Memoirs: On the Structure of an Earthworm allied to Nemertodrilus, Mich., with Observations on the Post-embryonic Development of Certain Organs

1891 ◽  
Vol s2-32 (128) ◽  
pp. 539-585
Author(s):  
FRANK E. BEDDARD
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Front Wall ◽  
Open Communication ◽  
Border Line ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Morphological Equivalent ◽  
Ventral Wall ◽  
Young Worm

The principal new facts in this paper may be briefly summarised as follows : (1) The nephridial system consists of paired nephridia which do not open immediately on to the exterior, but are connected with an extensively ramifying system of tubes embedded in the circular and longitudinal muscular coats; these tubes consist of four principal longitudinal trunks continuous from segment to segment, and of a single large circular vessel in each segment passing right round the worm at the junction of the circular and longitudinal muscles; these are connected by a plexus of vessels, and numerous tubules, leading to the exterior, are given off from the circular trunk. In some of the genital segments the paired nephridia have almost disappeared, leaving only the integumental network. Nothing of the kind has been yet described in any Oligochæte. In the young worm, just escaped from the cocoon, there is no integumental network, which must, therefore, be regarded as secondary, but the anterior nephridia at any rate are connected on each side by a continuous longitudinal duct lying within the cœlom. (2) In the young worm the reproductive organs agree with these organs in other earthworms; in the^ adult, a large unpaired sac lying over the gut is developed; this sac encloses the receptacula ovorum, and opens by a median pore on Segment 13. It is developed from mesoblastic tissues, and is not therefore the morphological equivalent of the spermathecæ in Lumbricus, &c., but it performs the same function; the sac is formed internally and then grows out towards the epidermis ; it is at first in open communication with the cœlom; its front wall is formed out of the intersegmental septum between Segments 12, 13; the ovaries are enclosed by it, but disappear early, before the sac is completed; otherwise the ova would be probably unable to enter the egg-sac which becomes nearly completely shut off from the sac; the two are in communication only by the oviducal funnel, which has become divided by the growth of the spermathecal sac into two separate tubes, one opening into the spermathecal sac, the other into the closed egg-sac; they unite, of course, to form the oviduct itself, which opens on to the 15th segment, reckoning by the external furrow, but on to the border line between Segments 14, 15, reckoning by the septa. (3) The testes and the vas deferens funnels are quite typical in their structure and position; so, too, are the (two) pairs of sperm-sacs (in Segments 11, 12). The sperm ducts are not, as they are in other Eudrilidæ, dilated to form sperm reservoirs ; they open into tubular atria, with thick muscular walls and glandular lining, near to their blind extremities; the two atria open by a common pore upon the border line between Segments 17, 18; each is furnished with a short penial seta not ornamented. (4) The alimentary tract has no calciferous glands or ventral œsophageal pouches such as are found in other Eudrilidæ at the end of the oesophagus are three gizzards, one to a segment; the intestine which immediately follows has at first three typhlosolar folds; later on the two lateral and shorter folds disappear. The ventral wall of the pharynx is connected with the nephridial tubes of its segments; they open into the interior of the pharynx. (5) The area surrounding the setas of each side of the body is shut off from the general body-cavity, forming a paired series of chambers; in the œsophageal region is developed a perihæmal cœlomic space surrounding the subœsophageal vessels.

On the Nematode Parasite of the frit-fly, Oscinella frit, L

1930 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Goodey
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nematode Parasite ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Fly Larvae

In a paper recently published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, the writer describes the discovery of certain small Tylenchoid nematodes in the swollen stems of the seedling oats suffering from frit-fly attack at Winches Farm, St. Albans. Adults of both sexes and larvæ undergoing the last two moults were found in the destroyed plant tissues surrounding the fly larvæ. The spermatized female worms were next discovered within the body-cavity of the frit-fly larvæ. In due course, they were obtained from pupæ of the fly, having increased in size, and finally were found within adult flies of both sexes lying coiled within the abdomen as comparatively large sausage-shaped worms. As a result of the presence of the worm, the flies are sterilised, being unable to develop their reproductive organs. The worms become viviparous and shed large numbers of larvæ into the body-cavity of the fly and these, after undergoing a certain amount of growth, make their way into the gut of the host and pass to the exterior via the anus. In the present communication a brief account is given of the principal observations on the new parasite, its life-history and the effects on the host, described in detail in the original paper.

