scholarly journals Learning a non-neutral conditioned stimulus: place preference in the crab Neohelice granulata

2021 ◽  
pp. jeb.242157
Author(s):  
Martín Klappenbach ◽  
Candela Medina ◽  
Ramiro Freudenthal
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Food Pellet ◽  
Place Preference ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Neohelice Granulata ◽  
Preference Task ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
First Time

In the wild, being able to recognize and remember specific locations related to food sources and the associated attributes of landmarks is a cognitive trait important for survival. In the present work we show that the crab Neohelice granulata can be trained to associate a specific environment with an appetitive reward in a conditioned place preference task. After a single training trial, when the crabs were presented with a food pellet in the target quadrant of the training arena, they were able to form a long-term memory related to the event. This memory was evident at least 24 h after training and was protein-synthesis dependent. Importantly, the target area of the arena proved to be a non-neutral environment, given that animals initially avoided the target quadrant. In the present work we introduce for the first time an associative one-trial memory paradigm including a conditioned stimulus with a clear valence performed in a crustacean.

scholarly journals Learning a non-neutral conditioned stimulus: place preference in the crab Neohelice granulata

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín Klappenbach ◽  
Candela Medina ◽  
Ramiro Freudenthal
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Food Pellet ◽  
Place Preference ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Neohelice Granulata ◽  
Preference Task ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
First Time

AbstractIn the wild, being able to recognize and remember specific locations related to food sources and the associated attributes of landmarks is a cognitive trait important for survival. In the present work we show that the crab Neohelice granulata can be trained to associate a specific environment with an appetitive reward in a conditioned place preference task. After a single training trial, when the crabs were presented with a food pellet in the target quadrant of the training arena, they were able to form a long-term memory related to the event. This memory was evident at least 24 h after training and was protein-synthesis dependent. Importantly, the target area of the arena proved to be a non-neutral environment, given that animals initially avoided the target quadrant. In the present work we introduce for the first time an associative one-trial memory paradigm including a conditioned stimulus with a clear valence performed in a crustacean.

FIRST RECORD OF MANTIDS (MANTODEA: INSECTA) FROM INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
SHVETA PATEL ◽  
RAJENDRA SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
First Record ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Extensive Survey ◽  
First Time

Extensive survey of mantids in the northeastern Uttar Pradesh was conducted. Two mantid species were recorded for the first time from the target area, viz.: Pyrgomantis pallida, 1917 and Bactromantis mexicana.

Exploring the plant environmental DNA diversity in soil from two sites on Deception Island (Antarctica, South Shetland Islands) using metabarcoding

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Micheline Carvalho-Silva ◽  
Luiz Henrique Rosa ◽  
Otávio H.B. Pinto ◽  
Thamar Holanda Da Silva ◽  
Diego Knop Henriques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Crater Lake ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
South Shetland Islands ◽  
Deception Island ◽  
Shetland Islands ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
First Time ◽  
Impacted Site

Abstract The few Antarctic studies to date to have applied metabarcoding in Antarctica have primarily focused on microorganisms. In this study, for the first time, we apply high-throughput sequencing of environmental DNA to investigate the diversity of Embryophyta (Viridiplantae) DNA present in soil samples from two contrasting locations on Deception Island. The first was a relatively undisturbed site within an Antarctic Specially Protected Area at Crater Lake, and the second was a heavily human-impacted site in Whalers Bay. In samples obtained at Crater Lake, 84% of DNA reads represented fungi, 14% represented Chlorophyta and 2% represented Streptophyta, while at Whalers Bay, 79% of reads represented fungi, 20% represented Chlorophyta and < 1% represented Streptophyta, with ~1% of reads being unassigned. Among the Embryophyta we found 16 plant operational taxonomic units from three Divisions, including one Marchantiophyta, eight Bryophyta and seven Magnoliophyta. Sequences of six taxa were detected at both sampling sites, eight only at Whalers Bay and two only at Crater Lake. All of the Magnoliophyta sequences (flowering plants) represent species that are exotic to Antarctica, with most being plausibly linked to human food sources originating from local national research operator and tourism facilities.

