Chromosome order — possible implications for development

Chromosomes are arranged in ordered haploid sets around the centre of the metaphase plate at mitosis in several grass species and hybrids. Each chromosome is in a fixed mean position relative to other, heterologous chromosomes, this order can be predicted using Bennett's model, and is clearly demonstrated from reconstructions of electron micrographs of serial sections (see Heslop-Harrison & Bennett, 1983a, b, c). The nucleus contains spatial domains of genes with similar functions. Chromosomes with major effects on nuclear behaviour — division or meiotic pairing — may be at special positions in the order. Changing spatial relationships of chromosomes with respect both to each other and the nuclear envelope (during the cell cycle and during development) may affect cell differentiation and gene activity. Chromosome order may have implications for the control of development within the nucleus and the organism. Order may constrain karyotype and hence species evolution.

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The ultrastructure and timing of events in the nuclear cycle of the fungus Entomophaga aulicae

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.90.3.501 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 90 (3) ◽

pp. 501-516

Author(s):

FAYE MURRIN ◽

WILLIAM NEWCOMB ◽

I. BRENT HEATH

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Envelope ◽

Linear Array ◽

Nuclear Division ◽

Metaphase Plate ◽

Serial Sections ◽

Free Zone ◽

Nuclear Cycle ◽

Full Complement ◽

Spindle Microtubules ◽

Spindle Elongation

The ultrastructure of the mitotic nuclear division cycle of the fungus Entomophaga aulicae was studied from serial sections of hyphal tips and protoplasts. The extranuclear bar-shaped nucleus- associated organelle (NAO) remained associated with the persistent nuclear envelope throughout. Prior to spindle formation, a patch of intranuclear NAO-associated chromatin detached from the nuclear envelope to yield a chromatin free zone containing fine filaments and a linear array of presumptive kinetochores. Early metaphase spindles less than 1μm in length were characterized by a ‘fused’ metaphase plate consisting of kinetochore-associated chromatin and a full complement of at least 15 kinetochore microtubules per half-spindle, while most of the chromatin was remote from the intranuclear spindle. Analysis of the distribution of antiparallel spindle microtubules indicated that polar separation and concomitant spindle elongation through metaphase were not accompanied by intermicrotubule sliding. Anaphase exhibited extensive decondensation of the large patches of condensed chromatin characteristic of all other stages. In a logarithmically growing protoplast population all nuclei contained spindle microtubules, with metaphase occupying approximately 66% of the nuclear cycle time. The calculated genome size of 4.3 pg, and average DNA content per chromosome of 0.3 pg, are extremely high for fungi.

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Temporal and spatial interrelationships of confronting cisternae to nuclear envelope

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100125051 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 930-931

Author(s):

John R. Palisano

Keyword(s):

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Nuclear Envelope ◽

Tumor Cells ◽

Hela Cells ◽

Microscopic Investigation ◽

Electron Microscopic Investigation ◽

Serial Sections ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Fetal Rat ◽

Temporal And Spatial

Although confronting cistemae (CC) have been observed in a variety of tumor cells and normal fetal rat, mouse, and human epithelial tissues, little is known about their origin or role in mitotic cells. While several investigators have suggested that CC arise from nuclear envelope (NE) folding back on itself during prophase, others have suggested that CC arise when fragments of NE pair with endoplasmic reticulum. An electron microscopic investigation of 0.25 um thick serial sections was undertaken to examine the origin of CC in HeLa cells.

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Cell cycle-dependent reactivity with the monoclonal antibody Ki-67 during myeloid cell differentiation

Experimental Cell Research ◽

10.1016/0014-4827(88)90350-3 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 179 (1) ◽

pp. 79-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Robert P. Wersto ◽

Fritz Herz ◽

Robert E. Gallagher ◽

Leopold G. Koss

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Cell Differentiation ◽

Myeloid Cell ◽

Ki 67 ◽

Cycle Dependent

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OASIS/CREB3L1 is a factor that responds to nuclear envelope stress

Cell Death Discovery ◽

10.1038/s41420-021-00540-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yasunao Kamikawa ◽

Atsushi Saito ◽

Koji Matsuhisa ◽

Masayuki Kaneko ◽

Rie Asada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Nuclear Envelope ◽

Genome Instability ◽

Nuclear Lamina ◽

Nuclear Deformation ◽

Membrane Domain ◽

Stress Response Pathway ◽

Envelope Stress ◽

Genome Activity

AbstractThe nuclear envelope (NE) safeguards the genome and is pivotal for regulating genome activity as the structural scaffold of higher-order chromatin organization. NE had been thought as the stable during the interphase of cell cycle. However, recent studies have revealed that the NE can be damaged by various stresses such as mechanical stress and cellular senescence. These types of stresses are called NE stress. It has been proposed that NE stress is closely related to cellular dysfunctions such as genome instability and cell death. Here, we found that an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident transmembrane transcription factor, OASIS, accumulates at damaged NE. Notably, the major components of nuclear lamina, Lamin proteins were depleted at the NE where OASIS accumulates. We previously demonstrated that OASIS is cleaved at the membrane domain in response to ER stress. In contrast, OASIS accumulates as the full-length form to damaged NE in response to NE stress. The accumulation to damaged NE is specific for OASIS among OASIS family members. Intriguingly, OASIS colocalizes with the components of linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton complexes, SUN2 and Nesprin-2 at the damaged NE. OASIS partially colocalizes with BAF, LEM domain proteins, and a component of ESCRT III, which are involved in the repair of ruptured NE. Furthermore, OASIS suppresses DNA damage induced by NE stress and restores nuclear deformation under NE stress conditions. Our findings reveal a novel NE stress response pathway mediated by OASIS.

