scholarly journals The Temperature and Humidity Relations of the cockroach

1936 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
DONALD L. GUNN ◽  
F. B. NOTLEY
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Moist Air ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Thermal Death ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Ecological Importance

1. The thermal death-points of three species of cockroaches in dry and in moist air have been determined for 1-day and 1-hour exposures. 2. Moist air is more favourable than dry in the longer exposures, because in dry air death occurs from desiccation when the temperature itself is not fatal. 3. Dry air is more favourable than moist in the shorter exposures, owing to the fact that the evaporation of water lowers the body temperature. 4. Bearing in mind the thermotactic behaviour of these animals, these observations would seem to have little ecological importance.

scholarly journals Studies on temperature regulation. I. The Pulmonata and Oligochaeta

1944 ◽  
Vol 132 (868) ◽  
pp. 239-252 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regulation ◽  
Helix Pomatia ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Saturation Point ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Thermal Death ◽  
Thermal Death Point ◽  
Binding Power

The slug, Arion ater , at all times, and the snail, Helix pomatia , when fully extended, maintain a body temperature well below that of the surrounding air unless it is fully saturated, and slightly, if at all, above that of the wet-bulb thermometer. By withdrawal into the microclimate of the shell the snail can appreciably reduce loss of water by evaporation; and in such circumstances its body temperature tallies more nearly with that of the surrounding atmosphere. After the formation of the epiphragm the body temperature of H. pomatia is identical with that of the atmosphere outside and varies accordingly. Since the slime of the slug loses water in air unless the R. H. is very near saturation point the water­-binding power of the mucus is not an effective check to loss of water by evaporation. The body temperature of an earthworm after relatively short periods of exposure to fairly dry air diverges increasingly from the wet-bulb reading. This appears to be due to rapid desicca­tion of the surface. Since the upper thermal death-point of the earthworm is relatively low, this means that earthworms are not adapted to long survival at ground level in sunlight. To this extent their equipment for maintaining body temperature below the danger point accords both with their habits, and with what views may plausibly be entertained about their ancestry.

Studies on Temperature Regulation

1946 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 213-220
Author(s):  
R. L. KIRK ◽  
LANCELOT HOGBEN
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Thermal Capacity ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Frog Rana Temporaria

1. The upper thermal death-point of the slow worm (Anguis fragilis) is significantly above that of either the toad (Bufo bufo) or the frog (Rana temporaria). That of the toad differs only slightly from that of the frog. 2. In response to external variation with respect to temperature and humidity, the body temperature of the toad behaves in a manner similar to that of the frog, being considerably below that of the air at low humidities, though appreciably above that of the wet-bulb thermometer. It is concluded that the toad loses water as freely as the frog. 3. The body temperature of the slow worm and that of the alligator (A. mississippiensis) differs only slightly from that of the air under all conditions of sustained air temperature and humidity. 4. The body temperature reaction of the alligator is more sluggish than that of the slow worm, presumably owing to the higher thermal capacity of the animal. 5. The significance of these results in relation to the evolution of the terrestrial vertebrates is discussed. It is suggested that homoeothermic stocks could arise only from reptiles of relatively small size, and that large body size would militate against survival during periods of low mean external temperature.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Humidity of the Air on Capacity for Work at High Temperatures

1932 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Vernon ◽  
C. G. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Effective Temperature ◽  
Temperature Scale ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
The Body ◽  
London School ◽  
Moist Air ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
The Face ◽  
Made In

The physiological reactions of two subjects were investigated in air at a temperature of 70–100° F., and of 40–96 per cent. relative humidity. The experiments lasted 3 hours, and one of the subjects performed mechanical work (step climbing) at the rate of 14,000 kg. m. per hour.The pulse rate was about 10 beats greater in dry air than in moist air of the same wet-bulb temperature. The winter observations agreed well with the effective temperature scale, but did not agree with the wet bulb, the dry-bulb or the kata-thermometer scales.Acclimatisation effects showed themselves in experiments made at a dry-bulb temperature of 87° F. or more, but only very slightly in those made at 81° or less. Acclimatisation was fairly well marked in the summer, the pulse rate being 5 to 10 beats less than in the winter, and no longer agreeing with the effective temperature scale.The body temperature corresponded with the pulse rate, for it was 0·3–0·6° F. higher in dry air than in moist air of the same wet-bulb temperature, and was 0·15° lower in summer than in winter. The winter observations agreed well with the effective temperature scale.The skin temperature of the face was found to depend on the dry-bulb temperature of the air, but that of the trunk showed no agreement with any of the scales. In moist air it was 1° F. lower than that of the face, and in dry air, 6° lower, owing to the cooling effect of increased sweating.The gross mechanical efficiency fell off slightly at temperatures above 70 or 75° F. It was affected by the dry-bulb temperature of the air as well as the wet bulb, but not to the extent indicated by the effective temperature scale.The weight of moisture lost by sweating corresponded well with the effective temperature scale. It increased gradually in consecutive experiments made in dry air, and diminished in those made in moist air.The degree of fatigue experienced in dry air was considerably greater than in moist air of the same wet-bulb temperature, and it corresponded with the effective temperature scale.Acknowledgments. We wish, to express our indebtedness to the authorities at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and especially to Dr G. P. Crowden, for the facilities offered to us in our work.

