Preferential Trade Liberalization: The Traditional Theory and New Developments

This paper begins by systematically developing the “static” theory of preferential trade areas (PTAs) and showing that neither a large volume of initial intra-union trade nor geographical proximity can serve as a guide to welfare enhancing PTAs. The paper then discusses the modern literature addressing welfare effects of simultaneous division of the world into many PTAs, the impact of the decision to form a PTA on external tariffs and the “dynamic” time-path question of whether PTAs are building blocks or stumbling blocks towards multilateral freeing of trade. A final section discusses key theoretical considerations in the empirical evaluation of PTAs.

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Constructing well-being from hedonic building blocks: Evidence that depression distorts the impact of daily pleasure and pain

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e529412014-209 ◽

2005 ◽

Author(s):

Michael F. Steger ◽

Todd B. Kashdan ◽

Shigehiro Oishi

Keyword(s):

Well Being ◽

Building Blocks ◽

The Impact

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Mechanically-Tunable Quantum Interference in Ferrocene-Based Single-Molecule Junctions

10.26434/chemrxiv.12252059 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

María Camarasa-Gómez ◽

Daniel Hernangómez-Pérez ◽

Michael S. Inkpen ◽

Giacomo Lovat ◽

E-Dean Fung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Molecule ◽

Quantum Interference ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Ferrocene Derivative ◽

Single Molecule Junctions ◽

Molecule Junction ◽

Single Molecule Junction ◽

The Impact ◽

D Orbitals

Ferrocenes are ubiquitous organometallic building blocks that comprise a Fe atom sandwiched between two cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings that rotate freely at room temperature. Of widespread interest in fundamental studies and real-world applications, they have also attracted some interest as functional elements of molecular-scale devices. Here we investigate the impact of the configurational degrees of freedom of a ferrocene derivative on its single-molecule junction conductance. Measurements indicate that the conductance of the ferrocene derivative, which is suppressed by two orders of magnitude as compared to a fully conjugated analog, can be modulated by altering the junction configuration. Ab initio transport calculations show that the low conductance is a consequence of destructive quantum interference effects that arise from the hybridization of metal-based d-orbitals and the ligand-based π-system. By rotating the Cp rings, the hybridization, and thus the quantum interference, can be mechanically controlled, resulting in a conductance modulation that is seen experimentally.

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Model Pembelajaran Teams Games Tournaments (TGT) untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa

PHILANTHROPY Journal of Psychology ◽

10.26623/philanthropy.v3i2.1622 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 110

Author(s):

Suwarno Suwarno

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Academic Success ◽

Service Learning ◽

Learning Outcomes ◽

School Effectiveness ◽

Social Trust ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Learning Model ◽

Committee Report ◽

The Impact

Abstract. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) learning model to improve student learning outcomes. This research is important because the lecture learning model makes learning meaningless so it impacts on low learning outcomes. This research uses quasi experiment using control class and experimental class. Respondents in this study were students of class X SMK 8 Semarang Academic Year 2017/2018. Sample selection using random sampling, class X1 is used as a control class and X2 is an experimental class. The experimental class was given an intervention by learning Teams Games Tournaments (TGT), while the control class used lecture learning. The effectiveness of the model was measured by the student test analysis method. then analyzed by completeness test and average difference test. The findings of this study are the learning outcomes of experimental class students achieving better learning outcomes than classes using the lecture method.Keywords: Learning Model, Teams Games Tournaments (TGT). Students Daftar Pustaka Bofota, Y. B., & Bofota, Y. B. (2017). The impact of social capital on children educational outcomes : the case of Tanzania The impact of social capital on children educational outcomes : The case of Tanzania.Cahuc, P., Shleifer, A., & Algan, Y. (2014). Teaching Practices and Social Capital. (6052).Catts, R., & Ozga, J. (2015). What is Social Capital and how might it be used in Scotland ’ s Schools ? (36).Flint, N. (2017). Full report Schools , communities and social capital : building blocks in the ’ Big Society ’ Contents.Goddard, R. D. (2016). Relational Networks , Social Trust , and Norms : A Social Capital Perspective on Students ’ Chances of Academic Success. 25(1), 59–74.Eddy Prasongko, 2017. Team Game Tournament. Bandung. Jawa BaratEndang Poerwanti, dkk. 2008. Asesmen Pembelajaran SD. Jakarta: Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi Departemen Pendidikan NasionalHargreaves, A. (2015). School Social Capital and School Effectiveness. 37, 119–136.Kurnia, Inggridwati. dkk. 2018. Perkembangan belajar peserta didik. Jakarta: Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi Departemen Pendidikan NasionalPurwanto. M Ngalim. 2015. Psikologi Pendidikan. Bandung: PT Remaja RosdakaryaSiddiq, M. Djauhar. 2018. Pengembangan Bahan Pembelajaran SD. Jakarta: Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.Sugiyono, 2005. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan Rn D, Bandung AftabetaLash, D., & Belfiore, G. (2017). 5 Essentials in Building Social Capital Report 4 of the MyWays Student Success Series. (October).Mikiewicz, P., Jonasson, J. T., Gudmundsson, G., Blondal, K. S., & Korczewska, D. M. (2011). Comparative research between Poland and Iceland.Schlesselman, L., Borrego, M., Bloom, T. J., Mehta, B., Drobitch, R. K., & Smith, T. (2015). An Assessment Of Service-Learning In 34 US Schools Of Pharmacy Follow Up On The 2001 Professional Affairs Committee Report. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 79(8). https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe798116

