A NOVA CULTURA DE CONSUMO: UMA ANÁLISE ECONÔMICA DA INFLUÊNCIA

O presente trabalho foca na questão da nova cultura de consumo alavancada pela geração milenial e pela geração Z. A visão contemporânea do consumidor vê o indivíduo pertencente às novas teias sociais, certificando o grande papel da influência digital na busca pela promoção do status e da aceitação social. Isso promove no comportamento do consumidor, o esforço de maximizar as ações do grupo, minimizando o utilitarismo econômico. Dessa forma, num cenário de exploração de informação, o consumidor sofre três tipos de tendências: Bandwagon effect, Veblen effect e o Herd effect . Esses efeitos são parte da nova teoria do consumidor chamada de behavior comsumption. Como metodologia utilizou-se uma análise exploratória e bibliográfica tendo por base os dados do IBGE e do Relatório Internacional Delloitte – Global Powers of luxury goods, 2021. Como resultados e discussões observou-se que o fenômeno do consumo de status está cada vez mais presente, visto a presença de marcas VIPs suscitando uma grande circulação de renda.

Gas industry - a factor of international competitiveness

This is the first article of a series, devoted to a comprehensive problem of economic and geopolitical rivalry of the leading global powers in energy sector. It is dedicated to a number of topical issues of world economy and Russian economic environment. A systematic analysis of long-term world energy economy development trends is performed. For this purpose, a cause-and-effect relationship between international supply chains and energy procurement, on one hand, and revolutionary changes of international economic relations, caused by USA - China and Russia - USA, EU sanctions exchange, on the other, is derived. It is concluded that a developed gas industry is to play a decisive role in insuring global energy leadership of the major global powers on a mid- and long-term basis. A scenario analysis of further European gas market developments is provided. The external effects of developing gas industry are contemplated for Russian economic environment. In this framework most efficient options of action by Russian state are observed.

GROWING BILATERAL RELATION BETWEEN INDIA AND RUSSIA IN DIFFERENT SECTORS AND EMERGING AS GLOBAL POWERS

73 years of bilateral relation between India and Russia, Today India and Russia have emerged as global powers with cooperation in different sectors like technical, nuclear energy, outer space, security, education,counter terrorism, defense, politics, the food security has recently become an area of cooperation between the two countries. With the coming of Putin to power, we see India and Russia bilateral relationship entering new areas of cooperation. A healthy relation with Russia is a key element for the cultivation of India Foreign policy. The foundation element for the rapid increase in bilateral relation between the two countries can be traced back to October 2000 with the signing of the Declaration on the Indo –Russia Strategic Partnership. India and Russia are dependent on each other and the cooperation exists because of much mutual self-interest. Both India and Russia are part of BRICS, SCO AND RIC which have provided them a platform to have discussion on issues outside the Western block and emerge as global power in Asia, The cultural exchange programme and education initiatives programmes with people to people contact play a vital role in strengthening and bringing the two countries close to each other. Economic partnership between the two countries is regarded as a strong pillar for strategic partnership along with defence cooperation which provide maximum economic growth and development for both the countries. Keywords: Bilateral relation, economic, defence cooperation, mutual self-interest, strategic partnership, cultural exchange

Geostrategic Essence of the Bay of Bengal & Its Implications on the Energy Security: A Bangladesh Perspective

The Bay of Bengal has received huge interest from global powers after the Second World War. The rivalry between India and China exists for decades. The research aims to showcase the Geostrategic essence of the Bay of Bengal and its implication on energy security through the perspective of Bangladesh. The paper also focuses on the complexities created on energy security by Sino-Indian rivalry and vice versa along with the challenges for Bangladesh’s energy security as well as regional peace and harmony. Finally, the research paper would employ its analysis to illustrate some possibly reliable recommendations to mitigate the complexities of energy security in the Bay of Bengal region.

Islamic Injunctions on Prisoner’s Immunity and Termination of captivity in War: The Case Study of Afghanistan

Afghanistan remained an arena for international powers for the last two centuries. The climax period of the militant activities in this soil was from September 2001 to August 2021. Millions of human entities took part in this escalation and a large number of human fabric became captive by the detaining powers during this period. At the end of the armed climax, the emerging political & military coalition on this soil declared its stance about the method of governance after 15 August 2021 which would be based upon Islamic resources. In the perspective of this armed conflict, the question of prisoner’s immunity and termination of captivity in war attracted the attention of global powers. What options be available to prisoners of war about termination of war captivity under Islamic International Humanitarian Law (IIHL) and Conventional International Humanitarian Law (CIHL), is the mainstay of this paper. To answer the question, Islamic jurisprudence provides five methods to dissolve the detention and captivity in war. These methods are respectively freedom gratis, ransom, exchange of prisoners of war, execution, and enslavement. According to Islamic military guidance, freedom gratis remains the general practice in entire Islamic military history. Contrary to it, Ransom and exchange of prisoners of war were occasionally utilized and not the general practice in the entire military history of Islam. The execution and enslavement were pre-Islamic methods and practices. A set of Islamic injunctions were revealed to reform them (Execution & Enslavement) and hence they have been invoked as the source of reference in Islamic prudential literature. Along with, principles of conventional international humanitarian law are also associated with this discourse. Under these facts, this paper is a strenuous effort to embark on the solution of the matter which would be acceptable to all stakeholders regarding Afghanistan.

ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF GLOBAL POWERS WITH CENTRAL ASIA

The dominant worldpowers, whose qualification of being a power center got stronger with globalization, have had a structure that affects everywhere. These powers could not be expected tore main in different to Central Asia. Because the Central Asia Region has an interesting structure with it srich underground and above ground resources. Considered as the first homeland of the Turks, Central Asia is a part of the world that has always been the domain of sovereignty wars in the historical process. The Turks, who have been living in Central Asia since the earliest times of history, have been in the struggle of the world's global powers. The great effects of the global competition, sometimes between the great powers with in there gionand sometimes by the powers outside the region, have always been felt. Russia and China have more opportunities in Central Asia than distant global powers. For this reason, various invasions, regional wars, division strategies, in short, power wars in Central Asia have become an unchangeable fate. Inthisstudy, the economic relations in Central Asiaand the position of the global powers, which can also be named as Great Powers, were evaluated with the method of theoretical analysis. As a result of this evaluation, it has been determined that the economic interests of the great powers of the world are effective on the basis of even various regional, ethnological and religious conflicts. Especially Russia and China's divide-and-rule policy has been the determinant of the fate of the Central Asian people for the last three centuries. It was as if the set wopower sagreed with each other and shared and invaded the regions and as a result, the poverty of the societies in Central Asia increased while the exploitation order they formed strengthened themselves.

BATTLE FOR SUPERMACY IN ASIA PACIFIC

Asia Pacific region is one of the prominent region for the global powers due to its strategic importance as the major trading routes. Japan, India, Australia, China, and South Korea and ASEAN holds the prominent position in the region. The researchers in the article discussed about the competition between the Washington and its allies with the growing power/influence of Beijing in the region. Beijing’s influence not only confined to the east of Asia but it stretched further in west under the BRI and CPEC projects as well as also with recent agreement with Tehran. The researchers have discussed the importance of China in the region as a major competitor and a balancer to the Washington power. The region is now one of the major centres of the battle for supremacy between the two major competitors Washington and Beijing. The researchers have discussed the policies carried by both the power centres in the region to gain the superiority in the region.

THE IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC COVID-19 ON THE STATE OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS AND SECURITY

From the beginning of the year 2020 until now, the Covid-19 pandemic has heavily, deeply and comprehensively impacted the state of international politics and security in both positive and negative directions. On one hand, the pandemic has encouraged nations to strengthen cooperation in order to effectively deal with the risks that it brought; on the other hand, it has contributed to a rise in competition as well as opposition between countries and global powers alike, especially between the U.S. and China, in multiple politics and security-related issues. In the coming times, the state of international politics and security is predicted to witness many changes, especially in the context where the U.S. is highly expected to adjust its policies. For this text, the writer will place an emphasis on providing in-depth analysis on the negative impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the state of international politics and security, and therefore provide commentary on the trends of the state of international politics and security in the coming times.

THE NON-APPLICATION OF COMPETITION RULES IN POST-CONFLICT DEVELOPMENT

Competition has been claimed to be a very liberal economic tool where market players are meant to be free in arranging their technologies, production and sales on a particular market. In this paper we are developing a new hypothetical of the functioning of market economies which are in a global sense and considering new markets very different and specific. All the global powers, whose centre of influence might change in time, are trying to gain a bigger share regarding raw materials and potential markets. In post-conflicts societies and in particular in our case study of Kosovo and Serbia we can see the more clear market interests of all local, regional and global powers. The research of post-conflict societies is providing us with some answers regarding the possible future developments in certain societies and regions. The EU made Brussels Agreements in Kosovo has managed to establish new enterprises as a solution of a political compromise where energy, telecommunication and natural resources played a key role. The Washington Agreement has liberalized the infrastructure achievements but in some aspects limited the use of energy and telecommunication infrastructure from certain sources. In this sense we can observe the limited capacity of competition rules application in post-conflict societies and in particular Kosovo in this case. These agreements have therefore limited the influence of economic, strategic and energy related influence from main USA competitors which have not been named in the agreements, but are well known. In both agreements it is visible how economic activities and cooperation is encouraged with various non-economic incentives. Competition is accordingly more of a political will than an economic reality for some in post-conflict societies. The introduction of various companies into the Kosovo legal framework and their control by Serbia is an obvious tool how natural resources could be shared for a benefit of citizens where conflict is resolved using free market and competition rules.