Automotive test drive cycles for emission measurement and real-world emission levels-a review

2002 ◽  
Vol 216 (7) ◽  
pp. 555-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Samuel ◽  
L Austin ◽  
D Morrey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Real World ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Test Drive ◽  
The Real ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
The Impact

The emission levels produced by any vehicle are dependent on the mode of operation of the vehicle and technology behind the vehicle design. The test drive cycles employed to measure the emissions produced by vehicles should adequately represent the real-world driving pattern of the vehicle to provide the most realistic estimation of these levels. However, there is increasing concern about the representative drive cycles used by the various vehicle certification and regulatory authorities. This paper reviews the various drive cycles used for gasoline engine vehicles in Europe and the United States, and the impact of various factors and their influence on real-world emission levels. The proposed new drive cycles of the United States and Europe are considered. From the work reviewed, it can be concluded that the amount of pollutant levels from automotive vehicles are underestimated because of the characteristics of the existing drive cycles. While much work remains to be done with the development of new drive cycles to represent real-world driving patterns, some useful conclusions can be drawn regarding the impacts of the factors reviewed here. The impacts of the factors reviewed in this paper can be characterized to improve estimations and simulations of the real-world emission levels of the vehicle.

The Impact of Energy on the Adoption of Conservation Tillage in the United States

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 549-568
Author(s):  
Noel D. Uri
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Instability ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Price ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The impact of energy on the adoption of conservation tillage is of special importance in addressing concerns about the effect of agricultural production on the environment in the United States. It is the subject of this paper. After establishing that a relationship exists between the price of energy and the adoption of conservation tillage via cointegration techniques, the relationship is quantified. It is shown that while the real price of crude oil, the proxy used for the price of energy, does not affect the rate of adoption of conservation tillage, it does impact the extent to which it is used. Finally, there is no structural instability in the relationship between the relative use of conservation tillage and the real price of crude oil over the period 1963 to 1997.

scholarly journals Neither a New Cold War nor a New Peloponnesian War: The Emerging Cyber-narrative Competition at the Heart of Sino-American Relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-264
Author(s):  
Nicholas Ross Smith ◽  
Ruairidh J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Real World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Peloponnesian War ◽  
The Real ◽  
Current State ◽  
Thucydides Trap ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Industrial Revolutions

There is much pessimism as to the current state of Sino-American relations, especially since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020. Such pessimism has led to some scholars and commentators asserting that the Sino-American relationship is on the cusp of either a new Cold War or, even more alarmingly, something akin to the Peloponnesian War (via a Thucydides Trap) whereby the United States might take pre-emptive measures against China. This article rejects such analogizing and argues that, due to important technological advancements found at the intersection of the digital and fourth industrial revolutions, most of the real competition in the relationship is now occurring in cyberspace, especially with regards to the aim of asserting narratives of truth. Two key narrative battlegrounds that have raged since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic are examined: where was the origin of the COVID-19 pandemic? and who has had the most successful response to the COVID-19 pandemic?. This article shows that Sino-American competition in cyberspace over asserting their narratives of truth (related to the COVID-19 pandemic) is fierce and unhinged. Part of what is driving this competition is the challenging domestic settings politicians and officials find themselves in both China and the United States, thus, the competing narratives being asserted by both sides are predominately for domestic audiences. However, given that cyberspace connects states with foreign publics more intimately, the international aspect of this competition is also important and could result in further damage to the already fragile Sino-American relationship. Yet, whether this competition will bleed into the real world is far from certain and, because of this, doomsaying via historical analogies should be avoided.

Prospects for Social Reporting in the United States: A Receding Horizon

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (x) ◽  
pp. 251-261
Author(s):  
Richard C. Rockwell
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
United States ◽  
Real World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Reporting ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Scientific Advance ◽  
The Real ◽  
Incomplete Model ◽  
The Social

This essay sets forth the thesis that social reporting in the United States has suffered from an excess of modesty among social scientists. This modesty might be traceable to an incomplete model of scientific advance. one that has an aversion to engagement with the real world. The prospects for social reporting in the United States would be brighter if reasonable allowances were to be made for the probable scientific yield of the social reporting enterprise itself. This yield could support and improve not only social reporting but also many unrelated aspects of the social sciences.