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Development of Strategies for Glycopeptide Synthesis: An Overview on the Glycosidic Linkage

Current Organic Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1385272824999200701121037 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (21) ◽

pp. 2475-2497

Author(s):

Andrea Verónica Rodríguez-Mayor ◽

German Jesid Peralta-Camacho ◽

Karen Johanna Cárdenas-Martínez ◽

Javier Eduardo García-Castañeda

Keyword(s):

Chemical Synthesis ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Heterogeneous Environments ◽

Phase Synthesis ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Biological Sources ◽

Synthetic Routes ◽

The Impact ◽

Potential Use

Glycoproteins and glycopeptides are an interesting focus of research, because of their potential use as therapeutic agents, since they are related to carbohydrate-carbohydrate, carbohydrate-protein, and carbohydrate-lipid interactions, which are commonly involved in biological processes. It has been established that natural glycoconjugates could be an important source of templates for the design and development of molecules with therapeutic applications. However, isolating large quantities of glycoconjugates from biological sources with the required purity is extremely complex, because these molecules are found in heterogeneous environments and in very low concentrations. As an alternative to solving this problem, the chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates has been developed. In this context, several methods for the synthesis of glycopeptides in solution and/or solid-phase have been reported. In most of these methods, glycosylated amino acid derivatives are used as building blocks for both solution and solid-phase synthesis. The synthetic viability of glycoconjugates is a critical parameter for allowing their use as drugs to mitigate the impact of microbial resistance and/or cancer. However, the chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates is a challenge, because these molecules possess multiple reaction sites and have a very specific stereochemistry. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement synthetic routes, which may involve various protection schemes but can be stereoselective, environmentally friendly, and high-yielding. This review focuses on glycopeptide synthesis by recapitulating the progress made over the last 15 years.

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The European Union and Global Governance

10.1093/oso/9780198793342.003.0010 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas Christiansen

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Global Governance ◽

Final Section ◽

The European Union ◽

Test Bed ◽

Way Of Life ◽

New Ideas ◽

The Impact ◽

Global Powers

This chapter discusses whether the European Union has a distinctive take on, and may make a particular contribution to, global governance, as well as the reverse image of the impact that global governance has in the development of integration in Europe. This includes a focus on collective norms and interests as expressed through common institutions, policies, and activities. In doing so, the chapter compares and contrasts the evolution of a supranational order in Europe with the growth of global regimes and the emergence of a multipolar world, and explores the nature of the EU’s relationships with other global powers and regions. In a final section, the chapter asks whether the EU’s relationship with global developments is best seen as a test-bed for new ideas, procedures, and concepts; a construction for the defence of a privileged way of life; or an archaic remnant of a different era.

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Progress and challenges of implantable neural interfaces based on nature-derived materials

Bioelectronic Medicine ◽

10.1186/s42234-021-00067-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Eugenio Redolfi Riva ◽

Silvestro Micera

Keyword(s):

Interface Design ◽

Specific Area ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Matrix Proteins ◽

Neural Interface ◽

Neural Interfaces ◽

Biomedical Science ◽

Chronic Inflammatory Response ◽

The Impact

AbstractNeural interfaces are bioelectronic devices capable of stimulating a population of neurons or nerve fascicles and recording electrical signals in a specific area. Despite their success in restoring sensory-motor functions in people with disabilities, their long-term exploitation is still limited by poor biocompatibility, mechanical mismatch between the device and neural tissue and the risk of a chronic inflammatory response upon implantation.In this context, the use of nature-derived materials can help address these issues. Examples of these materials, such as extracellular matrix proteins, peptides, lipids and polysaccharides, have been employed for decades in biomedical science. Their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability in the absence of toxic compound release, physiochemical properties that are similar to those of human tissues and reduced immunogenicity make them outstanding candidates to improve neural interface biocompatibility and long-term implantation safety. The objective of this review is to highlight progress and challenges concerning the impact of nature-derived materials on neural interface design. The use of these materials as biocompatible coatings and as building blocks of insulation materials for use in implantable neural interfaces is discussed. Moreover, future perspectives are presented to show the increasingly important uses of these materials for neural interface fabrication and their possible use for other applications in the framework of neural engineering.