Enzootic Activity of Chlamydia in Farms Located in a Hotspot Area for Zoonosis Emergence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezequiel Andres Vanderhoeven ◽  
Jessica P. Mosmann ◽  
Adrián Díaz ◽  
Cecilia G. Cuffini
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Chlamydial Species ◽  
Zoonotic Risk ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
First Time

Abstract Chlamydias are obligated intracellular Gram-negative bacteria, considered important zoonotic pathogens, broadly present in several bird species and responsible for economic losses in animal production. We analyzed the presence of Chlamydial species with zoonotic risk in farm animals in a highly biodiverse area and with great human circulation, the Argentine, Brazil and Paraguay tri-border area. We surveyed nine farms in an area and nasally swabbed a total of 62 animals. DNA was extracted and specific PCR was performed to identify chlamydial species. We detected Chlamydia spp . in 6.5% (4/62) of the animals tested, positive samples belonged to cattle and none of them showed symptoms of respiratory disease nor had been diagnose with reproductive diseases. Specific nested PCR confirmed two samples belonged to C. pecorum and two to C. psittaci . We report for the first time Chlamydia circulation with zoonotic risk in the region. Surveys in birds and wild mammals could give a better understanding to know what Chlamydial species are circulating in the wild interface. The zoonotic potential should be taking into account as farm workers and the surrounding population could be silent carriers or have respiratory diseases being underdiagnosed, and therefore should be considered in the differential diagnoses.

scholarly journals COMPLEXITY-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE ALTERATIONS IN THE STRUCTURE OF CORONAVIRUSES

Fractals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 2150123
Author(s):  
HAMIDREZA NAMAZI ◽  
ALI SELAMAT ◽  
ONDREJ KREJCAR
Keyword(s):  
Hurst Exponent ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Approximate Entropy ◽  
Sample Entropy ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time

The coronavirus has influenced the lives of many people since its identification in 1960. In general, there are seven types of coronavirus. Although some types of this virus, including 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1, cause mild to moderate illness, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have shown to have severer effects on the human body. Specifically, the recent known type of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has affected the lives of many people around the world since late 2019 with the disease named COVID-19. In this paper, for the first time, we investigated the variations among the complex structures of coronaviruses. We employed the fractal dimension, approximate entropy, and sample entropy as the measures of complexity. Based on the obtained results, SARS-CoV-2 has a significantly different complex structure than SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. To study the high mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2, we also analyzed the long-term memory of genome walks for different coronaviruses using the Hurst exponent. The results demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 shows the lowest memory in its genome walk, explaining the errors in copying the sequences along the genome that results in the virus mutation.

scholarly journals Study of the Cryopreservation Conditions for seed Materials of Chartolepis intermedia Boiss.

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 00046
Author(s):  
Margarita Ishmuratova ◽  
Saltanat Tleukenova ◽  
Alibek Ramasanov ◽  
Elena Gavrilkova ◽  
Dmitrii Ageev
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Plastic Container ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
First Time ◽  
Karaganda Region

For the first time, the depending of germination rate and energy of germination of Chartolepis intermedia seeds, collected in the wild of Karaganda region, from morphology of seeds and conditions of cryopreservation is investigated. The maximum results for viability are fixed for dark-colored average or large seeds. The best results are determined for variant of cryopreservation in plastic container with future defrosting at the room temperature. For the increasing parameters of seed germination we recommended to freeze Chartolepis intermedia seeds with using cryoprotector sucrose in concentration 20%. As the results of the study, we developed algorithm of cryopreservation of Chartolepis intermedia seeds in liquid nitrogen.

Two New Species of Diploderma Hallowell, 1861 (Reptilia: Squamata: Agamidae) from the Hengduan Mountain Region in China and Rediscovery of D. brevicaudum (Manthey, Wolfgang, Hou, Wang, 2012)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4941 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
KAI WANG ◽  
WEI GAO ◽  
JIAWEI WU ◽  
WENJIE DONG ◽  
XIAOGANG FENG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Mountain Region ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Hengduan Mountain ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Dry Valley ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
First Time

Recent studies have highlighted the underestimated diversity of the genus Diploderma Hallowell, 1861 in the Hengduan Mountain Region in Southwest China, but much of the region remains poorly surveyed for reptile diversity. In this study we describe two new species of Diploderma from the upper Jinsha and middle Yalong River Valley, based on evaluations of morphological, genetic, and distribution data. The two new species are morphologically most similar to D. angustelinea and D. vela, but they can be diagnosed from both recognized taxa and all remaining congeners by a suite of morphological features, particularly the distinct coloration of gular spots. Additionally, both new species either render other recognized species paraphyletic or are allopatric with respect to their morphologically similar congeners. Furthermore, we rediscover D. brevicaudum in the wild for the first time, which was known from historical museum specimens only. We estimate the phylogenetic position of D. brevicaudum within the genus Diploderma based on mitochondrial genealogy, and we provide an expanded diagnosis and comparisons against closely related congeners and provide a detailed description of coloration in life based on newly collected specimens. Our discoveries of the new Diploderma species further highlight the urgent conservation needs of the currently neglected hot-dry valley ecosystems in the Hengduan Mountain Region of China. 