scholarly journals The Temperature And Humidity Relations Of The Cockroach

1938 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. GUNN ◽  
C. A. COSWAY
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Moist Air ◽  
Uniform Temperature ◽  
Preferred Temperature ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Blatta Orientalis ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Humidity Reaction

1. In a diffusion gradient of humidity at uniform temperature, some cockroaches (Blatta orientalis, L.) show a tendency to spend more time in the drier region. Other individuals appear to be indifferent to the stimulus of air humidity. 2. On desiccation, there is a tendency for cockroaches to become hygro-positive. 3. In a temperature gradient, those individuals which react to humidity have a slightly but significantly higher preferred temperature in somewhat moist air than they have in dry air. 4. It seems, then, that the observed preferred temperature represents a kind of balance between a pure temperature reaction and a humidity reaction. The change in humidity reaction resulting from desiccation is qualitatively satisfactory to explain the fall in preferred temperature which occurs at the same time.

scholarly journals The Influence of Starvation on the Thermal Death-Point on Insects

1934 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
MELLANBY KENNETH
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Moist Air ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Pediculus Humanus ◽  
Thermal Death ◽  
Thermal Death Point ◽  
Food Reserves

Experiments are described in which newly hatched larval lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) and adult C. fatigans were exposed to high temperatures. The humidity was controlled, and the exposures lasted for either 1 or 24 hours. Larval lice, whether fed or unfed, withstood 46.5° C. for 1 hour, while the Culex were much less resistant--they only withstood a temperature of 39° C. The humidity of the air did not affect these results. When exposed for 24 hours, larval lice which had fed withstood 38° C. in moist air. They only withstood 33° C. in dry air, as they were killed by desiccation at higher temperatures. Mosquitoes (C. fatigans) which had gorged gave similar results. They survived 37° C. for 24 hours in moist air, and only 32° C. in dry. Unfed lice or mosquitoes behaved differently, as they could not withstand such high temperatures for periods of 24 hours. This was because they had small food reserves, and at high temperatures their rate of metabolism was so increased that they died of starvation.

scholarly journals A Smart Pillow for Health Sensing System Based on Temperature and Humidity Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 3664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songsheng Li ◽  
Christopher Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Night Sweat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Humidity Sensors ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Sleep Condition ◽  
Logic System ◽  
Analyze Data

The quality of sleep affects the patient’s health, along with the observation of vital life signs such as body temperature and sweat in sleep, is essential in the monitoring of sleep as well as clinical diagnosis. However, traditional methods in recording physiological change amidst sleep is difficult without being intrusive. The smart pillow is developed to provide a relatively easy way to observe one’s sleep condition, employing temperature and humidity sensors by implanting them inside the pillow in strategic positions. With the patient’s head on the pillow, the roles of sensors are identified as main, auxiliary or environmental temperature, based on the differences of value from three temperature sensors, thus the pattern of sleep can be extracted by statistical analysis, and the body temperature is inferred by a specially designed Fuzzy Logic System if the head-on position is stable for more than 15 min. Night sweat is reported on data from the humidity sensor. Therefore, a cloud-based health-sensing system is built in the smart pillow to collect and analyze data. Experiments from various individuals prove that statistical and inferred results reflect normal and abnormal conditions of sleep accurately. The daily sleeping information of patients from the pillow is helpful in the decision-making of diagnoses and treatment, and users can change their habits of sleep gradually by observing the data with their health professional.

scholarly journals The Temperature and Humidity Relations of the Cockroach

1942 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-132
Author(s):  
D. L. GUNN ◽  
C. A. COSWAY
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Moist Air ◽  
Original Weight ◽  
Temperature And Humidity

1. The carpet type of Barcroft respiration apparatus previously used by Gunn for cockroaches gives results comparable with those now obtained with a new basket type. 2. Desiccated cockroaches use oxygen at the same rate per animal as undesiccated specimens. If, however, the rates are calculated with reference to the weight of the animal at the time of the experiment, since the desiccated animals tested had lost about 25% of their original weight, their rates of oxygen consumption appeared to have gone up. 3. Both normal and desiccated animals used oxygen slightly faster in moist air than in dry. Part of this increase must be attributed to a higher body temperature in moist air at 25° C. than in drier air at 25° C. Part of it may be due to greater activity in moist air than in dry, slight though the activity was in both cases. 4. There is no reason to believe that, at a given body temperature, air humidity influences basal metabolic rate.