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Mutational analyses of fs(1)Ya, an essential, developmentally regulated, nuclear envelope protein in Drosophila.

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/141.4.1473 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 141 (4) ◽

pp. 1473-1481 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J Liu ◽

K Song ◽

M F Wolfner

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Embryonic Development ◽

Nuclear Envelope ◽

Envelope Protein ◽

Chromatin Condensation ◽

Cell Cycle Control ◽

Nuclear Lamina ◽

Mitotic Division ◽

Developmentally Regulated ◽

Egg Maturation

Abstract The fs(1)Ya protein (YA) is an essential, maternally encoded, nuclear lamina protein that is under both developmental and cell cycle control. A strong Ya mutation results in early arrest of embryos. To define the function of YA in the nuclear envelope during early embryonic development, we characterized the phenotypes of four Ya mutants alleles and determined their molecular lesions. Ya mutant embryos arrest with abnormal nuclear envelopes prior to the first mitotic division; a proportion of embryos from two leaky Ya mutants proceed beyond this but arrest after several abnormal divisions. Ya unfertilized eggs contain nuclei of different sizes and condensation states, apparently due to abnormal fusion of the meiotic products immediately after meiosis. Lamin is localized at the periphery of the uncondensed nuclei in these eggs. These results suggest that YA function is required during and after egg maturation to facilitate proper chromatin condensation, rather than to allow a lamin-containing nuclear envelope to form. Two leaky Ya alleles that partially complement have lesions at opposite ends of the YA protein, suggesting that the N- and C-termini are important for YA function and that YA might interact with itself either directly or indirectly.

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The retinoblastoma gene: role in cell cycle control and cell differentiation

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fasebj.7.10.8393817 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 841-845 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Klas G. Wiman

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Cell Differentiation ◽

Cell Cycle Control ◽

Retinoblastoma Gene

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Morphology and behaviour of dinoflagellate chromosomes during the cell cycle and mitosis

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.113.7.1231 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 113 (7) ◽

pp. 1231-1239 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Y. Bhaud ◽

D. Guillebault ◽

J. Lennon ◽

H. Defacque ◽

M.O. Soyer-Gobillard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Cell Cycle ◽

Confocal Microscopy ◽

Nuclear Envelope ◽

Chromosome Segregation ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

S Phase ◽

Chromosome Behaviour ◽

Double Number ◽

Do So

The morphology and behaviour of the chromosomes of dinoflagellates during the cell cycle appear to be unique among eukaryotes. We used synchronized and aphidicolin-blocked cultures of the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii to describe the successive morphological changes that chromosomes undergo during the cell cycle. The chromosomes in early G(1) phase appeared to be loosely condensed with numerous structures protruding toward the nucleoplasm. They condensed in late G(1), before unwinding in S phase. The chromosomes in cells in G(2) phase were tightly condensed and had a double number of arches, as visualised by electron microscopy. During prophase, chromosomes elongated and split longitudinally, into characteristic V or Y shapes. We also used confocal microscopy to show a metaphase-like alignment of the chromosomes, which has never been described in dinoflagellates. The metaphase-like nucleus appeared flattened and enlarged, and continued to do so into anaphase. Chromosome segregation occurred via binding to the nuclear envelope surrounding the cytoplasmic channels and microtubule bundles. Our findings are summarized in a model of chromosome behaviour during the cell cycle.

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Unraveling the Control of Cell Cycle Periods during Intestinal Stem Cell Differentiation

Biophysical Journal ◽

10.1016/j.bpj.2018.10.025 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 115 (11) ◽

pp. 2250-2258 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Richard Ballweg ◽

Suengwon Lee ◽

Xiaonan Han ◽

Philip K. Maini ◽

Helen Byrne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Differentiation ◽

Stem Cell Differentiation ◽

Intestinal Stem Cell

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Differentiating life and death: An inflammatory affair

10.7287/peerj.preprints.27080v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Dustin Lane

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Dna Damage ◽

Cell Death ◽

Cell Differentiation ◽

Programmed Cell Death ◽

Signaling Networks ◽

Inhibitors Of Apoptosis ◽

Life And Death ◽

Cell Death Signaling ◽

Cycle Dependent

Programmed cell death signaling networks are frequently activated to coordinate the process of cell differentiation, and a variety of apoptotic events can mediate the process. This can include the ligation of death receptors, the activation of downstream caspases, and the induction of chromatin fragmentation, and all of these events can occur without downstream induction of death. Importantly, regulators of programmed cell death also have established roles in mediating differentiation. This review will provide an overview of apoptosis and its regulation by Inhibitors of Apoptosis (IAPs) and Bcl-2 family members. It will then outline the cross-talk between NF-ĸB and apoptotic signaling in the regulation of apoptosis before discussing the function of these regulators in the control of cell differentiation. It will end on a discussion of how a DNA damage-directed, cell cycle-dependent differentiation program may be controlled across multiple passages through cell cycle, and will assert that the failure to properly differentiate is the underlying cause of cancer.

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