On some British Larval Cestodes from Land and Fresh-water Invertebrate Hosts

Parasitology ◽  
1930 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Animal Experiment ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Careful Comparison

Ten larval Cestodes, eight from aquatic and two from terrestrial hosts, have been described. Of these, eight species are new, and in the case of Cysticercus “A,” both larva and adult are new. By direct animal experiment the life-histories of three forms have been definitely established, while by careful comparison of the hooks of the scolex two larvae have been related to known adults. Cysticercus Hymenolepidis setigerae, previously recorded only from Copepods, is described here from an Ostracod host.Effect of the parasite on the host. It is difficult to estimate the effect of Cestode larvae parasitic in Invertebrata, especially in the smaller forms such as the Entomostraca. In the latter, I have found that the intestine and musculature suffer most, and that the reproductive organs remain unattacked. The same remarks also hold for Oligochaete hosts. Dady (1901) considers that the influence of these cystic stages on their hosts is considerable, particularly on the musculature, sexual organs and intestine, and that death of the host may follow. Lindner (1921) states that little or no harm is done to Ostracods by the presence of tapeworm larvae, and also that the ovary of the female remains unattacked. The same author considers that, among the Entomostraca, destruction of the intestine occurs only in Copepods, the body cavity of Ostracods being so roomy that a harming of the intestine by growth of the parasite is unlikely. Schmidt (1894) finds that for Cysticercus Hymenolepidis anatinae, the host, Cypris ovata, was not particularly affected.

The internal anatomy of Typhlops schneider (Reptilia)

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Robb
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Internal Anatomy ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Connective Tissue Sheath ◽  
First Time

The internal anatomy of Typhlops shows a number of interesting features which support the hypothesis that the typhlopids are wrongly classified among the Ophidia, and that they should either be given subordinal rank, equivalent to the Sauria and the Serpentes, or be made an infra-order of the Sauria. The alimentary, vascular, respiratory, and reproductive systems are described in detail for the first time. The most striking peculiarities occur in the respiratory and reproductive systems. Unlike most snakes, Typhlops has two functional lungs, one occupying most of the anterior third of the body cavity, and the other smaller one lying immediately behind it. All the pulmonary blood vessels are well developed. The male reproductive organs are solid, grooved, protrusible structures, each of which is contained within a connective tissue sheath in the postanal region. These organs are unlike the hemipenes of any snake or lizard of which a description can be found. Both male and female animals possess a large cloaca1 gland in the postanal region. There are also several uncommon features in the alimentary and vascular systems.

scholarly journals Anatomical and Histological Structure of Reproductive Organs in Male Flying Squirrel Hylopetes Lepidus (Horsfield, 1822)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Shanghnesy Jovita Nirvana ◽  
Muhammad Ja’far Luthfi ◽  
Erna Ekasari ◽  
Lailatul Maghfiroh
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Flying Squirrel ◽  
Histological Characteristics ◽  
Male Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Right ◽  
Short Diameter

Flying squirrel (Hylopetes lepidus) is an Eutherial mamal (placental mammal), belong to the order Rodentia and belong to the family Sciuridae. Hylopetes lepidus had gray cheek as its unique characteristics. The reproductive organs are the key to success in maintaining the new descendants. Male reproductive organs will produce the male sex cells or spermatozoa. The purpose of the research is to examine the anatomical structure, morphometry, histomorphometry, and histological structure of male reproductive organs (penis, testicle, vas deferens, bulbouretralis gland, prostate and seminal vesicles) of Hylopetes lepidus. The method used in examining histological characteristics is Hematoxyin–Eosin staining method. The histological structure of reproductive organs were observed using optilab microscope. The results of the study showed that the adult male flying squirrel weighed 104.28 ± 0.64 gram. Anatomically, it has oval white reddist testicle. The testicle is located side out of the body cavity in the scrotum. Morphometric observation testicular showed that the right testes has volume 0.35 ± 0.07 ml, and the left has volume 0.35 ± 0.07 ml, weight of the right testicular 0.19   ± 0.01 gram, weight of the left testicular 0.18 ± 0.01 gram, diameter of the right testicular 6.35 ± 0.21 mm, diameter of the left testicular 6.35 0.21 mm, short diameter of the right testicular 3.45 ± 0.21 mm, and short diameter of the left testicular 3.45 ± 0.21 mm. The diameter of tubulus seminiferus 261,4 ± 0.14 μm. The conclusion of this study compared to rodentia other testicular Hylopetes lepidus has a unique testicular bound by the connective tissue in the scrotum so that testicular included in class permanent descending testicular. The rhombus of the prostate gland are blunt, while histologically the sertoli cells in the seminiferus tubule shaped elongated, while in morphometry penis Hylopetes lepidus relatively longer than Mus musculus.

scholarly journals Studies on the Onychophora, IV - The passage of spermatozoa into the ovary on Peripatopsis and the early developments of the ova

1938 ◽  
Vol 228 (556) ◽  
pp. 421-441 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Open Communication ◽  
Genital Opening ◽  
Receptaculum Seminis ◽  
Female Genital

The males of some species of Onychophora form large spermatophores with a definite shape, and it is supposed that these spermatophores are deposited in the female genital opening. These species also possess paired receptacula seminis which contain most of the spermatozoa that may be found in the female genital tract. Near the receptaculum seminis there may be a ciliated funnel communicating with the body cavity (Peripatidae). In other species, notably most of the Peripatopsidae, the male deposits small spermatophores anywhere on the body surface of the female. The receptacula seminis are almost or completely absent in Opisthopatus and Peripatopsis , and spermatozoa are found in the lumen of the ovarian tubes. No open communication exists between the female genital tract and the haemocoel.