The Influence of Atmospheric Humidity on the Thermal Death Point of a Number of Insects

1932 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-231
Author(s):  
MELLANBY KENNETH
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Moist Air ◽  
Atmospheric Humidity ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Thermal Death ◽  
Thermal Death Point ◽  
Large Meal

An account is given of a technique suitable for exposing small insects to high temperature and air of controlled humidity. Data of survival points obtained from a number of species are given, for 1-hour and 24-hour experiments. In the 1-hour experiments, the humidity of the air had no effect on the death point, except in the case of large meal-worms, which died at 1° C. higher in dry air than in moist. The temperature which any species can stand for 1 hour is sharply defined, but there is a range of 7° C. between the species of insects worked with. In 24-hour experiments, in moist air, all the species died between 36 and 39.5° C. Their death was presumably caused by the heat. In dry air, those insects not able to conserve their water died at low temperatures--22° C. in the case of flea larvae: this was attributed to desiccation. There seem to be two main causes of death of insects when they are killed at high temperatures: (1) When the temperature is over 40° C., they die from the effects of the heat. (2) Below 36° C. all the insects experimented with were able to survive at least 24 hours in moist air, but in dry air insects unable to conserve their water may die of desiccation. In hot air, over 40° C., certain large insects are better able to survive in dry air, as they keep their bodies cool by evaporating water. I am grateful to Mr H. S. Leeson for the supply of X. cheopis, and to Dr R. P. Hobson for the Lucilia adults. And I am indebted to Dr P. A. Buxton and Dr V. B. Wigglesworth, who made many helpful suggestions when the work was in progress and who read through the typescript.

Effects of Temperature and Humidity of Inhaled Air on the Concentration of Ethanol in a Man's Exhaled Breath

1982 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 441-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Ethanol Metabolism ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Moist Air ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

1. Ten healthy men each drank a moderate dose of ethanol in experiments to test if the temperature and moisture content of inhaled air could alter the concentration of ethanol in exhaled breath. 2. They breathed air at various temperatures and relative humidities (RH) for about 1 min before the concentration of ethanol and the temperature of end-expired breath were determined. Control breaths were analysed after the same men breathed ordinary room air (23°C, 55% RH). All tests were made during the postabsorptive phase of ethanol metabolism and the breath samples were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. 3. When the men breathed cold dry air (5°C, 0% RH), the expired ethanol concentration decreased by 9·6 ± 0·69% (mean ± se) and breath temperature dropped by 1·40 ± 0·08°C. Cold moist air (5°C, 100% RH) decreased breath ethanol concentration by 6·4 ± 1·02% and breath temperature dropped by 1·1 ± 0·07°C. With hot dry air (80°C, 0% RH) as the breathing medium the concentration of ethanol was lowered by 4·3 ± 1·27% but expired breath temperatures were unchanged from the control tests. On breathing hot moist air (50°C, 100% RH), breath ethanol concentrations decreased by 10·3 ± 0·59%, even though breath temperatures rose by 1·8 ± 0·14°C above that of the controls. 4. Ethanol dissolves in the watery mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract and can equilibrate with inhaled and exhaled air. It seems likely that during exchanges of heat and water vapour between respired air and the mucus, which largely depends on the temperature and humidity of inhaled air, the equilibrium of ethanol at the breath/mucus interface becomes disrupted. This leads to changes in the concentration of ethanol in expired air.

Metabolism, Respiration and Evaporative Water Loss in the Australian Hopping-Mouse Notomys Alexis (Rodentia: Muridae).

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Withers ◽  
AK Lee ◽  
RW Martin
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Evaporative Water Loss ◽  
Moist Air ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Dry Air

Resting oxygen consumption and total evaporative water loss were determined for N. alexis at ambient temperatures of 20, 28 and 33 deg C in dry air. The minimum rate of oxygen consumption was 0.61 ml min-1 at 33 deg C, and minimum total evaporative water loss was 4.75% body mass day-1 at 28 deg C. Respiration frequency, tidal volume and respiratory minute volume were determined for N. alexis at ambient temperatures of 20, 28 and 33 deg C in air of low or high relative humidity. Minimum values were obtained at 28 deg C and low RH for respiratory minute volume and tidal volume, and at 28 deg C and high RH for respiratory frequency. Expired air temperature of N. alexis at these temperatures was lower than or similar to ambient for mice in air of low RH, but was higher than or similar to ambient at high RH. Respiratory evaporative water loss, calculated from the previous data, was greatest for mice in dry air at 33 deg C, and least in moist air at 33 deg C. Cutaneous evaporative water loss made up about 40-60% of the total evaporative water loss for mice in dry air. The rates of total evaporative water loss were clearly reflected in the manner of body temperature regulation at high ambient temperatures. Hopping-mice in moist air at 28 and 33 deg C became hyperthermic, whereas mice in dry air showed only slight increases in body temperature. The significance of these data to hopping-mice in the field was discussed.

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