics of markers were observed following either single injection or termination of continuous infusion. There were no differences between the half-times (T½) of marker in the caecum plus proximal colon whether calculated from marker concentration in caecal digesta or in faeces. There were also no differences in the T½ values calculated for the liquid- and solid-phase markers. When pool sizes calculated from the marker kinetics were compared with the volume of digesta present in the caecum and proximal colon at slaughter, it appeared that the 51Cr-EDTA and 103Ru-P caecal pools described the digesta contained in the entire caecum and proximal colon.3. The flow-rates of dry matter (DM) through the caecum of sheep given 694 g lucerne (Medicago sativa) DM/d were similar whether estimated from total collection of faeces, by single injection of marker, or by the ratio, marker concentration: DM in either caecal digesta or faeces during continuous infusion of marker into either the rumen or the caecum.4. In sheep given 553 g brome grass (Bromus inermus) DM/d the coefficient of variation of estimates of the plateau of 51Cr-EDTA marker during continuous infusion into the caecum was greater when 130 ml infusate/d were administered than with 1000 ml/d.5. In the sheep given brome grass the lines of best fit of decline in In 51Cr-EDTA marker concentration v. time following termination of the continuous infusions described previously and following single injection of marker in 20 or 2 ml into the caecum were examined. The variation was least when 1000 ml infusate/d had been administered and was unacceptably large following a single injection of 2 ml.6. These experiments showed that tracer techniques could provide unbiased estimates of trace kinetics in the caecum and proximal colon.

scholarly journals How the liver contributes to stomach warming in the endothermic white sharkCarcharodon carcharias

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Bernvi ◽  
Geremy Cliff
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Large Prey ◽  
Large Reservoir ◽  
Stomach Volume ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

BackgroundWhite sharks and other lamnids are able to elevate their stomach temperature. The ability to heat large amounts of food to the recorded levels of up to 17°C above the ambient water temperature can’t be explained only by the heat generated by catabolism and the endothermic adaptions of the suprahepatic rete. This rete has two shunts that regulates the volume of blood flowing from the liver to the sinus venosus, thereby providing a temperature control mechanism for the GIT. The liver’s function in this temperature regulation is unknown. White shark stomach volume is well above 135 l in sub-adults to accommodate large prey items, including marine mammals. The simultaneous ingestion of large volumes of cold water during feeding will result in marked cooling of the stomach. Our study investigated the role of the liver in relation to warming the gastro-intestinal tract and the retention of elevated core temperatures.Materials and methodsThe liver morphology and its position relative to the gastro-intestinal tract were investigated in 13 white sharksCarcharodon carcharias. Stomach volume and the thickness of the abdominal wall were also measured to give a comparative estimate of heat insulation by white muscles.ResultsIn all white sharks examined the two liver lobes completely enveloped the entire gastrointestinal tract, with the anterio-ventral margins of the liver almost interlocking around the stomach. A large, conspicuous, flattened vascular system was only present on the inner surfaces of both liver lobes. The thickness of the ventral abdominal body wall is only 12% of that of the dorso-lateral body wall, so the potential for heat loss from the GIT via the belly region is high.ConclusionOur study builds on the findings of other researchers which revealed that the liver and digestive tract receive a major portion of their blood supply through the suprahepatic rete, which is a heat exchanger aimed at retaining metabolic heat generated by the red locomotory muscles. This heat is not only transferred to the stomach via its supply of warm blood but also via thermal conduction from the vessels on the inside of the liver, which envelopes the digestive tract and serves as a large reservoir of venous blood. The liver is rich in lipids, with insulatory properties to retain the heat which would otherwise be rapidly lost through the extremely thin ventral abdominal wall in temperate waters, where white sharks commonly occur. These findings provide insight into the hitherto unknown role played by the liver in the highly elevated stomach temperatures reported, thereby providing this endothermic top predator with enhanced rates of digestion.

