Sugar “Imaging” of Fruit Using a Low Cost Charge-Coupled Device Camera

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Long ◽  
Kerry B. Walsh ◽  
Colin V. Greensill
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Charge Coupled Device ◽  
Colour Image

Sugar “imaging” of fruit has previously been reported using NIR filters and relatively expensive (high signal-to-noise) charge-coupled device (CCD) instrumentation. In a bid to use lower cost CCD instrumentation (criterion of less than AU $5,000 total component costs), the signal-to-noise constraint on calibration model performance was investigated by artificially degrading spectra from a 15-bit AtoD system. A low cost 8-bit CCD camera was then used in conjunction with a filter wheel in a transmittance configuration employing three 50 W halogen lamps. Multiple linear regregression calibrations were developed based on absorbance data of five wavelengths (830, 850, 870, 905 and 930 nm) relevant to sugar and water. Calibration models for the sucrose concentration of solutions on a cellulose matrix were poor ( R2 = 0.4) when based on individual pixel data, but acceptable ( R2 = 0.98, RMSECV = 1.1) ( n = 20, mean = 13.9% total soluble sugars (TSS), SD = 6.04) when based on an average of a 23 × 23 pixel block (i.e. 529 pixels). For a calibration based on melon tissue TSS, using spectral data averaged over groups of 529 pixels, results were poorer than expected ( R2 = 0.4, RMSEP = 1.74 ( n = 163, mean = 9.45, SD = 2.07% TSS). Predicted TSS output for all pixel blocks from an image was used to generate a false colour image. We conclude that this application requires a higher level of signal-to-noise (for example, 10-bit, > 60 dB CCD).

Internally Modulated Chirped Pulse Based Direct Detection Type φ-OTDR System with High Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Low Cost

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 0806003
Author(s):  
李鲁川 Luchuan Li ◽  
卢斌 Bin Lu ◽  
王校 Xiao Wang ◽  
梁嘉靖 Jiajing Liang ◽  
郑汉荣 Hanrong Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Detection ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Chirped Pulse ◽  
Noise Ratio

scholarly journals A Blind Calibration Model for I/Q Imbalances of Wideband Zero-IF Receivers

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1868
Author(s):  
Xiaoye Peng ◽  
Zhiyu Wang ◽  
Jiongjiong Mo ◽  
Chenge Wang ◽  
Jiarui Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Finite Impulse Response ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Classification Rule ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Frequency Independent ◽  
Blind Calibration

Frequency-dependent I/Q imbalance and frequency-independent I/Q imbalance are the major impairments in wideband zero-IF receivers, and they both cannot be ignored. In this paper, a blind calibration model is designed for compensating these I/Q imbalances. In order to accurately estimate the imbalance parameters with low cost, a classification rule is proposed according to the frequency-domain statistical characteristics of the received signal. The calibration points in the frequency-domain are divided into two groups. Then, the amplitude imbalance and the frequency-dependent phase imbalance are derived from the group of signal points and, separately, the frequency-independent phase imbalance is calculated from the group of noise points. In the derivation of the frequency-dependent phase imbalance, a general fitting model suitable for all signal points is proposed, which does not require special calculations for either DC point or fs/2 point. Then, a finite impulse response (FIR) real-valued filter is designed to correct the impairments of received signal. The performances of the proposed calibration model are evaluated through both simulations and experiments. The simulation results show the image rejection ratio (IRR) improvement to around 35–45 dBc at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Based on the mismatched data of the ADRV9009 evaluation board, the experimental results exhibit the IRR improvement of both multi-tone and wideband signals to about 30 dBc.

scholarly journals Particle Imaging Velocimetry Gyroscope

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (21) ◽  
pp. 4734
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Youssef ◽  
Naser El-Sheimy
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Particle Imaging Velocimetry ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Inertial Measurement Units ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Inertial Measurement ◽  
Measurement Units ◽  
Particle Imaging ◽  
Bias Instability

Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are typically classified as per the performance of the gyroscopes within each system. Consequently, it is critical for a system to have a low bias instability to have better performance. Nonetheless, there is no IMU available commercially that does not actually suffer from bias-instability, even for the navigation grade IMUs. This paper introduces the proposition of a novel fluid-based gyroscope, which is referred to hereafter as a particle imaging velocimetry gyroscope (PIVG). The main advantages of the PIVG include being nearly drift-free, a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in comparison to commercially available high-end gyroscopes, and its low cost.

scholarly journals Seismology of southern Be stars

1994 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 104-105
Author(s):  
Eduardo Janot-Pacheco ◽  
Nelson Vani Leister
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Be Stars ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Photometric Variability ◽  
Spectroscopic Observations ◽  
Photometric Observations ◽  
Noise Ratio

We have started in 1990 a search for moving bumps in the HeI λ 667.8 nm of mainly southern, bright Be stars. The objects of our sample have been selected on the basis of photometric variability (Cuypers et al., 1989). High resolution (R≥ 30,000), high signal-to-noise ratio (S/R≥ 300) spectroscopic observations have been performed at the brazilian Laboratório Nacional de Astrofísica with a CCD camera attached to the coudé spectrograph of the 1.60 m telescope (e.g. Table I). Several hundred spectra have been taken during the last three years. Photometric observations simultaneous with spectroscopy were made on the same site in July 1992 with a two-channel photometer (Stromgren b filter) and a CCD camera (Johnson B filter) installed at two 0.60 m telescopes. The idea is try to disentangle the controversy between NRP and RM models with the help of simultaneous spectroscopy and photometry.