Memoirs: The Development of the Sabellid Branchiomma vesiculosum

1936 ◽  
Vol s2-78 (312) ◽  
pp. 543-603
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS P. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Present Position ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Large Head ◽  
Dorsal Branch ◽  
The Right ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Young Worm ◽  
Early Larvae

1. Larvae of Branchiomma vesiculosum Montagu were obtained from artificial fertilizations, and reared through metamorphosis and for some weeks afterwards. 2. The larvae are extremely yolky and do not feed until after metamorphosis. They swim by means of a broad prototroch, and are provided with a pair of cup-shaped eye-spots, a large head vesicle, and two anal vesicles. There is a broad neurotroch but no telotroch. The mouth is open but the anus is closed. In the last swimming stages rudiments of the adult branchial apparatus appear as a pair of lobed swellings, behind the eyes but in front of the prototroch. Behind the latter the collar rudiments appear. There are usually three or four chaetigerous segments marked out when metamorphosis sets in. 3. The metamorphosing larva settles on the bottom, and secretes for itself a tube of mucus. The prototroch and larval tissues (episphere) of the head clump together to form a large snout-like structure. This gradually breaks up into small pieces which are thrown off one by one as they are formed. With the loss of the prototroch and other larval head tissues the adult part of the head becomes joined on to the trunk. At the same time the branchial rudiments branch to form pinnules, which are directed forwards so that their bases overlap the eyes. The anus opens, and the young worm begins to feed. Metamorphosis occupies about four days. 4. The larval stages and the metamorphosis have been studied in histological, and to a limited extent in cytological, detail. Apart from the curious metamorphosis, which to some extent recalls that of Owenia and Polygordius, the development shows no striking features. 5. After metamorphosis the worm elongates by the addition of setigers in front of the pygidium. These are at first of the thoracic type (dorsal bristles, ventral uncini), but when the ninth and succeeding setigers appear they show abdominal constitution (dorsal uncini, ventral bristles) from the first. Thus no setigers change over from abdominal to thoracic constitution as they do in the development of young Serpulid worms. 6. Coincident with the loss of the neurotroch at metamorphosis the mid-dorsal line of the head and trunk of the young worm becomes ciliated to form the faecal groove of the adult. This strip of cilia continues on the ventral surfaces of the ninth and succeeding setigers, after passing round the right side between the eighth and ninth bristle segments. For a time the intersegmental groove between these segments is ciliated on the left side as well. 7. The branchial rudiments, which began to branch before metamorphosis, continue steadily to branch and grow afterwards. The pinnules are supported by an internal skeleton of thick-walled cells to the base of which the main dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles of the body become attached. The most dorsal branch of each branchial rudiment, lying close to the mid-dorsal line, forms one of the so-called palps of the adult and is not supported by an internal skeleton. 8. The manner in which the young worms build their first sandy tube is described. 9. Early larvae of Sabella pavonina (Savigny) are described. They closely resemble those of Branchiomma. 10. The present position of embryological knowledge concerning the Polychaetes is very briefly summarized. It is shown that Sabellid larvae are more closely related to Serpulids than to those of any other family.

scholarly journals Memoirs: Observations on the Development of the Pronephros of the Sturgeon, Acipenser rubicundus

1927 ◽  
Vol s2-71 (281) ◽  
pp. 75-112
Author(s):  
ELIZABETH A. FRASER
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pronephric Duct ◽  
Full Development ◽  
The One ◽  
Ventral Wall