scholarly journals Virom of intestinal canal and ulcerative colitis: new facets of interaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
G. R. Bikbavova ◽  
M. A. Livzan ◽  
A. A. Zastavnaya
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Treatment Modality ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Intestinal Canal ◽  
New Treatment

Various lifestyle facts influence on microbial landscape of gut and change variety of microbiota with ulcerative colitis. New technologies of nucleotide sequencing, innovating statistics and bioinformatics grade into presentation about etiology and pathogenesis of some illness, for example ulcerative colitis. Current studies demonstrate that microbiome of gut acquaint with eukaryotic and prokaryotic viruses, which make virome of gut and be much part of microbial eco-system of intestinal tract. Number of bacteriophages and viruses escalete in the context of environmental stress so microbiome of the digestive tract disturbed. When we open specific microbiota, which associated with etiology of ulcerative colitis, we will create new treatment modality. Drive of this review is generalization of information about involvement with virome in ulcerative colitis becoming. For searching the literature were use systems PubMed and GoogleScholar with keywords: ulcerative colitis, gut virome, gut microbiome. Nowadays in the literature have limited but necessary information about this question. It requires accumulation scientifi c facts for integrated data.

THE DEGRADATION AND UTILIZATION OF ENDOGENOUS UREA IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF RUMINANTS: A REVIEW

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. KENNEDY ◽  
L. P. MILLIGAN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Quantitative Importance

Urea transferred from the blood to the digestive tract of ruminants is potentially an important source of nitrogen for microbial growth in the reticulorumen and hind gut. Early attempts to assess the quantitative importance of urea transfer did not distinguish between its reticuloruminal and hind gut components. However, recent advances in tracer methodology have facilitated this partition, and a number of estimates have been made, principally using sheep on roughage diets. For some roughage diets, the rate of urea transfer to the rumen of sheep was small and was attributable to salivary urea, whereas for other diets substantial amounts of urea appeared to be entering the rumen across the rumen epithelium in addition to that carried in saliva. Regression analysis indicated that the rate of transfer of endogenous urea to the rumen of sheep given those diets was associated with the concentration of rumen ammonia and of plasma urea, and with the amount of organic matter digested in the rumen. Experimental evidence supporting the validity of this concept is discussed. Relationships are presented which show that the clearance of plasma urea to the rumen is inversely proportional to the concentration of rumen ammonia in both sheep and cattle, but that clearance is increased by the addition of grain or sucrose to the diet. It is concluded that transfer of urea across the rumen epithelium may contribute significantly to the nitrogen economy of the microorganisms, but the mechanism by which such transfer is controlled by the ruminant remains obscure.

Comparative aspects of water intake and its flow through the gastro-intestinal tract of kids and lambs

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Alam ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
A. R. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

It is increasingly being recognized that water intake in goats is considerably lower than in sheep on the same feed (Gihad, 1976; Gihad, El-Bedawy & Mehrez, 1980; Alam, Poppi & Sykes, 1983). It is, however, difficult to judge the significance of this difference for water transactions in the digestive tract. This paper describes the comparative water consumption and flow in the digestive tract of kids and lambs.

Leptomonas capsularis n.sp. and other flagellates parasitic in Cletus ochraceus (Hemiptera)

Parasitology ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 128-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred J. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Unequal Division ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Hind Gut

It has recently been shown (Gibbs, 1950), in the case of Crithidia familiaris, parasitic in the digestive tract of Cenaeus carnifex (Hemiptera), that resistant, infective bodies are produced in the hind-gut by an unequal division leptomonads. One of the two daughter-cells fails to grow a flagellum but remains attachedm, by a thread, to the flagellum of the other. Laterm the non-flagellate body becomes more compact in form and finnaly becomes invested in a tough, protective periplast. It then becomes detached from the parent flagellate. Large numbers of these bodies are scattered in the faeces, and it has been shown that they are capable of infecting fresh insects when ingested. The purpose of the attachment of the non-motile, immature infective body to an active flagellate is apparently to prevent its being prematurely swept from the gut.

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