scholarly journals Viral use and subversion of membrane organization and trafficking

2021 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. jcs252676
Author(s):  
Miguel Hernandez-Gonzalez ◽  
Gabrielle Larocque ◽  
Michael Way
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Replication Cycle ◽  
Cellular Process ◽  
Membrane Organization ◽  
Organelle Biogenesis ◽  
Cell Architecture ◽  
Membrane Compartments

ABSTRACTMembrane trafficking is an essential cellular process conserved across all eukaryotes, which regulates the uptake or release of macromolecules from cells, the composition of cellular membranes and organelle biogenesis. It influences numerous aspects of cellular organisation, dynamics and homeostasis, including nutrition, signalling and cell architecture. Not surprisingly, malfunction of membrane trafficking is linked to many serious genetic, metabolic and neurological disorders. It is also often hijacked during viral infection, enabling viruses to accomplish many of the main stages of their replication cycle, including entry into and egress from cells. The appropriation of membrane trafficking by viruses has been studied since the birth of cell biology and has helped elucidate how this integral cellular process functions. In this Review, we discuss some of the different strategies viruses use to manipulate and take over the membrane compartments of their hosts to promote their replication, assembly and egress.

scholarly journals Involvement of a novel ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein, SMAP, in membrane trafficking: Implications in cancer cell biology

2006 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 801-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Tanabe ◽  
Shunsuke Kon ◽  
Waka Natsume ◽  
Tetsuo Torii ◽  
Toshio Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Gtpase Activating Protein ◽  
Adp Ribosylation ◽  
Adp Ribosylation Factor

scholarly journals Evolutionary cell biology: functional insight from “endless forms most beautiful”

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (25) ◽  
pp. 4532-4538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Richardson ◽  
Kelly Zerr ◽  
Anastasios Tsaousis ◽  
Richard G. Dorrell ◽  
Joel B. Dacks
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Eukaryotic Diversity ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
True Diversity ◽  
General Scientific

In animal and fungal model organisms, the complexities of cell biology have been analyzed in exquisite detail and much is known about how these organisms function at the cellular level. However, the model organisms cell biologists generally use include only a tiny fraction of the true diversity of eukaryotic cellular forms. The divergent cellular processes observed in these more distant lineages are still largely unknown in the general scientific community. Despite the relative obscurity of these organisms, comparative studies of them across eukaryotic diversity have had profound implications for our understanding of fundamental cell biology in all species and have revealed the evolution and origins of previously observed cellular processes. In this Perspective, we will discuss the complexity of cell biology found across the eukaryotic tree, and three specific examples of where studies of divergent cell biology have altered our understanding of key functional aspects of mitochondria, plastids, and membrane trafficking.

scholarly journals Exploitation of Phosphoinositides by the Intracellular Pathogen, Legionella pneumophila

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen M. Pike ◽  
Rebecca R. Noll ◽  
M. Ramona Neunuebel
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Bacterial Proteins ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Spatiotemporal Regulation ◽  
Host Membrane ◽  
Membrane Compartments ◽  
Legionnaires Disease

Manipulation of host phosphoinositide lipids has emerged as a key survival strategy utilized by pathogenic bacteria to establish and maintain a replication-permissive compartment within eukaryotic host cells. The human pathogen, Legionella pneumophila, infects and proliferates within the lung’s innate immune cells causing severe pneumonia termed Legionnaires’ disease. This pathogen has evolved strategies to manipulate specific host components to construct its intracellular niche termed the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV). Paramount to LCV biogenesis and maintenance is the spatiotemporal regulation of phosphoinositides, important eukaryotic lipids involved in cell signaling and membrane trafficking. Through a specialized secretion system, L. pneumophila translocates multiple proteins that target phosphoinositides in order to escape endolysosomal degradation. By specifically binding phosphoinositides, these proteins can anchor to the cytosolic surface of the LCV or onto specific host membrane compartments, to ultimately stimulate or inhibit encounters with host organelles. Here, we describe the bacterial proteins involved in binding and/or altering host phosphoinositide dynamics to support intracellular survival of L. pneumophila.

