scholarly journals The Composition of the Blood of the Shore Crab, Carcinus Moenas (Pennant), in Relation to Sex and Body Size

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-500
Author(s):  
A. B. GILBERT
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Ionic Concentration ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Total Ionic Concentration

1. The influence of sex and body weight on the concentration of the non-protein nitrogen (N.P.N.) in the blood of Carcinus moenas was investigated. 2. Blood N.P.N. decreased with body size in both sexes until a minimum was reached at a body weight of about 35 g. Thereafter it increased with increasing body weight. 3. For body weights less than 35 g. males had higher N.P.N. values than females; above this weight male values were lower. Statistically these differences were highly significant. 4. Frequency distribution of reproductive activity with body size showed peaks which correspond with those for total ionic concentration (Gilbert, 1959a, b) and with the troughs for N.P.N. 5. Results of the present work have been discussed in relation to those reported earlier for conductivity, total O.P., chloride and sulphate (Gilbert, 1959a, b).

A note on annual reproductive rhythm in Marwari sheep of the Rajasthan Desert in India

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Mittal ◽  
P. K. Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Seasonal Effect ◽  
Western India ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
North Western

ABSTRACTSeasonal fluctuations in oestrous activity and live weight were studied in ewes of the Marwari breed indigenous to the Rajasthan Desert in north-western India. Of the ewes examined 80 to 100% were in oestrus every month of the year, indicating thereby the non-seasonality of female reproductive activity in this breed. On average, each ewe exhibited heat 18 times a year. The incidence of silent heats was low (4·2 %). The average length of an oestrous cycle was 17 days, while the actual period of oestrus varied from 24 to 48 h with an average of 36 h. No seasonal effect on these activities could be observed. The maximum and minimum body weights of the animals were recorded during the autumn (October) and summer (June) months respectively. The body weights differed significantly (P<0·05) between months. Sexual activity in these animals is, therefore, apparently not affected by changes in body weight. The continuous nature of oestrous activity in Marwari sheep may be economically exploited by regulating the lambing season according o t the prevailing ecological conditions and market demands, without the use of hormones.

scholarly journals The Composition of the Blood of the Shore Crab, Carcinus Moenas Pennant, in Relation to Sex and Body Size

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
A. B. GILBERT
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Blood Conductivity ◽  
Significant Difference

1. The influence of body size and sex on the total osmotic pressure (O.P.) and blood conductivity of the shore crab was investigated. 2. In both sexes the O.P. fell steadily as body weight increased. 3. At any body weight the O.P. of the blood of male crabs was significantly higher that that of females. 4. Blood conductivity increased in both sexes until a maximum was reached at a weight of about 35 g. Thereafter the conductivity fell as the weight increased. 5. There was no significant difference in blood conductivity between male and female crabs below 35 g. body weight. Above 35 g. the conductivity of males was significantly higher than that of females.

Avian Egg Morphometrics - Allometric Models of Egg Volume, Clutch Volume and Shape

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
PD Olsen ◽  
RB Cunningham ◽  
CF Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Egg Volume ◽  
Simple Power ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Simple Power Function

This paper describes three comprehensive new models of the allometric relationships between egg volume, clutch volume and shape, and body weight. Mean egg dimensions, clutch sizes and adult body weights were obtained for 326 species, mainly of four bird types: raptors (including owls), shorebirds, frogmouths (including nightjars), and storks (including the New World vultures). These are groups in which there is a wide range of body sizes and of sexual dimorphism in body size (in direction and degree). Female body weight alone accounted for 92% of the variation in egg volume. Sexual dimorphism in body size, phylogenetic relationship, and clutch size were significant contributors to the model of egg volume; their addition increased the explained variance to over 98%. The model was curvilinear (quadratic) in form, rather than linear as assumed in previous models. Larger species laid smaller eggs than expected under a simple power function. For the fitted model, within bird types, generic groupings had parallel curvilinear slopes but differing intercepts. Between bird types, the slopes differed. Clutch volume was scaled to body weight; all the bird types had a common slope, which was curvilinear. Body weight and dimorphism accounted for 89.5% of the variation in clutch volume. For all bird types, eggs became proportionally longer in shape as body weight increased, according to a simple power law. The relevance of these relationships to hypotheses on the evolution and adaptive significance of sexual dimorphism and to the trade-off between egg size and clutch size is discussed briefly.