An account is given of the development of the pronephros from 76 hours after fertilization. It was not possible to observe the origin of the duct and the tubules. At 76 hours six short pronephric canals are laid down opposite somites IV to IX, each connected with the dorso-lateral wall of the corresponding nephrotome. They run laterally into the pronephric duct, which opens with its fellow of the opposite side into a groove at the hinder end of the body. A tubule arises from the nephrotome opposite somite X; it is always short, and its nephrostomial canal passes into the inner end of the sixth tubule. Nephrotome IV very soon disappears, the nephrocoele widening out into the splanchnocoele whilst the first tubule eventually comes to open into the dorsal side of the second tubule. This condition is retained until the degeneration of the pronephros. Nephrotomes V and VI, and usually a variable number of those behind this level also, open out into the splanchnocoele, as does nephrotome IV. All these posterior ones, however, again become completely closed in by the formation of a new ventral wall, which grows across from the anterior and lateral sides of the nephrotome. In this way a series of secondary pronephric chambers arise. Glomeruli now develop, and almost at the same time the walls between the chambers break down so that a single elongated chamber remains, in which lies a long glomus. The embryo hatches about 9 days after fertilization, and soon afterwards the pronephros reaches its full development. It then consists of one external nephrostome and five or six internal nephrostomes opening on the one side into the duct and on the other into a long pronephric chamber containing the glomus. The chamber extends from somite VI to between somites XIV and XV, and the nephrotomes down to this level probably take part in its formation. Behind somite X only small rudimentary tubules develop, and the mesonephros begins at somite XVI. The development of the mesonephros was not studied, but the nephrotomes of this region doubtless give rise to the Malpighian capsules. By 20 days after fertilization degeneration has already set in. The tubules move closer together, the most anterior nephrostome being the first to disappear. During this time ciliated peritoneal funnels may develop, which connect the nephrostomial canals with the body cavity; these appear to be simply a phenomenon of degeneration. The pronephros of Acipenser is more primitive and better developed than in other Ganoids and in Polypterus, and the fusion of the chambers is more extensive than in any other vertebrate. The nomenclature of that part of the mesoderm which gives rise to the pronephros is discussed.

Reproductive Organ Education for Psychic Health Development of Early Age

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Darwati
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Stage Of Development

Reproductive  health education should be given since early childhood by using language that is adapted to the stage of development. If you procrastinate and wait until the teenager it is already too late because in the days of the digital era, as now, all the information can be easily accessed by anyone including children early age. If the early childhood misinformed about their reproductive organs it would disrupt the physical and psychological development due to the wrong behavior in caring for and maintaining reproductive organs. Qur’an as the holy book of Muslims describes the steps of reproduction and  imparting education wisely as well as how to apply such education. This kind of education must be in accordance with the conditions of children and there should not be a lie about it We can also use media and methods such as pictures, songs, tap or other visual  media which can give clearer information, so that children can clearly see parts of the body, their characteristics, and how to treat and care them. The impropriate approach in conveying this kind of knowledge will be very dangerous for children. The provision of early age reproductive organs education can prevent the occurrence of deviant behavior as well as protect children from dangerous influence in early childhood development.

Myiasis in Bufo regularis caused by a Tabanid Larva

Parasitology ◽  
1924 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-112
Author(s):  
Edward Hindle
Keyword(s):  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Large Female ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Ventral Region ◽  
Cylindrical Structure ◽  
The Right

In December, 1922, whilst dissecting a large female example of Bufo regularis, one of my students noticed a cylindrical structure extending along the ventral region of the body-cavity. A careful examination showed that this structure consisted of an elongated sac-like diverticulum of the right lung, containing an almost full-grown specimen of a dipterous larva, which could be seen through the membraneous wall of the diverticulum. The base of the latter, in addition to its point of origin from the lung, was also connected to the dorsal surface of the liver by strands of fibrous tissue, suggesting that the growth had been in existence some considerable time in order to cause such adhesions. Posteriorly, the diverticulum hung freely in the body cavity and extended to the extreme hinder end. Its dimensions were 5·5 cm. in length, by 0·5 cm. in diameter, but tapering towards each extremity.

The internal anatomy of the woodlouse, Metoponorthus pruinosus (Brandt), (Porcellionidae, Peracarida)

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Alikhan
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Anatomy ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Digestive Tube ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Digestive Glands

Tbe circulatory system, lying in the mid-dorsal line of the body, consists of an oval heart, the opthalmic artery, and a dorsal abdominal artery.The digestive system comprises a wide, large alimentary tube and two pairs of digestive glands. An oesophagus, a proventriculus, midgut, and a short proctodacum or hindgut form the digestive tube. The digestive glands are very well developed and are beaded in form; each pair lies on either side of the alimentary canal.The reproductive organs are well developed in both sexes: in the male they consist of paired testes and their vas deferentia, and in the female paired bilobed ovaries and oviducts.A cerebral or supraoesophageal ganglion, a suboesophageal ganglion, and seven thoracic ganglia form the nervous system. The supraoesophageal ganglion is united with the suboesophageal ganglion by means of the circumoesophageal commissures, whereas the thoracic ganglia and suboesophageal ganglia are linked with each other by paired connectives.The gills and the tracheae are the organs of respiration. The gills are borne of the bases of the pleopods and are enclosed in the branchial chamber. The tracheae are located on the lateral lobes of the first two pleopods only.

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