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Impact of Dataset Size on Classification Performance: An Empirical Evaluation in the Medical Domain

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11020796 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 796

Author(s):

Alhanoof Althnian ◽

Duaa AlSaeed ◽

Heyam Al-Baity ◽

Amani Samha ◽

Alanoud Bin Dris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Empirical Evaluation ◽

Classification Performance ◽

Support Vector ◽

Robust Model ◽

Original Distribution ◽

C4.5 Decision Tree ◽

Dataset Size ◽

Overall Performance ◽

Medical Domain ◽

The Impact

Dataset size is considered a major concern in the medical domain, where lack of data is a common occurrence. This study aims to investigate the impact of dataset size on the overall performance of supervised classification models. We examined the performance of six widely-used models in the medical field, including support vector machine (SVM), neural networks (NN), C4.5 decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), adaboost (AB), and naïve Bayes (NB) on eighteen small medical UCI datasets. We further implemented three dataset size reduction scenarios on two large datasets and analyze the performance of the models when trained on each resulting dataset with respect to accuracy, precision, recall, f-score, specificity, and area under the ROC curve (AUC). Our results indicated that the overall performance of classifiers depend on how much a dataset represents the original distribution rather than its size. Moreover, we found that the most robust model for limited medical data is AB and NB, followed by SVM, and then RF and NN, while the least robust model is DT. Furthermore, an interesting observation is that a robust machine learning model to limited dataset does not necessary imply that it provides the best performance compared to other models.

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Urban Geometry Optimization to Mitigate Climate Change: Towards Energy-Efficient Buildings

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13010027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 27

Author(s):

Hatem Mahmoud ◽

Ayman Ragab

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Thermal Efficiency ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Climate Projections ◽

Climate Change Scenarios ◽

Urban Geometry ◽

Outdoor Spaces ◽

The Impact

The density of building blocks and insufficient greenery in cities tend to contribute dramatically not only to increased heat stress in the built environment but also to higher energy demand for cooling. Urban planners should, therefore, be conscious of their responsibility to reduce energy usage of buildings along with improving outdoor thermal efficiency. This study examines the impact of numerous proposed urban geometry cases on the thermal efficiency of outer spaces as well as the energy consumption of adjacent buildings under various climate change scenarios as representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 climate projections for New Aswan city in 2035. The investigation was performed at one of the most underutilized outdoor spaces on the new campus of Aswan University in New Aswan city. The potential reduction of heat stress was investigated so as to improve the thermal comfort of the investigated outdoor spaces, as well as energy savings based on the proposed strategies. Accordingly, the most appropriate scenario to be adopted to cope with the inevitable climate change was identified. The proposed scenarios were divided into four categories of parameters. In the first category, shelters partially (25–50% and 75%) covering the streets were used. The second category proposed dividing the space parallel or perpendicular to the existing buildings. The third category was a hybrid scenario of the first and second categories. In the fourth category, a green cover of grass was added. A coupling evaluation was applied utilizing ENVI-met v4.2 and Design-Builder v4.5 to measure and improve the thermal efficiency of the outdoor space and reduce the cooling energy. The results demonstrated that it is better to cover outdoor spaces with 50% of the overall area than transform outdoor spaces into canyons.

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Electrochemical synthesis of biobased polymers and polymer building blocks from vanillin

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/d1ra00649e ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (15) ◽

pp. 8970-8985

Author(s):

Robin Kunkel ◽

Volkmar M. Schmidt ◽

Carsten Cremers ◽

Dominik Müller ◽

Detlef Schmiedl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Process Parameters ◽

Current Density ◽

Electrode Material ◽

Electrochemical Synthesis ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Biobased Polymers ◽

The Impact

Hydrovanilloin and polyvanillin were synthesized electrochemically investigating the impact of process parameters such as electrode material, charge and current density.

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Design and Optimization of a Shape Memory Alloy-Based Self-Folding Sheet

Journal of Mechanical Design ◽

10.1115/1.4025382 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 135 (11) ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Edwin Peraza-Hernandez ◽

Darren Hartl ◽

Edgar Galvan ◽

Richard Malak

Keyword(s):

Shape Memory Alloy ◽

Shape Memory ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Passive Layer ◽

Von Mises Stress ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Radius Of Curvature ◽

Folding Angle ◽

The Impact

Origami engineering—the practice of creating useful three-dimensional structures through folding and fold-like operations on two-dimensional building-blocks—has the potential to impact several areas of design and manufacturing. In this article, we study a new concept for a self-folding system. It consists of an active, self-morphing laminate that includes two meshes of thermally-actuated shape memory alloy (SMA) wire separated by a compliant passive layer. The goal of this article is to analyze the folding behavior and examine key engineering tradeoffs associated with the proposed system. We consider the impact of several design variables including mesh wire thickness, mesh wire spacing, thickness of the insulating elastomer layer, and heating power. Response parameters of interest include effective folding angle, maximum von Mises stress in the SMA, maximum temperature in the SMA, maximum temperature in the elastomer, and radius of curvature at the fold line. We identify an optimized physical realization for maximizing folding capability under mechanical and thermal failure constraints. Furthermore, we conclude that the proposed self-folding system is capable of achieving folds of significant magnitude (as measured by the effective folding angle) as required to create useful 3D structures.

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