Memoirs: Studies on Earthworms

1886 ◽  
Vol s2-26 (102) ◽  
pp. 213-302
Author(s):  
WILLIAM BLAXLAND BENHAM
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Unknown Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dorsal Vessel ◽  
Complicated Structure ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Intestinal Gland

The chief points which are new or noticeable about Microchseta are as follows: (1) The small prostomium. (2) The numerous annuli that make up a somite, more especially in the case of the anterior somites. (3) The small size of the setæ, relative to the size of the worm. (4) The large size of the nephridiopores, and their arrangement in a line with the lateral setæ. (5) The very large size, and complicated structure, of the nephridia themselves. (6) The excessively strong septa of the anterior somites, being much thicker than those figured for other large Earthworms. (7) The great number and small size of the spermathecas. (8) The position of the spermathecae behind the other genital organs, and the presence of more than one pair in a somite. (9) The intestinal gland in somite IX, with a structure similar to that of the calciferous œsophageal glands of Lumbricus agricola. (10) The bifurcation of the dorsal trunk in each of the anterior somites (IV to VIII), and the union of these divisions before passing through the anterior septa of these somites. (11) The great enlargement and thickening of the wall of the dorsal vessel in somite VIII. (12) The curious structures, with unknown function, in somite XII. (13) The position of the supra-pharyngeal ganglion in the somite 1. (14) The absence of a sub-neural blood-vessel.

Descriptions of the larvae of four species of Procladius from Great Slave Lake (Chironomidae:Diptera)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 2055-2057 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Moore ◽  
I. A. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Antennal Segment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Great Slave Lake ◽  
Palpal Segment ◽  
Almost All

Descriptions of larvae of Procladius denticulatus, Procladius culiciformis, Procladius freemani, and Procladius bellus collected from Yellowknife Bay (lat., 62°25′; long., 114°20′) are given. Procladius denticulatus was separated from the other species by its large size, a character which always proved distinctive. Procladius culiciformis and P. freemani were separated from one another through several measurements including those of the basal antennal segment and the basal palpal segment. Almost all characters of the head were useful in distinguishing the much smaller P. bellus from the other species.

A giant within Carpocorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): Description of Adustonotus graziae sp. nov.

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4958 (1) ◽  
pp. 489-502
Author(s):  
FILIPE MICHELS BIANCHI
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Evidence ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Internal Genitalia ◽  
Evidence Analysis ◽  
Heteroptera Pentatomidae

The Carpocorini are distributed worldwide, and it is one of the most speciose tribes within the Pentatomidae with 127 genera and more than 500 valid species. Recently, Adustonotus Bianchi was described to contain eight species formerly placed within Euschistus Dallas. Among them, Adustonotus grandis (Rolston) and Adustonotus latus (Dallas) are remarkable for their large size. Herein, the phylogenetic position of a new taxon is inferred by a total evidence analysis based on 85 morphological characters and four molecular markers. Adustonotus graziae sp. nov. is described, and is recovered in a polytomic lineage, including A. grandis and A. latus. These species share a solid combination of features that enable them to be separated from the other Adustonotus species (e.g., large size, the humeral angles spatulate and exceptionally produced, and the capsula seminalis shortened). Illustrations of external and internal genitalia, and a distributional map are provided. 

scholarly journals Survival analysis of orange tree varieties in Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Alcon ◽  
M. Angeles Fernández-Zamudio ◽  
Erasmo I. López-Becerra ◽  
M. Dolores De-Miguel
Keyword(s):  
Survival Analysis ◽  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Duration Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimal Result ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Level Of Significance

The fundamental basis of Spanish citriculture is its varietal composition, which contributes to the existence of a marketing calendar that extends to almost the entire year. As time goes by, the supply of varieties is continuously renewed, requiring significant investments by growers. The guarantee of a quality supply to the markets, on one hand, and the optimal result of the investments made, on the other, require that, in managing the sector, the characteristics determining the survival of the varieties be taken into account. The main purpose of this study was therefore to assess the influence of the attributes affecting the longevity of orange plantations from a technical and commercial point of view. The duration analysis technique applied to the different varieties has been used. The main attributes determining the elimination of a variety were the presence of seeds in the fruit and the tendency towards a decrease in surface size. Permanence- or survival-friendly attributes included the calibre (large size of the variety, within its group) and the price received by farmers. Precocity, frost resistance, commercial quality and resistance to fruit fly did not have the expected level of significance.