scholarly journals Protein variation in strains of mice differing in body size

1975 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Garnett ◽  
D. S. Falconer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Genetic Drift ◽  
Random Genetic Drift ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
Protein Variation ◽  
Obvious Association ◽  
Average Individual

SUMMARYNine (41%) of the 22 enzymic and non-enzymic loci examined in a strain of mice divergently selected for six-week body weight (six lines selected in each direction and six controls) were found to be polymorphic. The degree of polymorphism varied between the replicates from a maximum of 38% to a minimum of 14% with an average individual heterozygous at 7·7% of its loci. There was no obvious association between any of the isozyme variants and body size. The frequency distribution among the 18 lines was adequately accounted for by random genetic drift. However, an association was observed between body size and the Hbb locus; the Hbbs allele was found to be fixed in all of the six Large lines. An examination of the variance of gene frequencies at this locus excluded random genetic drift as an explanation for the fixation.

scholarly journals The size and endocrine activity of the pituitary in mice selected for large or small body-size

1962 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Endocrine Activity ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Mouse Pituitary ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Thyroid Secretion

Mice of two strains, N and C, were used in studies on body-size, pituitary size, and endocrine potency of the pituitary. Strain N had been selected for large (NL) and small (NS) body-size; strain C had also been selected for large body-size (CL) but had been crossed to an outbred strain segregating pituitary dwarfism.Pituitary weights and body-weights were highly correlated, the regression lines being common in NL and NS mice. Female pituitaries were considerably heavier than male pituitaries in CL mice. In relation to body-weight, CL pituitaries were consistently heavier than those of NL or NS mice.No differences were detected in the unit potency of gonadotrophins in the pituitaries of NL and NS mice as estimated by the uterine response of immature outbred mice to subcutaneous injections of pituitary tissue. The uptake of 131I into the thyroid was comparable in NL and NS mice per unit of body-weight, and the thyroid secretion rate was also similar using animals of the same body-weight. Immature mice of both lines responded by increased growth to injections of growth hormone or fresh mouse pituitary, though the response was greater in NS than in NL mice.The primary response to selection has probably been in the size of the pituitary rather than in its unit potency. The interrelationships between body-size, body components, organ size and endocrine levels are discussed.

scholarly journals The Composition of the Blood of the Shore Crab, Carcinus Moenas Pennant, in Relation to Sex and Body Size

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-362
Author(s):  
A. B. GILBERT
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Common

1. The influence of sex and body weight on the concentration of sulphate and chloride ions in the blood of the common shore crab was investigated. 2. Blood chloride increased in both sexes until a maximum was reached at a weight of about 35 g.; thereafter it fell with increasing body weight. 3. Over the whole size range blood chloride was higher in females than in males. This difference was highly significant for animals over 35 g. body weight; below 35 g. however, there was no significant difference between the sexes. 4. Over a restricted size range blood sulphate of males was significantly higher than that of females. 5. Results of the present work have been discussed in relation to those reported earlier for conductivity and total O.P.

Genotype-environment interactions in the wintering of lambs

1959 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. B. King ◽  
J. H. Watson ◽  
G. B. Young
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
High Group ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Plane Interaction ◽  
The Many ◽  
Almost All

An experiment to investigate the differential response of lambs of various breeds and crosses to different planes of nutrition is described.Two groups of twin lambs were used comprising Blackfaces and their crosses ( x Lincoln, Wiltshire and Border Leicester rams) and Welsh and their osses ( x Suffolk and Wiltshire rams).From October to January, each cross was divided between high and low planes of nutrition. Approximately half of the twin pairs were split and the remaining pairs distributed between the environments. Significant differences were found between the crosses and twin pairs of the same cross for body weight, body measurements and wool production but not for various blood characters. For almost all characters studied, plane differences were found. There was, however, only one significant (P < 1%) cross-plane interaction—for non-protein nitrogen concentration in the blood.At the end of January, each plane was subdivided to produce high-high, high-low, low-high and low-low groups. The lambs remained in these groups until May. As before, differences between crosses were found for body weights and measurements, and wool characters but not for most blood characters. The majority of characters were affected by plane of nutrition. Cross-plane interactions were not found except in antibody response to Erisipelothrix rhusiopathia vaccine (P < 5%).At the end of May the high-high group were slaughtered and the remaining three groups fattened on grass until each reached the same average weight as the high-high group. Carcass measurements showed that all the crosses shared a striking ability to recover from previous poor nutritional treatments. One significant (P < 5%) interaction of cross and plane was found in weight of cannon bone.The most characteristic feature of the results has been the similarity of response of the different genotypes to the different nutritional environments. The few interactions found to be statistically significant by conventional methods are difficult to interpret because of the many tests of significance carried out in the analyses.

