The Baby Boom and Baby Bust

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Greenwood ◽  
Ananth Seshadri ◽  
Guillaume Vandenbroucke
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Household Sector ◽  
Boom And Bust ◽  
Secular Decline ◽  
The Cost

What caused the baby boom? And can it be explained within the context of the secular decline in fertility that has occurred over the last 200 years? The hypothesis is that: (a) The secular decline in fertility is due to the relentless rise in real wages that increased the opportunity cost of having children; (b) The baby boom is explained by an atypical burst of technological progress in the household sector that occurred in the middle of the last century. This lowered the cost of having children. A model is developed in an attempt to account, quantitatively, for both the baby boom and bust.

How Sensitive to Fundamentals is the Cost of Debt? Evidence from Commodities Boom and Bust

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Donders ◽  
Mauricio Jara-Bertin ◽  
Rodrigo Andres Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
Boom And Bust ◽  
The Cost

Does the Cost Paradox Preclude Technological Progress under Imperfect Competition?

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
RABAH AMIR ◽  
CHRISTINE HALMENSCHLAGER ◽  
MALGORZATA KNAUFF
Keyword(s):  
Imperfect Competition ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
The Cost

The Impact of Regional Differences in Prices and Wages on Economic Growth: The United States in 1890

1979 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R. P. Coelho ◽  
James F. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
City Size ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Wage Earners ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Differences in regional prices and wages are examined for the United States in 1890, together with the relationship between the cost of living and city size, and the determinants of regional industrial growth. Results indicate that regional cost-of-liying differences were sufficiently large so that money wages cannot be used for purposes of comparing the economic well-being of wage earners across regions. Except for the South, money wages and the cost of living were positively correlated. The relative differences in money wages, however, were greater; consequently real wages in high wage-price areas were generally higher.

Prototype Smart Home Berbasis Internet of Things untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi Penggunan Listrik

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
Safira Salsabila ◽  
Dian Kasoni
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Smart Home ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Shift Register ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Logic Unit

Abstract— Microcontroller is a hardware in which there is a processor, input and output, RAM, ROM, System Bus, Contol Unit, Shift Register and Aritmatic Logic Unit. Microcontroller is able to activate some electronic devices such as led, buzzer, motor, lighting and so on. Currently, at the home of the writer has many light switches in each room and often causes the user to become disoriented when turning on the light and the condition of the gate in the yard was that close to the roads often led to congestion when it would either open or close the house gates. The activation method of lights and other electronic devices still use manual method, so it is inefficient and causing excessive cost of electricity. For that built a system to activate every device in every room at the house based internet of things which will be activated by a website display on the internet so that the lights in each room and other device will activate.. With the creation of this system is expected to reduce the cost of electricity on writer’s house and as a first step to realize the smart home in the utilization of technological progress, especially in the field of microcontroller.   Intisari— Mikrokontroller merupakan sebuah perangkat keras yang didalamnya terdapat sebuah processor, input dan output, RAM, ROM, System Bus, Contol Unit, Shift Register dan Aritmatic Logic Unit. Mikrokontroller ini mampu mengaktifkan beberapa perangkat elektronika seperti led, buzzer, motor, lampu penerangan dan sebagainya. Saat ini, di rumah pribadi penulis memiliki banyak saklar lampu di setiap ruangan dan sering mengakibatkan setiap pengguna kebingungan saatmenghidupkan lampu dan gerbang di halaman rumah memiliki jarak yang dekat dengan jalanan seringkali menimbulkankemacetan saat akan membuka ataupun menutup gerbang rumah. Metode pengaktifan perangkat lampu dan alatelektronik yang lain masih menggunakan cara manual, sehingga tidak efisien dan menimbulkan pengeluaran biaya listrik yangberlebih. Untuk itu dibangun sebuah sistem untuk mengaktifkan setiap perangkat yang ada di ruangan rumah penulis berbasisInternet of Things yang akan diaktifkan oleh sebuah tampilan website melalui internet sehingga secara otomatis lampu disetiap ruangan dan perangkat lainnya akan aktif. Dengan dibuatnya sistem ini diharapkan dapat mengurangi pengeluaran biaya listrik di rumah pribadi penulis dan sebagai langkah awal mewujudkan smart home dalam pemanfaatan kemajuan teknologi, terutama dibidang mikrokontroller.

scholarly journals ANALISIS DIFFERENTIAL COST DAN OPPORTUNITY COST DALAM PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN MEMBELI ATAU MEMPRODUKSI SENDIRI PADA INDUSTRI RUMAH PANGGUNG WOLOAN

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romeo Fersi Mongdong ◽  
Jenny Morasa ◽  
Heince Wokas
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Quantitative Result ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Business World ◽  
Differential Costs ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

The business world today is characterized by increasing competition among existing companies. Competition occurs in all sectors of the economy both industry, trade, and services. One of the decisions that must be taken in planning at every alternative is to buy or produce itself a component of raw materials. Differential cost are related to the opportunity cost, which is the differential cost incurred costs as a result of certain decisions while the opportunity cost is the cost incurred when choosing a decision. The purpose of this study to analyze the differential costs and opportunity costs in the decision to buy or produce their own on Industri Rumah Panggung Woloan. The analytical method used is descreptive quantitative. Result of the differential cost analysis showed that the right decisions can be taken by the management company the manufactures its own because getting a hihgter differential gain, compared to buying from outside. While the opportunity cost of the buying raw materials from outside is more profitable, thus producing itself becomes more expensive. Should the leadership Industri Rumah Panggung Woloan produce their own wood from the outside becauseit would be more adventageous, compared to taking wood there are kept alone.