Binding SNOMED CT Terms to Archetype Elements

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (01) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bermudez ◽  
A. Illarramendi ◽  
I. Berges
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Health Records ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Snomed Ct ◽  
Health Records ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Level Of Confidence ◽  
Comparison Methods ◽  
String Comparison ◽  
Text Information

SummaryIntroduction: This article is part of the Focus Theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on “Managing Interoperability and Complexity in Health Systems”.Background: The proliferation of archetypes as a means to represent information of Electronic Health Records has raised the need of binding terminological codes – such as SNOMED CT codes – to their elements, in order to identify them univocally. However, the large size of the terminologies makes it difficult to perform this task manually.Objectives: To establish a baseline of results for the aforementioned problem by using off-the-shelf string comparison-based techniques against which results from more complex techniques could be evaluated.Methods: Nine Typed Comparison Methods were evaluated for binding using a set of 487 archetype elements. Their recall was calculated and Friedman and Nemenyi tests were applied in order to assess whether any of the methods outperformed the others.Results: Using the qGrams method along with the ‘Text’ information piece of archetype elements outperforms the other methods if a level of confidence of 90% is considered. A recall of 25.26% is obtained if just one SNOMED CT term is retrieved for each archetype element. This recall rises to 50.51% and 75.56% if 10 and 100 elements are retrieved respectively, that being a reduction of more than 99.99% on the SNOMED CT code set.Conclusions: The baseline has been established following the above-mentioned results. Moreover, it has been observed that although string comparison-based methods do not outperform more sophisticated techniques, they still can be an alternative for providing a reduced set of candidate terms for each archetype element from which the ultimate term can be chosen later in the more-than-likely manual supervision task.

scholarly journals XII.–On some Points in the Structure of Tubifex

1871 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. M'Intosh
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dorsal Vessel ◽  
Peculiar Mode

At least two species of Tubifex are abundant in Scotland, one of which is, perhaps, more prevalent in streams, the other in lakes. The former is common at the margin of the river Tay, when the water is low, in sandy tubes of little tenacity, and often in tunnels formed amongst the wet sand under stones, just as many of the marine annelids occur. Its length varies from three-fourths of an inch to an inch and a-half when stretched, and the segments range from fifty to seventy, the average number probably being sixty. The body is of various shades of dull fawn or pale madder-brown, somewhat interrupted by the pale bands at the junctions of the segments, and streaked by the reddish dorsal vessel; or, in summer, marked anteriorly by the whitish mass of the reproductive organs. It is easily recognised amongst its fellows by its faintly purplish or lilac hue, as well as by its peculiar mode of progression; and not a few are observed with reproducing heads and tails. This form, perhaps, has most claim to be called Tubifex rivulorum.

The dorsal eye of the mayfly Atalophlebia (Ephemeroptera)

1978 ◽  
Vol 200 (1139) ◽  
pp. 137-150 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Yellow Pigment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Retinula Cell ◽  
Clear Zone ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Sharp Focus ◽  
Pigment Distribution ◽  
Light Guides

The dorsal eye of Atalophlebia has two unusual features, the sensitivity only to ultraviolet (u. v.) light, and the candelabra-shaped rhabdom. In addition, the crystalline cone is surrounded to its tip by a yellow pigment, and the tip tapers gradually as a dense fibre. These details, particularly the pigment distribution, indicate that a superposition image cannot be formed by u. v. light. Also, there is no refracting or reflecting structure that could form a sharp superposition image. Instead, it is suggested that u. v. rays are sharply focused on the cone tip and conducted by the retinula cell columns acting as light guides across the clear zone. Light of longer wavelength, on the other hand, is partially focused through the yellow pigment, and, although it is not seen by the insect, it is available to photoregenerate the visual pigment. This method of boosting sensitivity is appropriate for a pure u. v. eye and does not require a sharp focus of the regenerative rays, although the clear zone is an essential part of the mechanism. The rhabdom has an extraordinary shape like a flat 5-armed candelabra in cross section, with five posteriorly directed arms which are formed by six retinula cells. There is also a 7th retinula cell without a rhabdomere. This cell penetrates laterally the rhabdom of the other six, and also forms a sheath around half of its own ommatidium and half of the the adjacent ommatidium. The exceptional relations between this cell, and the other six, together with the orientated candelabra pattern of the rhabdom, and the large size of the 7th retinula axon, is interpreted as a way of enhancing the current flow down the 7th axon which runs direct to the medulla, bypassing the lamina.

scholarly journals A Fragment of21ORFs Around the Direct Repeat (DR) Region ofMycobacterium tuberculosisis Absent From the Other Sequenced Mycobacterial Genomes: Implications for the Evolution of the DR Region

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Caimi ◽  
Angel Cataldi
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Unknown Function ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Direct Repeat ◽  
Singular Locus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Conserved Genes ◽  
Complex Genome