scholarly journals Morphology and Timing of Spawning of Umatilla Dace (Rhinichthys umatilla) in the Slocan River, British Columbia

2016 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Louise Porto ◽  
Crystal Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Aquatic Macrophytes ◽  
Columbia River Basin ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Habitat Features ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
First Time ◽  
Timing Of Spawning

Umatilla Dace (Rhinichthys umatilla, Cyprinidae) are endemic to the Columbia River Basin. In Canada, this species is assessed as “threatened”. Little is known about its life history, especially with respect to spawning in the wild. A total of 688 specimens were captured, including 39 mature males and females displaying spawning colouration and tubercles, during minnow trapping and electrofishing surveys conducted on the Slocan River in southern British Columbia, Canada. Fertilized eggs were not observed, but eggs and milt were expressed from ripe individuals. Spawning was estimated to occur from mid-July to mid-September. Aquatic macrophytes and flooded terrestrial vegetation were important habitat features for mature Umatilla Dace leading up to the spawning period on the Slocan River. To our knowledge this is the first time that Umatilla Dace have been captured in spawning condition and observed with spawning colouration and tubercles in the wild in Canada. Results of this study will aid the development of recovery plans and management for this species in British Columbia.

Homing and home range of the European spiny lobster, Palinurus elephas (Decapoda, Palinuridae) acoustically tracked

Crustaceana ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-476
Author(s):  
Vincenzo M. Giacalone ◽  
Arturo Zenone ◽  
Fabio Badalamenti ◽  
Javier Ciancio ◽  
Gaspare Buffa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Spiny Lobster ◽  
Ultrasonic Telemetry ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
First Time ◽  
Palinurus Elephas

Abstract A specific study has been carried out for the first time to investigate the homing capability and daily home range of the spiny lobster Palinurus elephas by means of ultrasonic telemetry. Nine lobsters collected in the Capo Gallo — Isola delle Femmine marine protected area (northwestern Sicily, central Mediterranean) were tagged with miniaturized transmitters and released at a single site inside the protected area. The lobsters were monitored with the purpose of calculating their horizontal and vertical positions, analysing their movement patterns to assess their homing capability, and calculating their daily home range. Five lobsters moved back close to the capture sites within the first 20 hours after release (‘homed’). The remaining four lobsters ‘relocated’ to a different refuge. Homed lobsters had a larger home range than relocated lobsters. This study provides the first description of a homing pattern with high spatial resolution in the wild European spiny lobster as inferred by ultrasonic telemetry.

scholarly journals Opportunistic or Non-Random Wildlife Crime? Attractiveness Rather Than Abundance in the Wild Leads to Selective Parrot Poaching

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Romero-Vidal ◽  
Fernando Hiraldo ◽  
Federica Rosseto ◽  
Guillermo Blanco ◽  
Martina Carrete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Wildlife Crime ◽  
Conservation Implications ◽  
Species Abundances ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
First Time

Illegal wildlife trade, which mostly focuses on high-demand species, constitutes a major threat to biodiversity. However, whether poaching is an opportunistic crime within high-demand taxa such as parrots (i.e., harvesting proportional to species availability in the wild), or is selectively focused on particular, more desirable species, is still under debate. Answering this question has important conservation implications because selective poaching can lead to the extinction of some species through overharvesting. However, the challenges of estimating species abundances in the wild have hampered studies on this subject. We conducted a large-scale survey in Colombia to simultaneously estimate the relative abundance of wild parrots through roadside surveys (recording 10,811 individuals from 25 species across 2221 km surveyed) and as household, illegally trapped pets in 282 sampled villages (1179 individuals from 21 species). We used for the first time a selectivity index to test selection on poaching. Results demonstrated that poaching is not opportunistic, but positively selects species based on their attractiveness, defined as a function of species size, coloration, and ability to talk, which is also reflected in their local prices. Our methodological approach, which shows how selection increases the conservation impacts of poaching for parrots, can be applied to other taxa also impacted by harvesting for trade or other purposes.

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