Selective and Automated Detection of Airborne Asbestos Fibers Using Chrysotile-Adhesive Protein and High-Throughput Microscopy (HTM)

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myoung-Ock Cho ◽  
Hyo Mi Chang ◽  
Yeon Gyu Yu ◽  
Hwataik Han ◽  
Jung Kyung Kim
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Automated Identification ◽  
Charge Coupled Device ◽  
Adhesive Protein ◽  
Asbestos Fibers ◽  
Reduced Time

There are several methods to detect asbestos including phase contrast microscopy (PCM), polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. Although the PCM method is widely used due to its simple process and relatively low cost, it is a time-consuming and laborious process that is manually performed by a human counter. We developed a high-throughput microscopy (HTM) system for automated counting of airborne asbestos fibers to automate the conventional PCM method. Our results show that automatic image acquisition by synchronization of charge-coupled device (CCD) camera with movement of stages, and image analysis using image processing software, significantly reduced time consumption and labor. In this study, we used DksA chrysotile-adhesive protein for the selective detection of asbestos. DksA, known as the protein that specifically attaches to chrysotile, was extracted from Escherichia coli through a recombinant protein technique. We tried to detect chrysotile selectively from other fibers or particles, and we developed a highly selective and automated low-cost device for automated identification and enumeration of airborne asbestos fibers based on the HTM method.

Experimental Method to Measure the Detective Quantum Efficiency of a Charge-Coupled Device Camera for Electron Microscopy.

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1134-1135
Author(s):  
P. Favia ◽  
S. Cooper ◽  
P. E. Mooney
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Efficiency ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Detective Quantum Efficiency ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Charge Coupled Device ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Image Position

The Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) is one of the best parameters to characterize the performance of a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera when electron dose is an issue. This can be when there are beam source brightness limitations as in high-resolution applications or when specimen dose must be limited. For single parameter detectors such as a backscatter detector in a SEM, the DQE is defined as the square of the signal-to noise ratio (SNR) at the output divided by the square of the signal-to-noise ratio at the input:where S, N, and n are respectively the signal, the noise and the electron dose. This definition is not valid to describe the performance of a multi-component device as an imaging detector. In fact a CCD camera is composed of many elements or pixels.

A compact guided-wave EMAT with pulsed electromagnet for ferromagnetic tube inspection

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 951-958
Author(s):  
Tianhao Liu ◽  
Yu Jin ◽  
Cuixiang Pei ◽  
Jie Han ◽  
Zhenmao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Guided Wave ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Receiver Coil ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Corrosion Defects

Small-diameter tubes that are widely used in petroleum industries and power plants experience corrosion during long-term services. In this paper, a compact inserted guided-wave EMAT with a pulsed electromagnet is proposed for small-diameter tube inspection. The proposed transducer is noncontact, compact with high signal-to-noise ratio and unattractive to ferromagnetic tubes. The proposed EMAT is designed with coils-only configuration, which consists of a pulsed electromagnet and a meander pulser/receiver coil. Both the numerical simulation and experimental results validate its feasibility on generating and receiving L(0,2) mode guided wave. The parameters for driving the proposed EMAT are optimized by performance testing. Finally, feasibility on quantification evaluation for corrosion defects was verified by experiments.

Computationally Assisted Design of High Signal-to-Noise Photoinduced Electron Transfer-Based Voltage-Sensitive Dyes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishikesh Kulkarni ◽  
Anneliese Gest ◽  
Chun Kei Lam ◽  
Benjamin Raliski ◽  
Feroz James ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Dft Calculations ◽  
Photoinduced Electron Transfer ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Md Simulations ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Green Fluorescent

<p>High signal-to-noise optical voltage indicators will enable simultaneous interrogation of membrane potential in large ensembles of neurons. However, design principles for voltage sensors with high sensitivity and brightness remain elusive, limiting the applicability of voltage imaging. In this paper, we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to guide the design of a bright and sensitive green-fluorescent voltage-sensitive fluorophore, or VoltageFluor (VF dye), that uses photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) as a voltage-sensing mechanism. MD simulations predict an 11% increase in sensitivity due to membrane orientation, while DFT calculations predict an increase in fluorescence quantum yield, but a decrease in sensitivity due to a decrease in rate of PeT. We confirm these predictions by synthesizing a new VF dye and demonstrating that it displays the expected improvements by doubling the brightness and retaining similar sensitivity to prior VF dyes. Combining theoretical predictions and experimental validation has resulted in the synthesis of the highest signal-to-noise green VF dye to date. We use this new voltage indicator to monitor the electrophysiological maturation of human embryonic stem cell-derived medium spiny neurons. </p>

Electroanalysis of Catecholamine Drugs using Graphene Modified Electrodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahya Karami Mosammam ◽  
Mohammad Reza Ganjali ◽  
Mona Habibi-Kool-Gheshlaghi ◽  
Farnoush Faridbod
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Modified Electrodes ◽  
Electrochemical Methods ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Biological Studies

Background: Catecholamine drugs are a family of electroactive pharmaceutics, which are widely analyzed through electrochemical methods. However, for low level online determination and monitoring of these compounds, which is very important for clinical and biological studies, modified electrodes having high signal to noise ratios are needed. Numerous materials including nanomaterials have been widely used as electrode modifies for these families during the years. Among them, graphene and its family, due to their remarkable properties in electrochemistry, were extensively used in modification of electrochemical sensors. Objective: In this review, working electrodes which have been modified with graphene and its derivatives and applied for electroanalyses of some important catecholamine drugs are considered.

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