The direct repeat (DR) region is a singular locus of theMycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex genome. This region consists of 36 bp repetitive sequences separated by non-repetitive unique spacer sequences. Around this region there are several genes coding for proteins of unknown function. To determine whether theM. smegmatis, M. avium, M. marinumandM. lepraegenomes contain sequences and ORFs similar to those of the DR locus of theM. tuberculosiscomplex, we analysed the corresponding regions in these species. As a first step, some conserved genes that flank the DR genes [Rv2785c (rpsO), Rv2786c (ribF), Rv2790c (ltp1 ), Rv2793c (truB), Rv2800, Rv2825, Rv2828, Rv2831 (echA16 ), Rv2838 (rbfA)andRv2845 (proS )] were used as markers to locate the corresponding orthologues inM. smegmatis, M. avium, M. marinumandM. leprae in silico. Most of theseM. tuberculosismarker genes have highly similar orthologues located in the same order and orientation in the other mycobacteria. In contrast, no orthologues were found for ORFsRv2801–Rv2824, suggesting that these genes are unique toM. tuberculosiswithin the genusMycobacterium.We observed that inM. smegmatisandM. avium, Rv2800andRv2825are adjacent. This observation was experimentally confirmed by PCR. In conclusion, as the DR locus and the ORFs around it are absent inM. smegmatisandM. aviumand, as it is possible that these species are older thanM. tuberculosis, we postulated that the DR locus was acquired by theM. tuberculosiscomplex species or by an ancestor bacterium.

A large and enigmatic new eleutherodactyline frog (Anura, Strabomantidae) from Serra do Sincora Espinhaco range, Northeastern Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1761 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSÉ CASSIMIRO ◽  
VANESSA K. VERDADE ◽  
MIGUEL T. RODRIGUES
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Central America ◽  
The Other ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Campos Rupestres ◽  
Espinhaço Range ◽  
Large Size ◽  
A New Species

We describe a new species of a large eleutherodactyline frog from the mountain rocky meadows (“campos rupestres”) of the Serra do Sincorá, Espinhaço mountain range, Mucugê municipality, State of Bahia, Brazil. The new species is promptly diagnosed from all the other Brazilian eleutherodactylines by its large size (males SVL 40.3–41.1; females SVL 75.2–79.7mm), broad head (head width 43–49% of SVL), presence of frontoparietal crests, pars fascialis of the maxilla deepened, discs absent on fingers, toes with poorly developed discs, first and second toes ridged, and tarsal fold absent. On the basis of these characters the new species is attributed to the genus Strabomantis up to now restricted to southern part of Central America and northwest part of South America.

scholarly journals Characterization algorithms for shift radix systems with finiteness property

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 211-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Weitzer
Keyword(s):  
Convex Hull ◽  
Convex Polyhedron ◽  
The Other ◽  
Closed Convex Hull ◽  
Connected Component ◽  
Complicated Structure ◽  
Finiteness Property ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Interior Points

For d ∈ ℕ and r ∈ ℝd, let τr : ℤd → ℤd, where τr(a) = (a2, …, ad, -⌊ra⌋) for a = (a1, …, ad), denote the (d-dimensional) shift radix system associated with r. τr is said to have the finiteness property if and only if all orbits of τr end up in (0, …, 0); the set of all corresponding r ∈ ℝd is denoted by [Formula: see text], whereas 𝒟d consists of those r ∈ ℝd for which all orbits are eventually periodic. [Formula: see text] has a very complicated structure even for d = 2. In the present paper, two algorithms are presented which allow the characterization of the intersection of [Formula: see text] and any closed convex hull of finitely many interior points of 𝒟d which is completely contained in the interior of 𝒟d. One of the algorithms is used to determine the structure of [Formula: see text] in a region considerably larger than previously possible, and to settle two questions on its topology: It is shown that [Formula: see text] is disconnected and that the largest connected component has non-trivial fundamental group. The other is the first algorithm characterizing [Formula: see text] in a given convex polyhedron which terminates for all inputs. Furthermore, several infinite families of "cutout polygons" are deduced settling the finiteness property for a chain of regions touching the boundary of 𝒟2.

Postirradiation sarcomatous transformation of a pituitary adenoma: a combined pituitary tumor

1982 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Pieterse ◽  
Trevor A. R. Dinning ◽  
Peter C. Blumbergs
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Adenoma ◽  
Pituitary Tumor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Irradiation Growth ◽  
Chromophobe Adenoma ◽  
Rare Lesion ◽  
Latent Interval ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A case is reported in which a fibrosarcoma developed 20 years after irradiation of a pituitary chromophobe adenoma. This rare lesion, like most of the other documented postirradiation pituitary sarcomas, was a combination of fibrosarcoma and pituitary adenoma. These lesions tend to behave in a characteristic fashion, with onset after a long latent interval following irradiation, growth to a large size, and failure to metastasize.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document