Financial Development and the Credit Cycle in Greece1

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Haliassos ◽  
Gikas Hardouvelis ◽  
Margarita Tsoutsoura ◽  
Dimitri Vayanos
Keyword(s):  
Financial Regulation ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity Capital ◽  
Debt Overhang ◽  
Boom And Bust ◽  
Greek Economy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Boom And Bust Cycle

This chapter reviews the developments in Greece's financial system since the beginning of the crisis. The chapter places them in a broader context by (i) evaluating the long-term performance of Greece's financial system in comparison to other countries, and (ii) reviewing the credit boom-and-bust cycle that Greece has experienced since Euro entry. Risks in the Greek economy remain overly concentrated to those originating them and are not well diversified. By raising the cost of equity capital for firms, this impedes investment. It also drives up corporate leverage, thus making the economy more vulnerable to shocks. These vulnerabilities manifested themselves even before the sovereign crisis hit. Strengthening investor protection, through improvements in the justice system and financial regulation, is an important part of the solution. In the shorter run, the debt overhang problem in the private sector should be addressed. The chapter discusses policy options to achieve these goals.

Cost-effective species conservation: an application to Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Chile

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLOS ADRIÁN SALDARRIAGA ISAZA ◽  
WALTER GÓMEZ BOFILL ◽  
HUGO SALGADO CABRERA
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Land Allocation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Hippocamelus Bisulcus ◽  
Protection Area ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Production Possibilities Frontier

In this paper we study the cost-effective allocation of the land in the Cordilleran Protection Area (CPA), Region VIII, Chile, for the conservation of a highly threatened species: the Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus). Using a production possibilities frontier (PPF) approach, a linear programming optimization model for a ten-year time period is proposed. Our model takes into account both the preferences of the species for different habitats and the opportunity cost of the land. We evaluate different possibilities of land allocation and identify cost-effective alternatives in the provision of both conservation and income.The results confirm the hypothesis that both the population of Huemul and income from economic activities can be increased compared with current levels. Therefore the current allocation of the land in the CPA is not cost-effective.

scholarly journals Working-Class Standards of living in Three Lancashire Towns, 1890–1914

1982 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Employment Of Women ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

This article examines some aspects of working-class standards of living in three Lancashire towns, Barrow-in-Furness, Lancaster and Preston, in the period 1890 to 1914. By looking on one hand at a number of externally determined factors, such as real wages and the cost of living, and on the other at the strategies with which the working-class families attempted to maximise their standards of living, an assessment is made of the relative success of these various strategies, particularly at periods when wages were on or below the poverty line. Particular stress is laid on evidence from Preston, in part because it has not previously been reported, but also because there appear to be a number of significant variations between Preston on the one hand, and Barrow and Lancaster on the other, when placed in apparently similar intrinsic conditions and in comparatively close geographical proximity to each other. These variations underline the extent to which generalisations derived principally from statistical data may be misleading, and also the importance of looking at individual discrete communities before relying on theoretical models of the relationship between, for example, income from primary employment and standards of living. If it is possible to demonstrate that working-class people in some towns were more successful than their near neighbours in combating poverty, we need to identify the reasons for these differences. Factors discussed include the economy of Preston compared with Barrow and Lancaster, comparisons of wage rates, the employment of women and its effects, and diets (including the use of allotments), the effects of drinking, as well as a look at possible negative factors, such as family size, and housing and hygiene.

Developments in CVD-Diamond Synthesis During the Past Decade

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 22-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Butler ◽  
Henry Windischmann
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Management ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Radiation Detection ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Diamond Growth ◽  
Diamond Synthesis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scientific Curiosity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost

The last decade and a half has seen an explosive growth in the synthesis of diamond materials by a variety of chemicalvapor-deposition (CVD) processes driven by both scientific curiosity and technological exploitation for diverse applications in the fields of hard coatings, tools, optics, passive and active electronics, thermal management, corrosion protection, and radiation detection. Beginning in the 1980s, micron-sized diamond particles were reported by a few groups using hot filaments and a seemingly magical (alchemical) recipe of hydrocarbons and hydrogen. Now near the end of the 1990s, the basic science of diamond growth by CVD is well-understood. Diverse plasma- and thermal-based techniques have been developed for deposition of diamond. Polycrystalline films several mm thick and over 12 in. (30 cm) in diameter are a reality. Many companies are commercializing a wide range of products, and the cost of deposition has dropped by over three orders of magnitude. This article reviews these developments and highlights challenges for the future. It is organized along two themes: scientific advances and technological progress.

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