Androgenic influences on body size and composition of adult rhesus monkeys

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (6) ◽  
pp. E857-E864 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Kemnitz ◽  
K. K. Sladky ◽  
T. J. Flitsch ◽  
S. M. Pomerantz ◽  
R. W. Goy
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Anabolic Hormones ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Males And Females

The effects of daily treatment with testosterone propionate (TP, 2 mg/kg) and dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP, 2 mg/kg) were examined in rhesus monkeys in three experiments. In experiments 1 and 2, males and females gonadectomized in infancy, and female pseudohermaphrodites produced by prenatal exposure to TP or DHTP and gonadectomized postpubertally, were studied in conjunction with intact males (IM). The IM group was heavier in adulthood than the three gonadectomized groups, which did not differ in body weight from each other. Genetic males had greater crown-rump length than genetic females. Treatment of the gonadectomized groups with TP produced large increases in body mass (averaging approximately 50%) that were attributable to accretion of lean tissue. This effect did not differ significantly between males and females. In experiment 3, additional groups of males that had been castrated as infants were given daily injections with DHTP or oil. The DHTP treatment resulted in increases in body size that were not different from those seen following TP treatment. When TP and DHPT treatments were discontinued, body weights and dimensions reverted to base-line values. Increased body size induced by TP and DHTP was accomplished without reliable increases in food intake. Because testosterone (T) is metabolized to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), while DHT cannot be converted to T, these results show that both T and DHT are effective anabolic hormones in rhesus.

Encephalization of The Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus.

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
C. De Miguel ◽  
M. Henneberg
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Weight Relationship ◽  
Body Weights

Brain size relative to body size is considered to be an indicator of variously defined &apos;braininess&apos; (=encephalization). Indices of encephalization are based on the ratio of the animal&apos;s actual brain size to its expected brain size calculated from an allometric equation derived from a brain size I body weight relationship in a series of taxa Freshly collected data on brain and body weights of 27 adult koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) from South Australia are analysed here. Sex- averaged brain weight in this sample is 19.2 g and body weight is 8.0 kg. General equations for mammals produce encephalization values for the koala well below the mammalian average: EQ=38.9% ac- cording to Jerison&apos;s equation (1973), EQ= 49.7% applying Eisenberg&apos;s equation (1981) and EQ= 35.3% using Martin&apos;s equation (1990). When a &apos;basal&apos; insectivore line is used, the koala appears to be progressive: IP =155.9% according to Stephan&apos;s equation (1972) and ICC= 131.7% using Martin&apos;s equation (1990). Use of &apos;basal&apos; marsupial lines also indicates progressive encephalization of the koala: Pl=l l6.5% according to Pirlot&apos;s equation (1981}, E=108.4% following Nelson and Stephan&apos;s equation (1982) and E=107.9% using Haight and Nelson&apos;s equation (1987). These new results are clearly higher than the indices for the koala reported earlier by other authors (Nelson and Stephan 1982; Haight and Nelson 1987). It follows that choice of samples and equations influences conclusions regarding encephalization of a species.

L-Ascorbic Acid Addition to Chitosan Reduces Body Weight in Overweight Women

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Y. Jung ◽  
Sung C. Jun ◽  
Un J. Chang ◽  
Hyung J. Suh
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Overweight Women ◽  
Body Weights

Previously, we have found that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan enhanced the reduction in body weight gain in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet. We hypothesized that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan would accelerate the reduction of body weight in humans, similar to the animal model. Overweight subjects administered chitosan with or without L-ascorbic acid for 8 weeks, were assigned to three groups: Control group (N = 26, placebo, vehicle only), Chito group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan), and Chito-vita group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan plus 2 g/day L-ascorbic acid). The body weights and body mass index (BMI) of the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the Control group. The BMI of the Chito-vita group decreased significantly compared to the Chito group (Chito: -1.0 kg/m2 vs. Chito-vita: -1.6 kg/m2, p < 0.05). The results showed that the chitosan enhanced reduction of body weight and BMI was accentuated by the addition of L-ascorbic acid. The fat mass, percentage body fat, body circumference, and skinfold thickness in the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased more than the Control group; however, these parameters were not significantly different between the three groups. Chitosan combined with L-ascorbic acid may be useful for controlling body weight.

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