scholarly journals A tractable Drosophila cell system enables rapid identification of Acinetobacter baumannii host factors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing-Ming Qin ◽  
Jianwu Pei ◽  
Gabriel Gomez ◽  
Allison Rice-Ficht ◽  
Thomas A. Ficht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Model System ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Bacterial Invasion ◽  
Organelle Biogenesis ◽  
Drosophila Cell

AbstractAcinetobacter baumannii is an important causative agent of nosocomial infections worldwide. The pathogen also readily acquires resistance to antibiotics, and pan-resistant strains have been reported. A. baumannii is widely regarded as an extracellular bacterial pathogen. However, accumulating evidence demonstrates that the pathogen can invade, survive or persist in infected mammalian cells. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms controlling these processes remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Drosophila S2 cells provide several attractive advantages as a model system for investigating the intracellular lifestyle of the pathogen, including susceptibility to bacterial intracellular replication and limited infection-induced host cell death. We also show that the Drosophila system can be used to rapidly identify host factors, including MAP kinase proteins, which confer susceptibility to intracellular parasitism. Finally, analysis of the Drosophila system suggested that host proteins that regulate organelle biogenesis and membrane trafficking contribute to regulating the intracellular lifestyle of the pathogen. Taken together, these findings establish a novel model system for elucidating interactions between A. baumannii and host cells, define new factors that regulate bacterial invasion or intracellular persistence, and identify subcellular compartments in host cells that interact with the pathogen.

scholarly journals The cell biology of inflammation: From common traits to remarkable immunological adaptations

2020 ◽  
Vol 219 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Weavers ◽  
Paul Martin
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Foreign Bodies ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Starting Point

Tissue damage triggers a rapid and robust inflammatory response in order to clear and repair a wound. Remarkably, many of the cell biology features that underlie the ability of leukocytes to home in to sites of injury and to fight infection—most of which are topics of intensive current research—were originally observed in various weird and wonderful translucent organisms over a century ago by Elie Metchnikoff, the “father of innate immunity,” who is credited with discovering phagocytes in 1882. In this review, we use Metchnikoff’s seminal lectures as a starting point to discuss the tremendous variety of cell biology features that underpin the function of these multitasking immune cells. Some of these are shared by other cell types (including aspects of motility, membrane trafficking, cell division, and death), but others are more unique features of innate immune cells, enabling them to fulfill their specialized functions, such as encapsulation of invading pathogens, cell–cell fusion in response to foreign bodies, and their self-sacrifice as occurs during NETosis.

scholarly journals TMEM41B and VMP1 are scramblases and regulate the distribution of cholesterol and phosphatidylserine

2021 ◽  
Vol 220 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Emma Li ◽  
Yichang Wang ◽  
Ximing Du ◽  
Tizhong Zhang ◽  
Hoi Yin Mak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽  
Integral Membrane Proteins ◽  
Cellular Distribution ◽  
Molecular Function ◽  
Organelle Biogenesis ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Cellular Lipids

TMEM41B and VMP1 are integral membrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and regulate the formation of autophagosomes, lipid droplets (LDs), and lipoproteins. Recently, TMEM41B was identified as a crucial host factor for infection by all coronaviruses and flaviviruses. The molecular function of TMEM41B and VMP1, which belong to a large evolutionarily conserved family, remains elusive. Here, we show that TMEM41B and VMP1 are phospholipid scramblases whose deficiency impairs the normal cellular distribution of cholesterol and phosphatidylserine. Their mechanism of action on LD formation is likely to be different from that of seipin. Their role in maintaining cellular phosphatidylserine and cholesterol homeostasis may partially explain their requirement for viral infection. Our results suggest that the proper sorting and distribution of cellular lipids are essential for organelle biogenesis and viral infection.

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