The Fissioning of the Modern Family in Utopia- The Real- World Consequences of Political Illusions

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-112
Author(s):  
Bryce Christensen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Real World ◽  
Family Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Family ◽  
Modern Family

Since the mid-20th century, the United States-, like many Europeancountries, -has witnessed dramatic changes in family life, resulting inremarkably low rates for marriage and fertility, remarkably high rates fordivorce, cohabitation, and out-of-wedlock births. To understand these changes the article presents, on the example of literature, ideologies, philosophical trends, and intellectual opinions, which in a particularly destructive way influenced the contemporary condition of the family.

Real-world treatment and outcomes of frontline chemotherapy in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e16249-e16249
Author(s):  
Salwan Al Mutar ◽  
Muhammad Shaalan Beg ◽  
Eric Hansen ◽  
Andrew J. Belli ◽  
Maegan Vaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Real World ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Impact

e16249 Background: The difference between the FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel (GnP) regimens’ clinical trial designs limit the ability to generate cross-study comparisons. Therefore, there is a significant need to understand the impact of various demographic and clinical characteristics on the effectiveness of these systemic therapies in the real-world treatment setting. This study seeks to compare the real-world outcomes of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer treated with frontline FOLFIRINOX or GnP. Methods: Patients with primary metastatic pancreatic cancer who received first-line (1L) FOLFIRINOX or GnP were identified in the COTA real-world database. The COTA database is a de-identified database of real-world data (RWD) derived from the electronic health records of healthcare providers in the United States. Real-world overall response rate (rwORR) was calculated as the proportion of patients achieving complete response (CR) or partial response (PR). Overall survival (OS) was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate analyses utilized Cox proportional hazards. Results: The overall qualified cohort (n=236) was stratified by 1L FOLFIRINOX (n=109) or GnP (n=127). Select patient characteristics are shown in table. Patients treated with 1L FOLFIRINOX showed greater rwORR as compared to those treated with GnP (68.8% vs. 55.9%, p=0.04). Additionally, patients treated with 1L FOLFIRINOX had longer median OS (14.4 vs 11.4 mos, respectively). In univariate analysis, patients treated with GnP had a greater chance of mortality (HR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.8, p=0.05). This relationship strengthened in multivariate analysis (GnP treated HR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.1, p=0.01). Conclusions: Due to lack of enrollment of representative patients in clinical trials and in the absence of a comparative clinical trial, real-world experience with chemotherapy regimens provide critical insights on the outcome of treatments. In our cohort, patients treated with frontline GnP had a significantly greater chance of mortality as compared to patients treated with frontline FOLFIRINOX. The FOLFIRINOX cohort also showed greater rwORR. Future research will continue to expand on treatment patterns in subsequent lines of therapy, as well as emerging therapy types, in order to better understand the optimal treatment sequence in metastatic pancreatic cancer.[Table: see text]

Analysis of Driving Cycles for Emission Test of Light-Duty Vehicles in China

2012 ◽  
Vol 616-618 ◽  
pp. 1154-1160
Author(s):  
Jin Lin Xue
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
The Real ◽  
Driving Behaviors ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Driving Pattern ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Light Duty Vehicles ◽  
The Impact

The driving cycles employed to measure the emissions from automotive vehicles should adequately represent the real-world driving pattern of the vehicle to provide the most realistic estimation of emissions levels. The driving cycles used for light-duty gasoline engine vehicles in China were reviewed in this paper firstly. Then the impact of various factors, such as driving behaviors, driving conditions, road conditions, traffic conditions, on real-world emission levels were analyzed. Finally, the shortages of the existing driving cycles were pointed out. It can be concluded that the emissions levels from automotive vehicles are underestimated because of the characteristics of the existing drive cycles, so it is urgent to research and develop new driving cycles to fit the situation of China.

Cancer Trials Versus the Real World in the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 254 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waddah B. Al-Refaie ◽  
Selwyn M. Vickers ◽  
Wei Zhong ◽  
Helen Parsons ◽  
David Rothenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Real World ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Real ◽  
Cancer Trials
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